Index

• 1 the Road (Goodwin), 230
• 2001: A Space Odyssey (film), 158, 235, 286, 303

• AARON, 40, 125, 272
• ABC notation, 170
• Accenture Strategy, 242
• Ackerman, Maya, 209
• Adobe Photoshop, 85, 122, 275
• Aesthetics, 202, 214, 218, 246
• art and, 117–120, 126
• coding and, 218
• computer languages and, 214
• creativity and, 17, 26, 36, 40, 275
• music and, 160, 185
• poetry and, 202, 246
• scientific notation for, 40
• Affective Computing (Picard), 195, 282–283
• Affective Computing Research Group, 283
• Age of Enlightenment, 276
• Agüera y Arcas, Blaise, xxiii
• artificial intelligence (AI) and, 71
• Bach and, 71
• Cope and, 165
• DeepDream and, 71–72
• Google and, 70–73, 165
• machine intelligence and, 71–76
• Music, Art, and Machine Intelligence symposium and, 73–75
• Seadragon Software and, 71–72
• on technology, 165
• Tyka and, 70
• Aguilar, Carlos, 129–130
• AI-complete problems, 277
• AI-created art. See also specific artists
• aesthetics and, 117–120, 126
• algorithms and, 60, 64–65, 77, 83, 90, 93–94, 99, 103, 107, 112, 114, 119, 123, 125, 129
• Artists and Machine Intelligence (AMI) and, 71–73, 79, 92–94, 229
• beauty and, 59, 70, 107
• borrowing and, 8, 13, 14, 35, 41, 307
• brain and, 60–68, 66, 69–70, 73, 75, 83, 90–91, 127, 131
• cognitive science and, 71, 100
• collaboration and, 12
• computer, 40–41, 57, 71, 79, 121, 263, 277, 311
• creative adversarial networks (CANs) and, 113–118, 121, 263, 273, 309
• creativity and, 72–73, 75, 92, 94, 96, 118
• DeepDream and, 66–70, 71–75, 80–92, 112–113, 115, 117, 120, 263, 266, 268
• emotion and, 99, 101, 120, 131
• experience and, 65, 83, 89, 94, 97, 105, 127, 131
• GANS and, 119–122 (see also Generative adversarial networks [GANs]) geometry and, 40, 57, 64, 108, 114
• imagination and, 89, 96–98, 105, 117, 124–126, 131
• inspiration and, 92, 94, 105, 107–108, 123
• latent space and, 79, 89, 93, 96, 97, 105, 115, 121, 159, 267
• machine intelligence and, 71–73
• machine learning and, 66, 71, 73, 77, 79, 87–90, 93, 95, 105, 108
• market of, 119–122
• mathematics and, 3, 57, 63, 71, 78, 81, 88–89, 100, 107–108, 119, 122, 125–126, 129
• Music, Art, and Machine Intelligence symposium and, 92
• neural networks and, 59–63, 66–89, 113, 121, 123–124, 126
• Painting Fool, The, and, 123–128, 245, 247–248, 254, 275, 278, 285, 308
• PitchWeb and, 179
• Pix2Pix and, 99–112, 263
• Poincaré and, 3
• postimpressionism and, 6, 27
• programs and, 57, 64, 66, 71–72, 75, 84, 121–131, 245, 247–248, 254, 275, 278, 285, 307
• robots and, 129–132
• rules and, 5–6, 84, 87, 101, 125
• AI-created literature. See also specific authors
• aesthetics and, 202, 214, 218, 246
• algorithms and, 192, 198–202, 205–206, 208, 211–212, 215, 218–220, 223, 225, 232, 245
• beauty and, 214, 218, 222–223
• brain and, 218, 232, 237
• Char-RNN and, 170, 198, 226, 270–273
• Clarissa the Cloud Lyricist and, 255–257
• collaboration and, 207, 243
• competition and, 189, 214, 237
• creating rounded stories and, 205–209
• emotion and, 194–195, 200–203, 206–209, 229, 231, 241–242, 247
• eso languages and, 214
• experience and, 189, 194, 202, 241, 243, 247
• feelings and, 194, 247
• humor and, 193–200, 217
• illuminating metaphors and, 231–233
• imagination and, 219, 233, 248
• inspiration and, 206, 214, 219, 237, 247
• intelligence and, 194–195, 229
• interactive fiction (IF) and, 213
• jokes and, 35, 193–200, 238, 251, 264, 272
• machine learning and, 198, 214, 218
• Markov chains and, 208, 211, 222
• mathematics and, 200, 231–232, 243, 246
• metaphors and, 26–27, 194, 207, 231–237, 240, 272, 278
• MEXICA and, 205–208
• musicals and, 253–258
• natural language processing and, 49, 235
• neural networks and, 170, 194, 198–199, 203, 226, 228, 239, 248, 270–272
• n-grams and, 219–220, 236, 245
• Nikkei Hoshi Shinichi Literary Award and, 189
• philosophy and, 247–248
• Pinocchio effect and, 191–192
• poetry and, 23, 26, 170, 191–192, 201–203, 208–226, 229–232, 241, 245–248, 255, 264, 270, 273, 276, 278, 283, 309
• problem solving and, 195, 205, 231
• programs and, 192, 194, 196, 198, 202, 205–208, 211–223, 231–232, 235–242, 245–248, 278
• prose and, 211, 229, 242, 264–265
• puns and, 196–197, 200, 272
• Ritchie on, 278
• robots and, 193–194, 199–200, 219, 221, 239–240, 243
• rules and, 192, 196–198, 202, 215, 218–219, 231–232, 248
• Scéalextric Simulator and, 237–239, 264, 278
• scripted movies and, 225–230, 264, 272, 285
• semantic space and, 217–223
• software and, 192, 196, 236, 245–246
• speech recognition and, 199
• storytelling and, 35, 139, 193–200, 205–207, 211, 238–239, 251, 255, 264, 272
• synonyms and, 195, 214, 218, 236
• translation and, 139, 144, 302
• Twitter bots and, 219, 221–222, 236–237
• value and, 22, 199, 237, 240
• Veale and, xxii, 26, 221, 235–240, 245, 264, 272, 275, 278, 286
• What-If-Machine and, 254–255
• Word2vec and, 199
• AI-created music. See also specific musicians
• aesthetics and, 160, 185
• AI Duet and, 147
• algorithms and, 133, 135, 139, 141, 147, 152, 157, 160, 163–166, 171, 173, 176–177, 185
• beauty and, 165, 179, 222–223
• Beyond the Fence and, 202, 209, 253–258, 270
• borrowing and, 13
• brain and, 139, 144, 157–158, 185, 253–254
• Char-RNN and, 170
• Clarissa the Cloud Lyricist and, 255–257
• classical, 72, 141, 145, 158, 165–166, 269
• cognitive science and, 137–138, 163
• collaboration and, 12, 136, 159, 163, 166, 184–185
• Disklavier and, 165
• emotion and, 163, 167, 180, 254, 256
• experience and, 147
• feelings and, 141
• Flow Machine and, 150–152, 255, 270, 272–273, 309
• focusing and, 139, 141, 147, 155, 158, 167, 176, 181
• folk, 137, 158, 169–173, 228
• games and, 135–136
• generating sound from movement and, 175–177
• generative adversarial networks (GANs) and, 148
• geometry and, 171
• harmonics and, 21, 159, 180, 185
• Hyperscore and, 179–181
• Illiac Suite, The (Hiller and Isaacson), 136
• improvisation and, 140, 143, 149–160, 170
• inspiration and, 144, 147–150, 157–161, 164, 169–172, 176, 180, 185, 253, 257
• jazz, 40, 138, 140–141, 149, 152, 155, 158–161, 180, 278, 280
• literature and, 241–243
• logic and, 184
• long short-term memory (LSTM) and, 138–142, 169–170
• machine learning and, 137, 139, 144, 176, 254
• Markov chains and, 136, 138, 149–152, 156, 164, 180, 208, 255, 272
• mathematics and, 21, 28, 41, 81, 138, 151–152, 155, 158–159, 164, 175, 184–185, 243, 276, 283
• Music, Art, and Machine Intelligence symposium and, 92
• Music Transformer and, 142, 143
• neural networks and, 136–147, 150, 156, 169–171, 185, 255
• NSynth and, 146–147, 264
• PitchWeb and, 179
• plagiarism and, 164
• programs and, 135–144, 150, 152, 158, 163–166, 175–176, 179, 255–258
• Project Magenta and, 73, 135–144, 147–148, 152, 263–266, 270, 305, 312
• Ritchie on, 278
• robots and, 141, 145, 153–161, 239, 285
• rules and, 5, 135–136, 140, 145, 160, 164, 170, 184, 255
• synthesizers and, 41, 140–141, 146–147, 150, 158, 165, 170, 185
• tempo and, 152, 172, 242, 255
• Turing test for, 150
• unit selection and, 159
• voice and, 145, 148, 157, 164, 172
• Voyager system and, 41
• words into, 241–243
• AI Duet, 147
• A(.I.) Messianic Window (Reimann-Dubbers), 94–96
• Akten, Memo, 74–76
• AKYSIA, 208
• A.L.Ex (artificial language experiment), 199–200
• Algorithms, 192, 198–202, 205–206, 208, 211–212, 215, 218–220, 223, 225, 232, 245
• art and, 60, 64–65, 77, 83, 90, 93–94, 99, 103, 107, 112, 114, 119, 123, 125, 129
• artificial intelligence (AI) and, 37–38, 41, 44
• Clarissa the Cloud Lyricist and, 255–257
• Cope and, 163–166, 173
• creativity and, 16, 37–38, 41, 44, 48, 53, 264, 268, 272–273, 278–279, 282, 302, 305
• “Daisy Bell” and, 157–158
• generative, 42
• genetic, 160, 305
• HR Tool and, 125–126
• Humor and, 198–202
• illuminating metaphors and, 231–233
• MEXICA, 205–208
• music and, 133, 135, 139, 141, 147, 152, 157, 160, 163–166, 171, 173, 176–177, 185, 255, 257
• poetry and, 201–203
• PropperWryter, 202, 255, 257
• Robopoem and, 245
• storytelling and, 205–206, 208
• supervised learning and, 87–88, 99
• t-SNE, 93, 112
• Allen, Paul, 7, 14
• All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace: DeepDream Edition (Akten), 74–75
• AlphaGo, 50–54
• artificial intelligence (AI) and, 50–54, 70, 101, 143, 239–240, 270, 287, 299, 302, 307
• Char-RNN and, 270
• consciousness and, 299
• Hofstadter and, 302
• intuition and, 51
• AlphaGo Zero, 52–53, 101, 299, 307
• AlphaZero, 53–54, 101, 299, 307, 312
• Stockfish and, 53
• Alternative Face (Klingemann), 103
• Alvarez, Luis, 8
• Alzheimer’s, 52–53
• Amazon, 7, 117, 192, 199, 242
• Ambassadors, The (Holbein), 73
• Ambiguity, 8, 15–16, 115–117, 281–282, 308
• American Go Association, 52
• Anadol, Refik, 92–94
• Analogique A (Xenakis), 136
• Analogique B (Xenakis), 136
• Android Lloyd Webber, 255, 257–258
• Apache web server, 287
• Apollinaire, Guillaume, 6, 213
• Appel, Kenneth, 38–40
• Apple, 7, 10, 15, 18, 34
• Archimedes, 33–34
• “Archive Dreaming” (Anadol), 40, 92–94
• Aristotle, 193
• Ars Electronica, xxii, 76, 91–92, 95, 263
• Art, AI-created. See AI-created art
• Art and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, 113
• Art Basel, 117
• Articulations (Parrish), 223
• Artificial intelligence (AI)
• Agüera y Arcas and, 71
• algorithms and, 37–38, 41, 44
• AlphaGo and, 50–54, 70, 101, 143, 239–240, 270, 287, 299, 302, 307
• AlphaGo Zero and, 52–53, 101, 299, 307
• AlphaZero and, 53–54, 101, 299, 312
• Art and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and, 113
• Artists and Machine Intelligence (AMI) and, 71–73, 79, 92–94, 229
• art market and, 119–122
• birth of, 37–44
• cognitive science and, 37
• computer’s functional architecture and, 37
• computer vision and, 267–270
• consciousness and, 29, 42, 96, 191, 277, 289–303, 311–312
• Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (IDSIA) and, 138
• Deep Blue and, 45–53, 299, 302
• DeepMind and, 7, 51–53, 145, 199
• dystopian scenarios of, xxviii
• Eck and, 137–144, 265–266
• embodiment and, 155, 158, 160, 240, 285, 307
• emotion and, 206–207, 209, 229, 231
• evaluating computer creativity and, 275–280
• facial recognition and, 43, 62, 76, 103, 123, 194, 305
• four-color theorem and, 38–39
• games and, xxvi, 45 (see also Games)
• GANS and, 87 (see also Generative adversarial networks [GANs])
• Google Brain and, 90, 139, 144
• Hofstadter on, 137–138, 163, 165–166, 301–304
• humor and, 35, 193–200, 217, 238, 251, 264, 272, 277, 311
• IBM Watson and, xxvii, 48–50, 143, 299, 302
• illuminating metaphors and, 231–233
• information-processing language and, 38–39
• Machine Intelligence Group and, 71
• machine learning and, 66 (see also Machine learning)
• metaphor generation and, 235–237, 240
• mimicking the brain and, 36, 38, 42–44, 51, 60, 125, 145
• moral, 268
• Music, Art, and Machine Intelligence symposium and, 92
• music and, 251, 253–258 (see also Music)
• natural language processing and, 49, 235
• neural networks and, 42–43 (see also Neural networks)
• Newell and, 37–38, 304
• parallel distributed processing (PDP) and, 43
• Pinocchio effect and, 191–192
• poetry and, 201–203
• programs and, 38 (see also Programs)
• psychology and, 37–38
• puns and, 196–197, 200, 272
• Reimann-Dubbers and, 94–96
• reinforcement learning and, 51, 90, 144
• robots and, 129 (see also Robots) scientific discovery and, 38–39
• scripted movies and, 225–230
• Simon and, 37–39, 43, 271–272, 304–305
• speech recognition and, 199
• storytelling and, 35, 139, 193–200, 205–207, 211, 238–239, 251, 255, 264, 272
• unsupervised learning and, 88
• words and, 191–192 (see also Words)
• Artists and Machine Intelligence (AMI), 71–73, 79, 92–94, 229
• Art of Code, The (Black), 214
• Art of Thought, The (Wallas), 29
• Asimov, Isaac, 129, 287
• AT&T, xxiv, 10
• Audi, 34
• Automated harmony line, 180
• Avant-garde, 16, 20–21, 73, 78, 172, 219, 311
• Awareness, 54, 191, 194, 264–265, 282, 290, 292, 296–299, 312

• Bach, C. P. E., 135
• Bach, J. S., xvii, 135
• Agüera y Arcas and, 71
• artificial intelligence (AI) and, 136, 137, 152, 163–167, 302
• background of, 7
• borrowing and, 13–14
• chord progressions and, 180
• Coconet and, 147–148
• Colton and, 126
• Cope and, 163–167
• Flow Machine and, 152
• genius of, 7–8, 28, 36, 38, 271, 291
• Hofstadter and, 137, 163, 302
• Markov methods and, 136
• Mozart and, 35
• reputation of, 28
• stylistic cryogenics and, 152
• Bach by Design (Cope and Emmy), 165
• Back propagation, 87
• BACON, 39, 43, 271, 304
• Bacon, Francis, 98
• Bag of words (BOW), 159
• Baron, Archie, 253
• Barque-Duran, Alberto, 263
• Barthes, Roland, 247
• Bartle Bogle Hegarty, 34
• Beatles, 151–152
• Beauty, 214, 218, 222–223
• art and, 59, 70, 107
• creativity and, xviii, 17, 54, 266, 268, 289, 313
• Einstein and, 17
• games and, 70, 143
• mathematics and, 17, 107
• music and, 165, 179, 222–223
• patterns and, 313
• truth and, 165
• Beckett, Samuel, 131, 164
• Beethoven, Ludwig van, xxii, 6, 10, 13, 27, 34, 141, 151, 165–166, 276
• Behavioral and Brain Sciences journal, 274
• Behlendorf, Brian, 287–288
• Bell Labs, xxiv–xxv, 10, 40, 57, 121, 157
• Bengio, Yoshua, 88
• Benjamin, 225–230, 264. See also Jetson
• Bense, Max, 40
• Ben-Tal, Oded, 169–173
• Berger, Jonathan, 171
• Bergson, Henri, 193
• Berners-Lee, Tim, 261
• Bernstein, Leonard, 12
• Bevor, Clay, 73
• Beyond the Fence (musical), 202, 209, 253–258, 270
• Bezos, Jeff, 7
• Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale, 7
• Binsted, Kim, 196
• “Biocomputer Music: A Composition for Piano and Biocomputer” (Miranda), 184
• Black, Maurice, 214
• Blade Runner (film), xxvi
• Blotar, 176–177
• Boden, Margaret, 25–28, 90, 266, 271–274, 344n23. See also Cognitive science; Creativity, human and machine
• Lovelace questions, 273, 274
• three types of creativity, 25–27
• Bohr, Niels, 7, 10, 12, 15, 17, 26–27, 83, 232, 292
• Boltzmann, Ludwig, 32
• Booker, Christopher, 254
• Borges, Jorge Luis, 93–94, 105
• Borgo, David, 158
• Born, Max, 12
• Borrowing, 35
• Bach and, 13–14
• Cope and, 164
• Einstein and, 164
• Jobs and, 14–15
• Mozart and, 14
• Picasso and, 13, 15, 164
• plagiarism and, 13–14, 164, 226, 245
• stealing ideas and, 8, 13–15, 164, 281, 303, 307–308, 312
• Bostrom, Nick, 235
• Boubil, Alain, 256
• Brain
• art and, 60–63, 66, 70, 73, 75, 83, 90–91, 127, 131
• attention and, 296–297
• computers that mimic the brain, 42, 51, 60
• consciousness and, 42, 291–299, 303
• creativity and, 5–6, 17, 25, 30, 36–39, 42–43, 51, 266–271, 274, 283, 285, 290–299, 303–305, 307, 312–313
• inside computer’s, 267–270 (see also Hidden layers, where neural networks reason)
• mind’s chorus and, 277
• music and, 139, 144, 157–158, 185, 253–254
• neural networks and, 42–43, 51, 60–63, 70, 75, 83, 139, 144, 291, 304–305
• surgery and, 63, 83
• Tegmark on, 292
• Tyka on, 66
• Braque, Georges, 7, 12
• Breathless (Emily Howell), 167
• Bretan, Mason, 155–161, 285, 333n67
• Brin, Sergey, 7, 19
• Brute force, 50, 302
• Buckminsterfullerene, 13
• Burroughs, William, 221
• Byrnes, Nanette, 50

• Caesar, Julius, 219, 222
• Cage, John, 75, 172, 185
• Calvino, Italo, 219
• Carlsen, Magnus, 48
• Carlson, Chester, xxiii–xxiv
• Carré, Benoît, 151–152
• Catmull, Ed, 11–12, 18
• Cellular automata, 184
• Center for Art and Media, 135
• Central processing unit (CPU), 36–37, 42, 46, 183
• CERN, 12, 22
• Cézanne, Paul, 19, 27, 83, 114–115, 164
• Chalmers, David, 297
• Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 7, 19
• Chaos theory, 20, 22, 185, 287
• Character-recurrent neural networks (Char-RNNs), 170, 198, 226, 227, 270–273
• Chess, xxvi, 193, 265
• AlphaZero and, 53–54, 101, 299, 307, 312
• Carlsen and, 48
• Cope and, 167
• Deep Blue and, 45–53, 299, 301–302
• deliberate practice and, 47
• Duchamp and, 10
• Fischer and, 45, 47–48
• Go and, 50
• HAL and, 235
• Kasparov and, xxvii, 45–48, 50, 53, 302
• Polgár and, 47–48
• shogi and, 53, 312
• Stockfish and, 53
• Tal and, 45–46
• Chinese room experiment (Searle), 290–291
• Chomsky, Noam, 265
• Chopin, Frédéric, 143, 164
• Christie’s, 119–121
• Clarissa the Cloud Lyricist, 255–257
• Clarke, Arthur C., 158
• Classical music, 72, 141, 145, 158, 165–166, 269
• Classical Music Composed by the Computer (Cope and Emmy), 165–166
• Coconet, 147–148
• Cocteau, Jean, 20
• Codedoc exhibition, 213–214
• Coeckelbergh, Mark, 345n60
• Cognitive science
• art and, 71, 100
• artificial intelligence (AI) and, 37
• Boden and, 25–28
• creativity and, 25–28, 37, 43, 266, 271, 298, 301, 304
• Eck and, 138
• imagery controversy and, xviii
• Isola and, 100
• music and, 137–138, 163
• Cohen, Harold, 40, 125–126, 272
• Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 23
• Collaboration, 207, 243
• art and, 12, 72–73, 75, 92, 94, 96, 118
• Beyond the Fence and, 253–258
• competition and, 281, 298, 307–308
• creativity and, 8, 11–13, 20, 281, 298, 307–308
• music and, 12, 136, 159, 163, 166, 184–185, 253–258
• open-plan environment and, 11–12
• Picasso and, 11–12, 20
• TensorFlow and, 139, 144
• Collins, Nick, 255, 257–258
• Colton, Simon
• computational creativity and, 125, 245, 275
• creativity criteria of, 118
• evaluating creativity and, 278
• games and, 125
• HR Tool and, 125–126
• Painting Fool, The, and, 123–128, 245, 247–248, 254, 275, 278, 285, 308
• poetry generator of, 245–248
• on software, 245
• What-If-Machine and, 254–255
• Coltraine, John, 159
• Commodore 64, 40–41
• Competition, 189, 214, 237. See also Games
• collaboration and, 281, 298, 307–308
• creativity and, 8, 12–13, 281, 298, 307–308
• music and, 141
• Computational creativity, 125, 209, 215, 218, 245, 275–276, 279–280
• Computer art, 40–41, 57, 71, 79, 121, 263, 277, 311
• Computer music, 40–41, 149, 157–158, 184
• Computer science, 208, 217, 231, 235, 241. See also AI-created art; AI-created literature; AI-created music
• art and, 60, 71, 78, 81, 88, 96, 100, 108, 113
• creativity and, 25, 37, 261, 268, 273–276, 283, 289–290, 301–305
• latent space and, 79, 89, 93, 96–98, 105, 115, 121, 159, 267
• mimicking the brain and, 42–44
• music and, 137, 149, 157, 163, 169, 171, 175, 179, 184
• neural networks and, 42 (see also Neural networks)
• Computer vision, 60, 99, 113, 267–269, 282
• “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (Turing), 47
• Comte de Belamy, Le (Obvious), 121
• Conditional generative adversarial networks (CGANs), 99
• Consciousness, 289–300. See also Dennett, Daniel; Graziano, Michael
• attention and, 296–297
• awareness and, 54, 191, 194, 264–265, 282, 290, 292, 296–299, 312
• brain and, 42, 291–299, 303
• Chalmers and, 297
• Chinese room experiment and, 290–291
• concept of, 289–290
• creativity and, 29, 42, 96, 191, 277, 289–303, 311–312
• developing, 295–299
• Elwes and, 96
• evaluating creativity and, 277
• Graziano on, 295–299, 312
• Hofstadter on, 303
• introspection and, 298–299
• logic and, 297
• neuroscience and, 289, 295–296
• perceptronium and, 292
• perseverance and, 298–299
• Poincaré and, 29
• question of, 289–293
• reductionist approach to, 291–293
• Searle and, 290–291
• storytelling and, 191
• Tegmark, 292
• Consciousness and Language (Searle), 290
• Continuator, 150–151
• Convolutional neural networks (ConvNets), 60–63, 83, 113, 145, 148
• Conway, John Horton, 22, 103, 184
• Conway, Kellyanne, 103
• Cope, David
• algorithms and, 163–166, 173
• Bach and, 163–167
• Ben-Tal and, 173
• Boden on, 272
• Bretan and, 158
• Emily Howell and, 166–167
• Emmy and, 164–166, 302
• emotion and, 163, 167
• Experiments in Musical Intelligence and, 163–164
• genius and, 167
• Hofstadter and, 302–303
• Markov chains and, 164, 180
• Mozart and, 163–166
• music and, 136, 158, 163–167, 173, 180, 272, 301–302
• opera of, 163–166
• plagiarism and, 164
• Copeland, Aaron, 12
• Copyright, 13, 15, 40, 78, 121
• Corelli, Arcangelo, 13
• Creative adversarial networks (CANs)
• Amazon Mechanical Turk and, 117
• Elgammal and, 113–118, 121, 263, 273, 309
• emergent structures and, 117
• Picasso and, 114, 118
• style ambiguity and, 115–117
• WikiArt and, 113, 115, 117, 119
• Creative Mind, The: Myths and Mechanisms (Boden), 25–26, 272–274
• Creativity, human and machine
• aesthetics and, xviii, 17, 26, 36, 40, 275
• algorithms and, 16, 37–38, 41, 44, 48, 53, 264, 268, 272–273, 278–279, 282, 302, 305
• ambiguity and, 8, 15–16, 115–117, 281–282, 308
• beauty and, xviii, 17, 54, 266, 268, 289, 313
• big-C, 6, 8–9, 27–28, 273, 276
• Boden on, 25–28, 90, 266, 271–274
• borrowing and, 8, 13–14, 35, 281, 307
• brain and, 5–6, 17, 25, 30, 36–39, 42–43, 51, 266–271, 274, 283, 285, 290–299, 303–305, 307, 312–313
• cognitive science and, 25–28, 37, 43, 266, 271, 298, 304–305
• collaboration and, 8, 11–13, 20, 281, 298, 307–308
• combinatorial, 26–27, 239, 272
• competition and, 8, 12–13, 281, 298, 307–308
• computational, 125, 209, 215, 218, 245, 275–276, 279–280
• computer science and, 25, 37, 261, 268, 273–276, 283, 289–290, 302–305
• consciousness and, 29, 42, 96, 191, 277, 289–303, 311–312
• Einstein and, 7–11, 14, 16–17, 19, 21–22, 27–28, 33–34, 36, 38, 47–48
• emotion and, 19, 264, 267, 276, 279–287, 290, 292, 307, 312
• eureka moment and, xxi, 33
• evaluating computer creativity, 275–280
• experience and, 8–13, 16–19, 27, 30, 36, 48, 263, 273, 277–278, 281–291, 297–299, 307–308, 312
• exploratory, 27, 272
• first inklings of computer, 40–42
• focusing and, 8–10, 14, 17, 19, 26, 30, 47, 51, 266, 269, 273–274, 280–286, 296, 299, 304, 307–309
• four stages of, 30–36, 263–299, 307–309 (see also Hidden layers, where neural networks reason; Poincaré, Henri)
• Gauss on, 31
• glimpse into future of, 263–266
• hallmarks of, 8–23, 281–282, 286–288, 307–309
• Helmholtz on, 31–32
• historical, 273
• humor and, 193–200
• imagination and, 3, 6, 21, 23, 27, 51, 263–264, 272, 278
• inspiration and, 8, 16–17, 19, 22–23, 29, 33–34, 36, 40, 264–266, 272, 278–279, 284, 312
• intelligence and, 3, 7, 37–38, 45–51, 54, 263, 277, 282–284, 288, 301–305, 309, 313
• introspection and, 8–9, 21, 281–282, 298, 307
• Jordanous on, 26, 127, 275, 278, 279–280
• Kekulé and, 32–33
• knowing your strengths and, 8–10, 281, 307
• little-c, 6, 27–28, 273, 276, 282
• Lovelace questions, Boden and, 273, 274
• mathematics and, 3, 9–12, 17, 21–23, 27–33, 38–43, 272, 276–278, 283, 287, 290–292, 301, 307, 313
• mistakes and, 8, 10–11, 14, 81, 83, 87, 126, 166, 223, 265, 281, 307–308
• motivation for, 271–274
• network thinking and, 36
• neural networks and, 42–43, 51, 53, 263–264, 268–270, 277, 291, 302–311
• novelty and, 26–28, 117–118, 147, 237, 271, 273, 277, 279, 281
• origins of, 5–8
• perseverance and, 8, 10–11, 14, 281, 298, 307
• philosophy and, 11, 17, 19, 23, 29–31, 40, 261, 268, 273–275, 287–293, 297
• physics and, 10, 14, 19, 28, 31, 33, 287, 291–292, 303–304, 307, 309
• poetry and, 23, 26, 264, 270, 273, 276, 278, 283, 309
• Poincaré on (see Poincaré, Henri)
• problem solving and, 5–6, 9, 31, 37–39, 43, 259–271, 281, 284, 304–305, 309
• as production of new knowledge, 5
• programs and, 39, 41, 43–44, 46, 48–53, 263–266, 270–272, 275–279, 283–284, 290–291, 299–307, 311–312
• psychology and, 17, 25–26, 29–32, 37, 47–48, 273, 275, 285, 293, 295
• questionnaire (1902–1908) and, 32–33
• Ritchie on, 193, 196–198, 275, 277–279
• robots and, 269, 285–287, 305–308, 313
• rules and, 5–6, 22–23, 27, 34, 37, 43–44, 50–53, 264, 270, 272, 276, 287, 291–292, 304, 309
• sociocultural factors in, 25–26
• stealing ideas and, 8, 13–15, 164, 281, 303, 307–308, 312
• suffering and, 8, 16–19, 48, 58, 281–283, 286–288, 296, 308, 312
• surprise and, 26–28, 51, 124, 153, 177, 203, 207, 229, 237, 242, 271, 273, 277, 281
• symbolic machines and, 38, 43, 194, 239, 303
• symbolic machines combined with neural networks and, 305, 306, 309
• think tank and, 11, 22
• Toulouse and, 3, 31–32, 33
• transformational, 27, 272–273
• unconscious thought and, 29–36, 42, 63, 277, 309
• unpredictability and, 283, 286, 287
• value and, 25–28, 269, 273, 276–280, 305
• Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 150–151
• Cubism, 19–20, 27–28, 33, 114, 263
• Curie, Marie, 12
• Curie, Pierre, 12
• Curveship, 207
• Cyborgs, xxiii, 71
• CycleGAN, 107–112, 263. See also Zhu, Jun-Yan
• Klingemann and, 110–112
• Pix2Pix and, 107, 113 263
• Cystic fibrosis, 53
• Cytowic, Richard, 282–283

• Dadaists, 220, 226, 245
• Dalen, Nils Gustav, 28
• Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (IDSIA), 138
• Dalou, Jules, 32
• Darrow, Tiger, 228
• Dartmouth Conference, 194–195
• Darwin, Charles, 15, 295, 308
• Davies, Alex, 253–254
• Da Vinci, Leonardo, 26, 68, 81, 238
• Davis, Hannah, 241–243
• Davis, Miles, 159
• “Day a Computer Writes a Novel, The” (Future University), 189
• “Death of the Author, The” (Barthes), 247
• Debussy, Claude, 20
• Deep Blue, 45–53, 299, 301–302
• DeepDream, 83, 87–88, 263, 266–268. See also Mordvintsev, Alexander
• Agüera y Arcas and, 71–72
• Akten and, 74–76
• art and, 66–70, 71–75, 80–92, 112–113, 115, 117, 120, 263, 266, 268
• Elgammal and, 113, 115, 117
• Mordvintsev invents DeepDream, 59–66 (see also Unconscious thought)
• neural networks and, 72, 75, 80, 83, 87, 113, 268
• Tyka and, 66–72, 83, 90, 92
• DeepDream: The Art of Neural Networks exhibition, 72–73
• Deep learning machines, 139, 333n14
• DeepMind, 7, 51–53, 145, 199
• Demoiselles d’Avignon, Les (Picasso), 17, 19, 22, 28, 33, 114
• Dendrites, 42
• Dennett, Daniel
• consciousness and, 289, 293
• Cope and, 173
• qualia and, 297
• Dessaure, John, xxiv
• Diaghilev, Sergei, 20
• DiCaprio, Leonardo, 66
• Dickinson, Emily, 28
• Discriminators, 89–90, 93–100, 105, 108, 114–115, 118–119
• Disklavier, 165
• Disney, Walt, 75
• Doury, Simon, 79
• Draves, Scott, 41
• “Drunken Pint, The” (algorithm folk music), 171
• Duchamp, Marcel, 10
• Duckworth, William, 179
• Dürer, Albrecht, 226
• Dyson, James, xxii

• Eck, Douglas, xxiii, 135–148
• artificial intelligence (AI) and, 137–144, 265–266
• background of, 137–138
• beauty and, 143
• Coconet and, 147–148
• cognitive science and, 138
• Go and, 143
• Google and, 73, 137, 139, 144, 147, 200, 245, 265
• Hofstadter and, 137–138
• humor and, 200
• longer note sequences and, 142
• Music Transformer and, 142–143
• Pachet and, 139, 152
• Project Magenta and, 73, 135, 137, 139–140, 143–144, 147–148, 152, 200, 265, 305
• Schmidhuber and, 138–139, 169–170
• Eddington, Arthur Stanley, 7
• Edge2cats (Hesse), 100
• Edison, Thomas, 26
• Eighteen Musicians (Reich), 77
• Einstein, Albert
• beauty and, 17
• borrowing and, 164
• Brownian motion, light quanta and, 322n52
• collaboration and, 11
• Colton and, 126
• father of, 7
• genius and, 7–8, 11, 21–22, 36, 38, 271, 291
• Lorentz and, 164
• mathematics and, 10, 27–28, 307
• Maxwell and, 164
• on Mozart, 291
• physics and, 10, 14, 17, 19, 28, 33, 47–48, 307, 309
• Poincaré and, 33
• problem solving and, 9, 19, 38, 271
• relativity and, xxv, 14, 16–17, 19, 22, 27–28, 33–34, 309, 321n37, 322n52
• romantic interests of, 16–17
• speed of light and, 21
• spotting connections and, 21–22
• suffering and, 16–17
• on thinking, 281
• think tank and, 11
• Electric Sheep (Draves), 41
• Elgammal, Ahmed
• arousal potential and, 114
• Art and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and, 113
• creative adversarial networks (CANs) and, 113–118, 121, 263, 273, 309
• DeepDream and, 113, 115, 117
• Frankfurt Book Fair and, 117–118
• generative adversarial networks (GANs) and, 114
• mission of, 113
• Picasso and, 114, 118
• style ambiguity and, 115–117
• style transfer and, 114
• WikiArt and, 113, 115, 117, 119
• Eliot, T. S., 12
• ELIZA, 41–42
• Elwes, Jake, 96–98, 121
• Embodiment, 155, 158, 160, 194, 240, 285, 307
• Emmy, 164–166, 302
• EmoLex, 242
• Emotion, 194–195, 200–203, 206–209, 229, 231, 241–242, 247. See also Picard, Rosalind
• art and, 99, 101, 120, 131
• artificial intelligence (AI) and, 206–207, 209, 229, 231
• art market and, 120
• Cope and, 163, 167
• creativity and, 19, 264, 267, 276, 279–287, 290, 292, 307, 312
• experience and, 19, 202–203
• Farbood and, 180
• humor and, 193–200
• intelligence and, 194–195
• music and, 163, 167, 180, 254, 256
• NRC Emotion Lexicon and, 242
• Pix2Pix and, 99, 101
• robots and, 131
• storytelling and, 206–207, 209
• synesthesia and, 282–283
• End-to-end learning, 139, 142, 144, 248, 264, 312
• Engel, Jesse, 146–147
• Entropy, 32, 105, 313
• Ericsson, K. Anders, 47
• Eso languages, 214
• Euler beta function, 22
• Eureka moment, xxi, 33
• Everyword (Twitter bot), 221
• Ex Machina (film), xxiii
• Experience, 189, 194, 202, 241, 243, 247
• art and, 65, 83, 89, 94, 97, 105, 127, 131
• consciousness and, 289–291
• creativity and, 8–13, 16–19, 27, 30, 36, 48, 263, 273, 277–278, 281–291, 297–299, 307–308, 312
• emotion and, 19, 202–203
• feelings and, 284–286
• geometry and, 285
• humor and, 193–200, 217, 264, 277, 311
• illumination and, 30
• mistakes and, 8, 10–11, 14, 81, 83, 87, 126, 166, 223, 265, 281, 307–308
• Moravec’s paradox and, 285
• music and, 147
• need for, 8, 16–19, 308
• Experiments in Music Intelligence (Cope), 163–164

• Fabrica Research Centre, 81–82
• Facebook, 7, 11, 15, 44
• Facial recognition, 43, 62, 76, 103, 123, 194, 305
• Fall of the House of Usher (Ridler), 104–105
• Farbood, Marwaread Mary, 179–181
• Feelings, 194, 202, 247
• chaos theory and, 287
• computers with, 281–288
• emotion and, 99 (see also Emotion)
• experience and, 284–286
• mathematics and, 283–284, 287
• Mindreader and, 284
• music and, 141
• Picard on, 282–284
• robots and, 285–287
• suffering and, 8 (see also Suffering)
• Feigenbaum, Mitchell, 20
• Ferreira, Becky, 197
• Ferrucci, David, xxvii, 48, 50, 143, 319n16
• Feynman, Richard, 7, 12
• Fiebrink, Rebecca, 175–177
• FIGURE8, 232–233
• Fischer, Bobby, 45, 47–48
• Fischinger, Oscar, 75
• Fjeld, Jessica, 122
• Flickr, 90–91, 108
• Flow Machine, 150–152, 255, 270–273, 309
• Focusing
• art and, 59, 72, 81, 88
• creativity and, 8–10, 14, 17, 19, 26, 30, 47, 51, 266, 269, 273–274, 280–286, 296, 299, 304, 307–309
• music and, 139, 141, 147, 155, 158, 167, 176, 181
• Folk music, 137, 158, 169–173, 228
• Folk-rnn, 171
• Four-color theorem, 38–39
• Four stages of creativity, 30–36, 263–299, 307–309. See also Creativity, human and machine; Network thinking; Toulouse, Édouard; Unconscious thought
• Poincaré and, 29–30
• Fractals, 20, 64, 67, 69, 185
• Frankfurt Book Fair 2017, 117–118
• Freud, Sigmund, 193
• From Darkness, Light (Emily Howell), 167
• Fuller, Buckminister, 13
• Future University Hakodate, 189

• Gale, Catherine, 253, 256–257
• Galileo, 13–14
• Game of Life (Conway), 22, 184
• Games
• AlphaGo and, 50–54, 70, 101, 143, 239–240, 270, 287, 299, 302, 307
• AlphaGo Zero and, 52–53, 101, 299, 307
• AlphaZero and, 53–54, 101, 299, 312
• Bach and, 135
• beauty and, 70, 143
• chess, 48 (see also Chess)
• Colton and, 125
• DeepBlue and, 45–53, 299, 302
• Go, 193 (see also Go)
• IBM Watson and, xxvii, 48–50, 143, 299, 302
• intelligence and, 45–51, 54
• Jeopardy!, xxvi–xxvii, 48–50
• Mozart and, 135
• musical, 135–136
• shogi, 53, 312
• Game theory, 89
• Gandhi, Mahatma, 18
• García Márquez, Gabriel, 209
• Gates, Bill, xxiv, 7–8, 14, 19
• Gatys, Leon, 83–86, 99, 139. See also Style transfer
• Gauss, Karl Friedrich, 31
• Gaussian distribution, 57, 122
• Gaussian Quadratic (Noll), 57
• Gehry, Frank, xxii
• Generative adversarial networks (GANs). See also Goodfellow, Ian
• Anadol and, 92–94
• art market and, 119–122
• back propagation and, 87
• conditional (CGANs) and, 99
• CycleGAN and, 107–112, 263
• discriminators and, 89–90, 93–100, 105, 108, 114–115, 118–119
• Elgammal and, 114–115
• Elwes and, 96–98
• game theory and, 89
• Gaussian distribution and, 122
• generator and, 89–97, 99, 105, 108, 114–115, 119
• Goodfellow invents GANS, 88–90 (see also Unconscious thought)
• Isola and, 99
• Klingemann and, 110–112
• Lipson and, 131
• music and, 148
• Nash equilibrium and, 89
• Pix2Pix and, 99–112, 263
• Reimann-Dubbers and, 94–96
• Riedl and, 270
• supervised learning and, 87–88, 99
• Tyka and, 90–92
• unconscious thought and, 88, 90
• unsupervised learning and, 88
• CycleGAN and, 108–110
• Generative models, 88–90
• Genius
• Bach and, 7–8, 36, 38, 271, 291
• Cope and, 167
• deliberate practice and, 47
• discovering key problem and, 8, 19–21, 282, 308
• Einstein and, 7–8, 11, 21–22, 36, 38, 271, 291
• inspiration and, 8
• Mozart and, 34
• Picasso and, 5–8, 11, 19–22, 36, 38, 271, 291
• spotting connections and, 8, 21–22, 282, 308–309
• Geometry
• aesthetics and, 40 (see also Aesthetics)
• art and, 40, 57, 64, 108, 114
• computer experience and, 285
• fractals and, 20, 64, 67, 69–70, 185
• music and, 171
• non-Euclidean, 29
• Picasso and, 5, 19, 22
• Poincaré and, 29
• Gervás, Pablo, 201–203, 275
• on creative writing, 229
• evaluating creativity and, 278–279
• poetry and, 201–203, 215
• PropperWryter and, 202, 255, 257
• story generation and, 237, 255
• GitHub, 68, 100, 139
• Glass, Philip, 6–8, 16, 20–21
• Go, xxvi, 193, 265
• AlphaGo and, 50–54, 70, 101, 143, 239–240, 270, 287, 299, 302, 307
• AlphaGo Zero and, 52–53, 101, 299, 307
• AlphaZero and, 53–54, 101, 299, 312
• American Go Association and, 52
• chess and, 50
• deep learning machines and, 139
• Eck and, 143
• Ke Jie and, 52
• Lee Se-dol and, 51–52, 70, 143
• mathematics and, 22
• Mok Jin-seok and, 50, 52
• Moravec’s paradox and, 285
• neural networks and, 150, 291
• Okun and, 52, 261
• Shi Yue and, 52
• Stockfish and, 53
• Gödel, Escher, Bach (Hofstadter), 137, 163, 301
• Goethe, 31
• Goldsmith, Kenneth, 201, 222
• Goodfellow, Ian, xxii, 87, 108, 119, 263, 267, 327, 327n75. See also Generative adversarial networks (GANs)
• background of, 88
• invents generative adversarial networks (GANs), 88–90 (see also Unconscious thought)
• unsupervised learning and, 88
• Yosinski and, 267–268
• Zhu and, 107–108
• Goodwin, Jacob, 245
• Goodwin, Ross, 225–230, 264, 272, 285. See also Sunspring (film); Poetry
• Char-RNN and, 226, 227
• word.camera and, 225, 226
• Google
• Agüera y Arcas and, 70–73, 165
• AI Duet and, 147
• Anadol and, 92
• artificial intelligence (AI) and, 54, 90, 139, 144
• Artists and Machine Intelligence (AMI) and, 71–73, 79, 92–94, 229
• Brin and, 7, 19
• Eck and, xxiii, 73, 137, 139, 144, 147, 200, 245, 265
• GitHub and, 68, 100, 139
• Goodfellow and, xxii
• Huang and, 147
• Klingemann and, 79
• McDowell and, 72, 74
• Machine Intelligence Group and, 71
• Mordvintsev and, 60, 62–63, 66–68
• Music, Art, and Machine Intelligence symposium and, 73–74, 92
• Ngram Viewer and, 245
• NSynth and, 146–147, 264
• Page and, 7, 19
• Project Magenta and, xxvi, 73, 135–144, 147–148, 152, 200, 248, 263–266, 270, 305, 312
• SafeSearch and, 60, 62, 66
• speech recognition and, 199
• TensorFlow and, 139, 144
• translation and, 139, 144, 302
• Tyka and, 66, 68, 71–73, 92
• virtual reality and, 73
• WaveNet and, 145, 147
• Word2vec and, 199
• Google Books, 220
• Google Brain, 90, 139, 144
• Google Cultural Institute, 78
• Google Maps, 75
• Gourguechon, Corallie, 81
• Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), 75
• Gradient Descent exhibition, 121
• Gray, Elisabeth, 228
• Gray Area Foundation for the Arts, 72–74, 121
• Graziano, Michael, 295–299, 312
• awareness, attention, consciousness and, 296–297
• consciousness in computers and, 299, 312
• Great Wave, The (Hokusai), 313
• Gyson, Brian, 221

• Hadamard, Jacques, 29
• HAHAcronym (Humorous Agents for Humorous Acronyms), 195–196
• Haile, 155–157
• Haken, Wolfgang, 38–40
• HAL 9000, 158, 235, 286, 303
• Halliday, Johnny, 151
• Hammond, Kristian, 196
• Hardy, Françoise, 103, 151
• Hardy, G. H., 125
• Harmon, Sarah, 231–233
• Harmonics, 21, 159, 180, 185
• Hassabis, Demis, xxi, 7, 51–53
• Hasselhoff, David, 229
• Hawking, Stephen, 235
• Hegarty, John, 34
• Heisenberg, Werner, 7, 10, 12, 16–18, 34, 83, 307
• Hello World (SYGGE), 152, 214
• Helmholtz, Hermann von, 31–32
• Hemingway, Ernest, 241
• Hendrix, Jimi, 139–140
• Henry, Damien, 77–79, 285
• Hertzmann, Aaron, 345n60
• Hesse, Chris, 100
• Hidden layers, where neural networks reason, 59, 60, 62, 63, 66, 81, 89, 96, 139, 169, 203, 266, 268, 269, 270, 277, 287, 305
• Hiller, Lejaren, 136
• Hinton, Geoffrey, 87, 302
• Hislop, Ian, 256
• Hochreiter, Sepp, 138
• Hockney, David, 73
• Hofstadter, Douglas
• artificial intelligence (AI) and, 137–138, 163, 165–166, 301–304
• Cope and, 163, 165–166, 173, 302
• Gödel, Escher, Bach and, 137, 163, 301
• Holbein, Hans, 73
• Horvitz, Eric, 199
• House of Cards (TV show), 238
• Howell, Emily, 166–167
• Howell, Mark, 167
• HR Tool, 125–126
• Huang, Anna, 147–148
• Hughes, Ted, 12, 18
• Humor, 193–200
• accepted theory for, 193
• artificial intelligence (AI) and, 193–200, 217, 264, 277, 311
• Dartmouth Conference and, 194–195
• emotion and, 193–200
• HAHAcronym and, 195–196
• incongruity and, 193
• jokes and, 35, 193–200, 238, 251, 264, 272
• Joking Computer and, 193
• metaphors and, 194
• one-liners and, 197
• patterns in, 197–198
• philosophy and, 193
• Project Magenta and, 200
• puns and, 196–197, 200, 272
• release theory and, 193
• stand-up comedy, 199–200
• superiority theory and, 193
• Huron, David, 176
• Hyperscore, 179–181

• I, Robot (Asimov), 129
• Iambic meters, 6, 23
• IBM
• Carlson and, xxiii
• Cope and, 163
• Deep Blue and, 45–53, 299, 301–302
• Gates and, 14
• Kay and, xxiv
• Noll and, 40
• Watson and, xxvii, 48–50, 143, 299, 302
• Idomeneo (Mozart), 35
• IK Prize, 81, 82
• ILLIAC computer, 136
• Illumination, 30, 34, 36, 89, 309
• Illusion, 65, 268, 292
• ImageNet, 61, 63–64, 68, 80, 87, 97, 104
• Imagination, 219, 233, 248
• art and, 89, 96–98, 105, 117, 124–126, 131
• creativity and, 3, 6, 21, 23, 27, 51, 263–264, 272, 278
• generative adversarial networks (GANs) and, 87–98
• music and, 159
• unpredictability and, 23
• Implants, xxvi, 158, 312
• Impressionism, 6, 19, 27, 78, 114, 131, 218
• Improvisation, 41, 149, 150, 157, 159, 160, 280
• Inceptionism, 66, 68
• Ingres, Jean, 164
• Inspiration, 219, 237
• art and, 67, 71, 74, 82–83, 92, 94, 105, 107–108, 117, 120, 123, 129–131
• creativity and, 8, 16–17, 19, 22–23, 29, 33–34, 36, 40, 51, 264–266, 270, 272, 278–279, 284, 312
• genius and, 8
• music and, 143–144, 147–150, 157–161, 164, 169, 171–172, 176, 180, 185, 253, 257
• Inspiring set, 278
• Intelligence
• AI, 37 (see also Artificial intelligence [AI])
• art and, 71–73, 75, 89, 92, 94, 96, 101, 113, 119, 125
• Artists and Machine Intelligence (AMI) and, 71–73, 79, 92–94, 229
• creativity and, 3, 7, 37–51, 54, 263, 277, 282–284, 288, 302–305, 309, 313
• emotion and, 194–195
• games and, 45–51, 54
• humor and, 193–200
• IQ tests and, 7
• mind’s chorus and, 277
• music and, 138, 149, 160, 163–167
• Simon-Binet Intelligence Scale and, 7
• supervised learning and, 87–88, 99
• Turing test and, 47, 50, 116, 150
• Zola and, 3
• Intent, 23
• Interactive Telecommunications Program (ITP), 217, 225–226, 241
• International Obfuscated C Code Contest, 214
• Introspection, 8–9, 21, 281–282, 298–299, 307
• Intuition
• AlphaGo and, 51
• keyboard design and, xxv
• logic and, 286
• Poincaré and, 286
• unconscious thought and, 36
• IQ tests, 7
• Isaacson, Walter, 10
• Isola, Phillip, 329n126
• cognitive science and, 100
• computer vision and, 99
• conditional generative adversarial networks (CGANs) and, 99
• generative adversarial networks (GANs) and, 99
• Pix2Pix and, 99–112, 263
• Italian ideas factory, 81
• It’s No Game (film), 229

• Jackendoff, Ray, 265–266
• JAPE (Joke Analysis and Production Engine), 196
• Jazz, 40, 138, 140–141, 149, 152, 155, 158–161, 180, 278, 280
• Jennings, Ken, 48–50
• Jeopardy! (TV game show), xxvi–xxvii, 48–50
• Jetson, 225, 227–229
• Jobs, Steve, xxiv, 7–11, 14–15, 18, 34, 164, 238
• Johansson, Sverker, 192
• Jokes, 35, 193–200, 238, 251, 264, 272
• Joplin, Scott, 165
• Jordanous, Anna, 26, 127, 275, 278, 279-280
• Joyce, James, 164
• Joy of Logic, The (TV show), 253
• Jung, Carl, 7

• Kant, Immanuel, 17, 193
• Karlin, John E., xxv
• Kasparov, Garry, xxvii, 45–48, 50, 53, 302
• Kay, Alan C., xxiv
• Keats, John, xxii
• Keberle, Ryan, 141
• Ke Jie, 52
• Kekulé, August, 33
• Keller, Bill, 279
• Kepler, Johannes, 39, 291–292
• Ker, Humphrey, 228
• Kerouac, Jack, 230
• Keypad design, xxv
• Key problem, 8, 282, 308
• Kiesza, 152
• KIM-1 (Keyboard Input Monitor), 40–41
• Kim and I, The (Lewis), 41
• Kissinger, Henry, 45
• Klingemann, Mario
• Alternative Face and, 103
• art market and, 121
• CycleGAN and, 110–111
• Lumen Prize and, 103
• Pix2Pix and, 101–104
• Sotheby’s and, 122
• X Degrees of Separation and, 78–81, 101, 309
• Knichrehm, Mark, 242
• Knock-knock jokes, 197–198, 264
• Knock-knock jokes website, 197
• Knowing your strengths, 8–10, 281, 307
• Kogan, Gene, 85
• Korshunova, Iryna, 171
• Kortun, Vasif, 92
• Kroto, Harry, 13
• “Kubla Khan” (Coleridge), 23
• Kubrick, Stanley, 75, 158, 235, 286
• Kuhnau, Johann, 13

• Lamboley, Mathieu, 243
• Langley, Pat, 304–306
• Language soundings, 220–221
• Lapalme, Jasmin, 169–170
• Latent space, 79, 89, 93, 96–98, 105, 115, 121, 159, 267. See also AI-created art; Computer science; Machine learning
• Laugero-Lasserre, Nicolas, 121
• Learning to See: Hello, World! (Akten), 76
• LeCun, Yann, 87
• Lee Se-dol, 51–52, 70, 143
• Legg, Shane, 7
• Lerdahl, Fred, 265–266
• Les Paul Standard, 140
• Levi’s, 34
• Lewis, George, 40–41
• “Library of Babel, The” (Borges), 93–94
• Library of Congress, 40, 92, 121
• Lipson, Hod, xxiii, 129–132, 285
• Literature, AI-created. See AI-created literature
• Lloyd, James Robert, 253–254
• Lloyd, Richard, 120
• Logic
• BACON, 39, 43, 271, 304
• consciousness and, 297
• intuition and, 286
• machines and, 34, 38, 43, 76, 167, 202, 290–292, 298, 312
• mathematics and, 23, 287
• music and, 184
• Poincaré on, 286
• programming and, 38, 43, 202, 253
• spotting connections and, 23
• transcending, 167
• unpredictability and, 23
• Logic Theorist, 38
• Logo Writer, 231
• Long short-term memory (LSTM), 138–142, 169–170
• Lorentz, Hendrik, 164
• Louvre Pyramid, 242
• Lovelace questions, 273, 274
• Lsjbot, 192
• Lumen Prize, 103
• Lutz, Theo, 221

• MABLE, 208
• Mace, Kat, 255–256
• Machine improvisation, 41, 149, 150, 157, 159, 160, 280
• Machine intelligence
• Agüera y Arcas and, 71–76
• Anadol and, 92, 94
• Artist and Machine Intelligence (AMI) and, 71–73, 79, 92–94, 229
• games and, 101 (see also Games)
• Goodfellow and, xxii, 87–98, 107–108, 119, 263, 267
• Google symposium on, 92
• Isola and, 101
• Zhu and, 101
• Machine Intelligence Group, 71
• Machine learning
• art and, 66, 71, 73, 77, 79, 87–90, 93, 95, 105, 108
• back propagation and, 87
• creative adversarial networks (CANs) and, 113–118
• creativity and, 43, 267, 291, 303, 305
• deep learning machines and, 139
• generative adversarial networks (GANS) and, 87
• interactive, 176–177
• latent space and, 79, 89, 93, 96–98, 105, 115, 121, 159, 267
• music and, 137, 139, 144, 176, 254
• supervised learning and, 87–88, 99
• unsupervised learning and, 88
• Machover, Tod, 41, 157, 179
• Mahler, Alma, 18
• Mahler, Gustav, 7, 18, 166
• Ma Jolie (Picasso), 57
• Mandelbrot sets, 20
• Manhattan Project, 12
• Mankoff, Robert, 199
• “Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, The” (Sacks), 268
• Man Who Tasted Shapes, The (Cytowic), 282–283
• Marić, Maleva, 17
• Markov chains, 208, 211, 222
• Beyond the Fence and, 255
• Cope and, 164, 180
• definition of, 136, 331, 331note4
• Farbood and, 180
• Flow Machine and, 150–152
• MABLE and, 208
• music and, 136, 138, 149–152, 156, 164, 180, 208, 255, 272
• robots and, 156
• statistics and, 136
• Markov constraints, 151
• Mars Rover, 41
• Mathematics
• algorithms and, 16 (see also Algorithms)
• art and, 3, 57, 63, 71, 78, 81, 88–89, 100, 107–108, 119, 122, 125–126, 129
• beauty and, 17, 107
• chaos theory and, 20, 22, 185, 287
• creativity and, 3, 9–12, 17, 21–23, 27–33, 38–43, 272, 276–278, 283, 287, 290–292, 301, 307, 313
• Einstein and, 10, 27–28, 307
• equations and, 12, 17, 22, 38, 40, 43, 57, 78, 108, 119, 122, 129, 272, 278, 287, 291–292, 304, 313
• Euler beta function and, 22
• evaluating computational creativity and, 277–279
• four-color theorem and, 38–39
• fractals and, 20, 64, 67, 69, 185
• functions and, 22, 29, 175, 180
• Game of Life and, 22
• Gauss and, 31, 57, 122
• geometry and, 5, 19, 22, 29, 40, 57, 64, 108, 114, 171, 285
• Go and, 22
• HR Tool and, 125–126
• Karlin and, xxv
• Kepler’s third law and, 39
• logic and, 23, 287
• Mandelbrot sets and, 20
• Markov chains and, 136 (see also Markov chains)
• music and, 21, 28, 41, 81, 138, 151–152, 155, 158–159, 164, 175, 184–185, 243, 276, 283
• poetry and, 283
• Poincaré and, 3, 23, 29, 31–33, 63, 287
• unit selection and, 159
• Venn diagrams and, 184
• Matrix, The (film), 299
• Matthews, Max, 157–158
• Maxwell, James Clerk, 164
• McCain, John, 196
• McCarthy, John, 38
• McDowell, Kenric, 72, 74
• Mechanical Turk, 117, 199, 242
• Medicine, 9, 44, 49, 52–53, 72, 150, 176, 253, 312
• Memristor, 183
• Mendelssohn, Felix, 28
• Meno (Plato), 5
• Metaphor Eyes, 236
• Metaphor Magnet, 236–237, 278
• Metaphors, 26–27, 194, 207, 231–233, 235–237, 240, 272, 278
• analogy and, 27
• conceptual, 235–236
• conventional, 235–236
• Harmon and, 231–233
• humor and, 194
• Pérez y Pérez and, 207
• placebo effect and, 237
• Veale and, 235–237, 240, 272, 278
• Metz, Cade, 73
• MEXICA, 205–208
• Microsoft, 14, 72, 81–82, 199
• Middleditch, Thomas, 228
• Miku, Hatsune, 143
• Miller, Arthur I., network thinking and, 36
• Miller, Henry, 12
• Mindreader, 284
• Mind’s chorus, 277
• Miranda, Eduardo, 183–185
• Mirowski, Piotr, 199–200
• Mistakes
• art and, 81, 83, 87, 126
• Bell Labs and, 10–11
• experience and, 8, 10–11, 14, 81, 83, 87, 126, 166, 223, 265, 281, 307–308
• focus and, 8, 10–11, 14, 281, 307–308
• music and, 166
• perseverance and, 8, 10–11, 14, 281, 307–308
• MIT Media Lab, 41, 157, 179, 283
• MIT Technology Review magazine, 50
• Mohammad, Saif M., 242
• Mok Jin-seok, 50, 52
• Mona Lisa (da Vinci), 81
• Monet, Claude, 108–109, 112, 218
• Monk, Thelonious, 159
• Montfort, Nick
• #! and, 212–213, 215
• Codedoc exhibition and, 213–214
• evaluating computational creativity and, 276
• Gervás on, 215
• interactive fiction (IF) and, 213
• nn Narrator and, 207
• poetry and, 211–215
• semantic space and, 264
• storytelling and, 207–208, 211
• Truelist, The, and, 214–215
• Montreal Expo, 13
• Moonlight Sonata (Beethoven), 141
• Moravec’s paradox, 285
• Mordvintsev, Alexander, 59–66. See also DeepDream
• Google and, 60, 62–63, 66–68
• invents DeepDream, 59–66 (see also Unconscious thought)
• neural networks and, 59–66, 87, 268
• Olah and, 68, 83
• Tyka and, 66–68, 83
• Morphemes, 145
• Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 27
• borrowing and, 14
• Cope and, 163–166
• Eck and, 144
• Einstein on, 291
• father of, 122, 277
• games and, 135
• genius of, 34, 35
• plagiarism and, 14
• stylistic cryogenics and, 152
• unconscious thought and, 34–35, 277
• MP3 files, 242
• MS-DOS, 7, 14
• Music, AI-created. See AI-created music
• Music, Art, and Machine Intelligence (symposium), 73–74, 92
• Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) synthesizer, 140–141, 150, 165, 170, 185
• Music for 18 Musicians-Steve Reich (Henry), 77
• Music Transformer, 142–143
• Musk, Elon, 7, 11, 18, 235

• Nake, Frieder, 40, 57
• Nao robots, 239, 286
• Narenda, Divya, 15
• Narrative Science, 192, 196
• NASA, 221
• Nash, Ogden, 231
• Nash equilibrium, 89
• National Science Foundation, 196
• Natural language processing, 49, 235
• Nazis, 75
• Nees, Georg, 40, 57
• Negroponte, Nicholas, 283
• Network thinking, 36
• Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), 95
• Neural networks, 170, 194, 198–199, 203, 226, 228, 239, 248, 270–272. See also Hidden layers, where neural networks reason
• art and, 59–63, 66–89, 113, 121, 123–124, 126
• artificial neurons and, 42
• art market and, 121
• back propagation and, 87
• brain and, 42–43, 51, 60–63, 70, 75, 83, 139, 144, 291, 304–305
• convolutional (ConvNets), 60–63, 83, 113, 145, 148
• creativity and, 42–43, 51, 53, 263–264, 268–270, 277, 291, 302–311
• deep, 43, 51, 60–62, 66, 75–77, 84, 87, 89, 126, 139, 144, 150, 331n14
• DeepDream and, 72, 75, 80, 83, 87, 113, 268
• GANs and, 87 (see also Generative adversarial networks [GANs])
• Gatys and, 83–86
• generative models and, 88–90
• Henry and, 77, 78
• Hinton and, 87
• Klingemann and, 78–81, 101–104, 110–112, 121, 309
• layers of, 42–43, 51, 59–63, 89, 139, 156, 203, 268–269, 277, 305 (see also Hidden layers, where neural networks reason)
• LeCun and, 87
• long short-term memory (LSTM) and, 138–142, 169–170
• mimicking the brain and, 36, 38, 42–44, 51, 60, 125, 145
• Mordvintsev and, 59–66, 87, 268
• music and, 136–147, 150, 156, 169–171, 185, 255
• parallel distributed processing (PDP) and, 43
• Performance RNN and, 141–142, 146
• protein folding and, 53, 66–67
• recurrent (RNNs), 138, 141–146, 169–171, 198, 226–227, 270–272
• reductionism and, 291–293, 303–304
• Riedl and, 269–270
• Semeraro and, 81–83
• supervised learning and, 87–88, 99
• Tyka and, 66, 72–73
• unsupervised learning and, 88
• Neuroscience, 100, 231, 267, 269, 289, 295–296, 304
• Newell, Allen, 37–38, 304
• New Yorker magazine, 199
• N-grams, 219–220, 236, 245
• Ngram Viewer, 245
• Nikkei Hoshi Shinichi Literary Award, 189
• Nin, Anaïs, 12
• Nixon, Richard, 238
• Nn Narrator, 207
• NOC list, 237–238
• Nolan, Christopher, 66
• Noll, A. Michael, 40, 57, 121–122
• Non-Euclidean geometry, 29
• Novelty, 26–28, 117–118, 147, 237, 271, 273, 277, 279, 281
• NRC Emotion Lexicon, 242
• NSynth, 146–147, 264
• NYU Media Lab, 41

• Obama, Barack, 225
• Obvious, 119–121
• Okun, Andy, xxi, 52, 261
• Olah, Chris, 68, 83
• Olivier, Fernande, 17
• Olympia Academy, 11
• On the Road (Kerouac), 230
• Oore, Sageev, 141–142, 146
• Open-plan environments, 11–12
• Orkin, Andrew, 228
• Orwell, George, 143
• Oulipo, 219
• Our Gay Wedding: The Musical (Till and Taylor), 253

• Pachet, François, 26, 139, 257
• background of, 149
• Ben-Tal and, 172
• Beyond the Fence and, 255
• Continuator and, 150–151
• Eck and, 152
• Flow Machine and, 150–152, 255, 270, 272–273, 309
• improvisation and, 149–155
• Markov chains and, 149–152
• Spotify and, 149, 152
• style and, 151
• Page, Larry, 7, 19
• Painting Fool, The
• Colton and, 123–128, 245, 247–248, 254, 275, 278, 285, 308
• as digital artist in residence, 127
• methodology of, 123–124
• moods of, 123, 125
• Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), xxiv, 14
• Parade (Satie), 16, 20
• Parallel distributed processing (PDP), 43
• Paramount Pictures, 75
• Pareidolia, 65
• Parker, Philip M., 192
• Parkinson’s disease, 53
• Parrish, Allison, xxii–xxiii, 217–223, 225, 264, 276
• Pascal programming language, 75
• Patch, Nick, 140
• Patents, 8, 11, 26, 192
• Paul, Christiane, 213
• Paul, Les, 139–140
• Pauli, Wolfgang, 7, 16, 292
• Paul (sketching robots), 131–132
• PayPal, 7, 10
• Perceptronium, 292
• Perec, George, 219
• Pérez y Pérez, Rafael, 205–209, 237, 275
• Performance RNN, 141–142, 146
• Perloff, Marjorie, 201
• Perseverance, 8, 10–11, 14, 281, 298–299, 307–308
• Personal computers, xxiv, 7, 14, 42
• Philosophy
• art and, 63, 71, 74, 83, 98
• creativity and, 11, 17, 19, 23, 29–31, 40, 261, 268, 273–275, 287–293, 297
• Dennett and, 173, 289, 293, 297
• Kant and, 17, 193
• music and, 173
• Searle and, 290–291
• Physarum polycephalum (slime mold), 183–185
• Physics
• art and, 71, 83, 105
• creativity and, 28, 31, 33, 47–48, 261, 287, 291–292, 304–305, 307, 309
• Einstein and, 10, 14, 17, 19, 28, 33, 47–48, 307, 309
• intellectual challenge of, xvii–xviii
• music and, 158, 171
• Poincaré and, 287
• quantum, xviii, 5, 10, 12, 16, 34, 83, 183, 291–292, 304
• string theory and, 6, 22
• thermodynamics and, 21, 309
• uncertainty principle and, 12, 17–18, 18
• Piaget, Jean, 285
• Picard, Rosalind, 195, 282–284, 287, 290, 308
• Affective Computing and 282
• Affective Computing Research Group and, 283
• Picasso, Pablo, 309
• borrowing and, 13, 15, 164, 320n25
• collaboration and, 11–12, 20
• cubism and, 19–20, 27–28, 33, 114, 263
• Elgammal and, 114, 118
• father of, 7
• Gatys and, 83–84
• genius of, 5–8, 11, 19–20, 22, 36, 38, 271, 291
• geometry and, 5
• illumination and, 30
• Les Demoiselles d’Avignon and, 17, 19, 22, 28, 33, 114
• Ma Jolie and, 57
• Noll and, 57
• Poincaré and, 33
• postimpressionism and, 6
• reduction of forms and, 5–6
• stealing and, 15
• suffering and, 17
• think tank and, 11
• unconscious thought and, 33, 36
• Pinocchio effect, 191–192
• Pinter, Harold, 164
• PitchWeb, 179
• PIX18, 129–130
• Pix2Pix
• art and, 99–112, 263
• computer vision and, 99
• CycleGAN and, 107–112, 263
• edges2cats and, 100
• edges2handbags and, 101
• emotion and, 99, 101
• generative adversarial networks (GANs) and, 99–112, 263
• GitHub and, 100
• Klingemann and, 101–104
• Ridler and, 104–105
• transhancement and, 103
• as user-friendly interface, 101
• Pixar, 11–12, 18
• Pixasso, 129–130
• Placebo effect, 237
• Plagiarism, 13–14, 164, 226, 245
• Plath, Sylvia, 12, 18
• Plato, 5, 193
• Poe, Edgar Allen, 105
• Poetry, 23, 26, 170, 191–192, 201–203, 208–226, 229–232, 241, 245–248, 255, 264, 270, 273, 276, 278, 283, 309
• algorithms and, 201–203
• artificial intelligence (AI) and, 201–203
• Beat, 6, 221
• Char-RNN and, 270
• Coleridge and, 23
• Colton and, 245–248
• creativity and, 23, 26, 264, 270, 273, 276, 278, 283, 309
• e-poems and, 247
• generators for, 245–248
• Gervás and, 201–203, 278–279
• Goldsmith and, 201, 222
• Goodwin and, 225–226, 229
• iambic meters and, 6, 23
• illuminating metaphors and, 231–233
• mathematics and, 283
• Montfort and, 211–215
• music and, 170, 255, 309
• neural networks and, 264
• Parrish and, 217–223, 276
• rules of, 23, 201, 202
• semantic space and, 217–223
• word.camera and, 225–226
• Poincaré, Henri. See Creativity, human and machine
• art and, 3
• consciousness and, 29
• Einstein and, 33
• four stages of creativity and, 29–31
• geometry and, 29
• Helmholtz and, 31–32
• interview with Toulouse, 3, 31–32, 33
• intuition and, 286
• IQ and, 7
• logic and, 286
• mathematics and, 3, 23, 29, 31–33, 63, 287
• mode of creative thinking and, 3, 23
• physics and, 287
• Picasso and, 33
• Science and Hypothesis and, 33
• unconscious thought and, 3, 29–36, 63, 277
• Zola and, 3, 32
• Polgár, Judit, 47–48
• Pollock, Jackson, 217
• Portrait of Edmond de Belamy (Obvious), 119
• Portraits of Imaginary People (Tyka), 90–91
• Postimpressionism, 6, 27
• Pound, Ezra, 12
• PowerVocabTweet, 222
• “Princess Minuet” (Ackerman and Pérez y Pérez), 209
• Princet, Maurice, 33
• Prix Ars Electronica, 263
• Problem solving, 195, 205, 231
• AI-complete problems and, 277
• creativity and, 5–6, 9, 31, 37–39, 43, 259–271, 281, 284, 304–305, 309
• discovering key problem and, 8, 19–21, 282, 308
• Einstein and, 9, 19
• illumination and, 30, 34, 36, 89, 309
• mind’s chorus and, 277
• Poincaré and, 38
• programs and, 39 (see also Programs)
• taking time off and, 31–35
• unconscious thought and, 29–36, 42, 63, 277, 309
• Programs, 198, 202, 205–208, 211–223, 232, 278
• AARON, 40, 125, 272
• art and, 57, 64, 66, 71–72, 75, 84, 121–131, 245, 247–248, 254, 275, 278, 285, 307
• central processing unit (CPU) and, 36–37, 42, 46, 183
• creativity and, 14–15, 36–53, 263–266, 270–272, 275–279, 283–284, 290–291, 299–307, 311–312
• ELIZA, 41–42
• FIGURE8, 232–233
• games and, 48 (see also Games)
• Gates and, 14
• GitHub and, 68, 100, 139
• logic and, 38, 43, 202, 253
• Logo Writer, 231
• Metaphor Magnet, 236–237, 278
• MS-DOS, 14
• music and, 135–144, 150, 152, 158, 163–164, 166, 175–176, 179, 255–258
• natural language processing and, 49, 235
• Painting Fool, The, and, 123–128, 245, 247–248, 254, 275, 278, 285, 308
• Pascal, 75
• Python, 212–213, 219
• storytelling, 239
• TransProse, 242
• Zuckerberg and, 15
• Project Magenta
• artificial intelligence (AI) and, 147
• Eck and, 73, 135, 137, 139–140, 143–144, 147–148, 152, 200, 265, 305
• end-to-end philosophy of, 248, 312
• first computer-composed melody, 135, 140–141, 331n2
• Google and, xxvi, 73, 135–144, 147–148, 152, 200, 248, 263–266, 270, 305, 312
• Google Brain and, 139
• humor and, 200
• longer note sequences and, 142
• MIDIs and, 140–141
• music and, 73, 135–144, 147–148, 152, 263–266, 270, 305, 312
• Oore and, 141–142, 146
• Performance RNN and, 141–142, 146
• Simon (Ian) and, 141–142
• temperature as measure of randomness and, 142
• TensorFlow and, 139, 144
• PropperWryter, 202, 255, 257
• Protein folding, 53, 66–67
• Psychoanalysis, 41–42
• Psychology
• art and, 100
• artificial intelligence (AI) and, 37–38
• creativity and, 17, 25–26, 29–32, 37, 47–48, 273, 275, 285, 293, 295
• Csikszentmihalyi and, 150–151
• Hyperscore and, 180–181
• music and, 150, 180
• scientific method and, 37–38
• unconscious thought and, 29–32
• Wallas and, 29
• Puckette, Miller, 158
• Pun generator, 196–197, 200, 272
• Putin, Vladimir, 108
• Python, 212–213, 219

• QDOS, 14
• Quantum physics, xviii, 5, 10, 12, 16, 34, 83, 183, 291–292, 304

• Rachmaninov, Sergei, 166
• Ramanujan, Srinivasa, 125
• Raskin, Victor, 193
• Rayz, Julia Taylor, 195–198
• Rea, Naomi, 119
• Recognition (Fabrica Research Centre), 81
• Recurrent neural networks (RNNs)
• Ben-Tal and, 169–173
• Char-RNNs, 170, 198, 226, 227, 270, 272
• folk-rnn and, 171
• long short-term memory (LSTM) and, 138–142, 169–170
• music and, 138, 141–146, 169–171
• Performance RNN and, 141–142, 146
• Riedl and, 270
• Sturm and, 169–173
• Reductionism, 291–293, 303–304
• Reich, Steve, 6, 16, 21, 75, 77–78
• Reimann-Dubbers, Theresa, 94–96
• Reinforcement learning, 51, 90, 144
• Relativity
• Einstein and, xxv, 14, 16–17, 19, 22, 27–28, 33–34, 309, 321n37, 322n52
• special theory of, 321n37
• Release theory of humor, 193
• Renaissance, 81–82, 113
• Richard, Keith, 140
• Ridler, Anna, 74, 104–105
• Riedl, Mark, 269–270
• Ritchie, Graeme, 193, 196–198, 275, 277–279
• Rite of Spring (Stravinsky), 16
• Rivera, Diego 13
• Roads, Curtis, 171
• Robinson, Ken, 26
• Robopoem, 245
• Robotics, Three Laws of (Asimov), 287
• Robots, 193, 194, 200, 219, 221, 239–240, 243
• art and, 129–132
• Asimov and, 129, 287
• Bretan and, 155–161, 285
• creativity and, 269, 285–287, 305–308, 313
• embodiment and, 155, 158, 160, 194, 240, 285, 307
• emotion and, 131
• feelings and, 285–287
• generative adversarial networks (GANs) and, 131
• Haile, 155–157
• jazz and, 155–161, 239, 285
• Lipson and, xxiii, 129–132, 285
• Markov chains and, 156
• music and, 141, 145, 153, 155–161, 239, 285
• Nao, 239, 286
• Paul, 131–132
• PIX18, 129–130
• Pixasso, 129–130
• self-aware, 129–132
• SEURAT, 129
• Shimi, 155, 157, 159–160, 239
• Shimon, 155–160, 239, 285
• Three Laws of Robotics, 287
• Tresset, Patrick, 131–132
• Weinberg and, 155–161, 239, 285
• Rodin, Auguste, 32
• Romanticism, 3, 16–17, 27, 276, 292
• Rothko, Mark, 98, 217
• “Round” (Montfort), 211–212
• Rowe, Robert, 41
• Rule-based system, 160, 232, 248, 264, 287
• Rules, 196–198, 202, 215, 218–219, 231–232, 248
• art and, 84, 87, 101, 125
• creativity and, 5–6, 22–23, 27, 34, 37, 43–44, 50–53, 264, 270, 272, 276, 287, 291–292, 304, 309
• music and, 135–136, 140, 145, 160, 164, 170, 184, 255
• Rutter, Brad, 49

• Sacks, Oliver, 268
• SafeSearch, 60, 62, 66
• Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de, 131
• Saint Jerome in His Study (Dürer), 226
• Saint Matthew, 28
• Saint-Saëns, Camille, 32
• SALT Galata, 92
• Satie, Eric, 6–7, 16, 20–21
• Scarlatti, Domenico, 13
• Scéalextric Simulator, 237–239, 264, 278
• Schadenfreude, 193
• Schmidhuber, Jürgen, 138–139, 169–170
• Schoenberg, Arnold, 143
• Schopenhauer, Arthur, 193
• Schrodinger, Erwin, 12, 17
• Schubert, Franz, 166
• Schumann, Robert, 166
• Schwarzenegger, Arnold, xxvi
• Schwingeler, Stephan, 191
• Science and Hypothesis (Poincaré), 33
• Scientific Discovery: Computational Explorations of the Creative Process (Langley et al.), 38–39, 304
• Sci-Fi London Film Festival, 226–228
• Seadragon Software, 71–72
• Searle, John, 290–291
• Sega Genesis, 140
• Semantic space, 217–223
• Semeraro, Angelo, 81–83
• Set theory, 184
• SEURAT, 129
• Shadbolt, Nigel, 261
• Shahaf, Darna, 199
• Shakespeare, William, 6–7, 227–228, 236
• Shanahan, Murray, xxi, xxiii
• Shane, Janelle, 198–199
• Sharp, Oscar, 226–229
• Shimi, 155, 157, 159–160, 239
• Shimon, 155–160, 239, 285, 333n65
• Shi Yue, 52
• Shogi, 53, 312
• Shostakovich, Dmitri, 13
• Simon, Herbert A., 37–39, 43, 271–272, 304–305
• Simon, Ian, 141–142
• Simonton, Dean, 25–26
• Sinclair, 184
• Sketch Pad, 179
• Sky Arts, 253
• Slade School of Fine Art, 87
• Smoliar, Stephen, 166
• Snow, C. P., 165
• Social media, 7, 11, 15, 44, 196
• Software, 192, 196, 236, 245–246
• Agüera y Arcas and, 71
• art and, 123–127, 129, 131, 245, 247–248, 254, 275, 278, 285, 307
• bug in Deep Blue’s, 46
• central processing unit (CPU) and, 36
• creativity and, 124, 125, 126, 270–271, 275–278, 311
• discovery, 38, 38–39
• games and, 47 (see also Games)
• Gates and, 14
• GitHub and, 68, 100, 139
• McDowell and, 72
• music and, 41, 139, 144, 152, 158, 163–164, 176, 179
• Olah and, 67–68
• programs and, 14 (see also Programs)
• psychoanalysis, 41
• Tyka and, 66
• Somerset House, 173
• Sonnets, 6, 219
• Sony, 152
• SpaceX, 7, 11, 18
• Spacey, Kevin, 238–239
• Spassky, Boris, 45
• Speech recognition, 199
• Spicer, Sean, 103
• Spiegelhalter, David, 254
• Spotify Creator Technology Research Lab, 149, 152
• Spotting connections, 8, 21–22, 282, 308–309
• Starry Night (van Gogh), 59, 79, 84
• Stealing ideas, 8, 13–15, 164, 226, 245, 281, 303, 307–308, 312
• Stein, Gertrude, 6
• Sternberg, Robert J., 274
• Stock, Oliviero, 195
• Stocker, Gerfried, xxii, 263
• Stockfish, 53
• Stockhausen, Karlheinz, 16, 20–21, 185, 309
• Storytelling
• AKYSIA and, 208
• artificial intelligence (AI) and, 35, 139, 193–200, 205–207, 211, 238–239, 251, 255, 264, 272
• consciousness and, 191
• creating rounded stories and, 205–209
• Curveship and, 207
• engagement and, 206
• jokes and, 35, 193–200, 238, 251, 264, 272
• MABLE and, 208
• MEXICA and, 205–208
• Montfort and, 207–208, 211
• nn Narrator and, 207
• reflection and, 206
• Scéalextric Simulator and, 237–239, 264, 278
• Veale and, 237–239
• What-If-Machine and, 254–255
• Strapparava, Carlo, 195
• Stravinsky, Igor, 6, 16, 166
• String theory, 6, 22
• Stromae, 152
• Sturm, Bob, 169–173, 255, 257
• Style transfer, 83–86, 99, 114, 139
• audio in the style of, 85
• clothing design and, 86
• DeepDream and, 84–85
• photographic style transfer, 85
• in the style of, 83, 84
• Subotnick, Morton, 179
• Suffering
• Catmull on Jobs, 18
• Chandrasekhar and, 19
• creativity and, 8, 16–19, 48, 58, 281–283, 286–288, 296, 308, 312
• Dickinson and, 28
• Einstein and, 16–17
• Heisenberg and, 17–18
• Hughes, Ted, and Sylvia Plath and, 18
• Jobs and, 18
• machines and, 286–288
• Mahler, Alma and Gustav and, 18
• mistakes and, 8, 10–11, 14, 81, 83, 87, 126, 166, 223, 265, 281, 307–308
• Musk and, 18
• need for, 16–19
• Picasso and, 17
• Schrödinger and, 17
• van Gogh and, 28
• Suleyman, Mustafa, 7
• Sunspring (film), 225, 228–229, 264, 270
• Superiority theory, 193
• Supervised learning, 87–88, 99
• Swafford, Jan, 34
• SYGGE, 152
• Symphonologie: The Music of Business (Davis and Lamboley), 243
• Synapses, 42
• Synesthesia, 282–283
• Synonyms, 195, 214, 218, 236
• Synthesizers, 41, 140–141, 146–147, 150, 158, 165, 170, 185
• Szilard, Leo, 34

• Tal, Mikhail, 45–46
• Tate Britain, 81
• Tati, Jacques, 131
• Taylor, Nathan, 253–257
• Tegmark, Max, 292
• Temperature as scale of randomness, 142
• Tempo, 152, 172, 242, 255
• TensorFlow, 139, 144
• Terminator (film), xxvi, 298–299, 303
• Tesla, 7, 18, 54
• Thermodynamics, 21, 309
• Thesaurus Rex, 236
• Thiel, Peter, 7, 10–11, 19
• Thinking Music: The Inner Workings of a Composer’s Mind (Miranda), 185
• Till, Benjamin, 253–257
• “Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius” (Borges), 105
• Toronto Star newspaper, 140
• Toulouse, Édouard, 3, 23, 31–32
• interview with Poincaré, 3, 31, 32
• interview with Zola, 3, 32
• Transhancement, 103
• TransProse, 242
• Tresset, Patrick, 131–132
• Truelist, The (Montfort), 214–215
• Trump, Donald, 103
• T-SNE algorithm, 93, 112
• Turing, Alan, 34, 47, 50, 116, 126, 150, 253
• Turner, J. M. W., 20
• Turner Prize, xxii
• Twitter, 79, 111, 219, 221–222, 236–237
• Tyka, Mike
• Agüera y Arcas and, 70
• Anadol and, 92–93
• Artists and Machine Intelligence (AMI) and, 71, 92–93
• DeepDream and, 66–72, 83, 90, 92
• generative adversarial networks (GANs) and, 90–92
• Google and, 66, 68, 71–73, 92
• Mordvintsev and, 66–68, 83
• neural networks and, 66, 72–73
• Portraits of Imaginary People and, 90–91
• Tzara, Tristan, 220

• Uber AI, 267
• Uncertainty principle, 12, 17–18
• Unconscious thought. See also Creativity, human and machine
• algorithms and, 255, 257
• computers and, 35–36
• eureka moment and, xxi, 33
• Gauss and, 31
• generative adversarial networks (GANs) and, 88–89
• Goodfellow and, 88–90
• Helmholtz and, 31–32
• illumination and, 30, 34, 36, 89, 309
• intuition and, 36, 51, 286
• mind’s chorus and, 277
• Mordvintsev and, 59–63
• Mozart and, 34–35, 277
• network thinking (Miller) and, 35–36
• Picasso and, 33, 36
• Poincaré and, 3, 29–36, 63, 277
• problem solving and, 29–36, 42, 63, 277, 309
• psychology and, 29–32
• Toulouse and, 31
• verification and, 30–31
• Wiggins and, 277
• Unfinished Symphony (Schubert), 166
• Unit selection, 159
• Unpredictability, 23, 283, 286
• Unsupervised learning, 88
• Usual Suspects, The (film), 239

• Value
• creativity and, 25–28, 269, 273, 276–280, 305
• words and, 22, 199, 237, 240
• Van den Oord, Aäron, 145
• Van Doesburg, Theo, 11
• Van Gogh, Vincent, 26, 28, 59, 79–80, 84
• Varèse, Edgar, 75
• Veale, Tony, xxii, 26, 221, 235–240, 245, 264, 272, 275, 278, 286
• Colton and, 245
• evaluating creativity and, 278
• metaphors and, 235–237, 240, 272, 278
• Scéalextric Simulator and, 237–239, 264, 278
• storytelling and, 237–239
• Veneziano, Gabriel, 22
• Venn diagrams, 184
• Verification, 30–31, 89
• Virtual reality, 73
• Vocaloid, 143
• Voice
• Bach chorales and, 148
• commands by, 185
• Klingemann and, 103
• music and, 145, 148, 157, 164, 172
• Reich and, 21
• Stockhausen and, 21
• synthesis of, 145, 157–158
• WaveNet and, 145, 147
• Voyager 2, 219, 22
• Voyager system, 41

• Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (Weka), 176
• Wallace, David Foster, 241
• Wallas, Graham, 29
• Walshe, Jennifer, 173
• Warwick, Kevin, xxiii
• Watson. See IBM, Watson and
• Watson, Thomas J., 49
• WaveNet, 145, 147
• Weibel, Peter, 135
• Weinberg, Gil, 155–161, 239, 285
• Weinberg, Steven, 34
• Weizenbaum, Joseph, 41
• Wekinator, 176–177
• What-If-Machine, 254–255
• Whitney Museum, 213–214
• Wiggins, Geraint, 275–277
• WikiArt, 113, 115, 117, 119
• Wikifonia, 158
• Wikipedia, 192
• Wingspan Productions, 253, 255
• Winklevoss, Cameron, 15
• Winklevoss, Tyler, 15
• Winteler, Marie, 16–17
• Wired magazine, 73, 283
• Wishful Automatic Spanish Poet (Wasp), 202
• Woolf, Virginia, 241
• Word2vec, 199
• WordNet, 195–196, 222, 232
• WordSmith, 192
• Wordsworth, William, 6
• “Work Day” (Perloff), 201
• World Wide Web, 261, 312
• Wozniak, Steve, 7–8, 10, 18

• X Degrees of Separation (Klingemann and Doury), 78–81, 101, 309
• Xenakis, Iannis, 41, 136, 184, 309
• Xerox Corporation, xxiv, 14–15
• X-rays, 22

• Yamaha DX-7 synthesizer, 41
• Yamaha Piano-e-Competition data set, 141
• Yosinski, Jason, 267–269
• YouTube, 103, 209

• Zhu, Jun-Yan, 101
• develops CycleGAN from Pix2Pix, 107–110
• Zola, Émile, 3, 32
• Zuckerberg, Mark, 7, 11, 15, 19