INDEX

aborigines, Australian 190–3, 265

Adams, John 136, 139

advertising 92, 93, 117, 118, 119, 121, 127, 176, 209, 233, 234, 236, 237, 244, 268

Africa see different regions

Agricultural Labourers’ Union 16, 162, 163, 166, 169

agriculture 20, 27, 33–4, 36, 39–40, 64, 65, 66–8, 102–09, 147, 149–50, 169, 170, 191, 211, 217–18, 221–2, 241, 243–6, 247–8, 254, 255, 257, 266–7, 269, 272

enclosure 32, 36, 94, 160, 162, 166

family farms 33, 37, 39, 40, 218

improvement 20, 23, 25, 36, 39, 50, 88, 117, 149, 167

livestock breeding 23, 229, 231, 232

market gardening 180, 210, 223, 269

pastoral 18, 27, 33, 104, 168, 227, 230

subsistence 22, 27, 221, 239, 243, 245, 247 see also cattle, gardens, plantations

Albion Flour Mill 127

Albreda 57, 211

Allsopp & Sons beer company 120–1

American War of Independence (1775–83) 36, 132, 139, 140

American colonies xvii, 50, 81, 108, 119, 129, 130, 132, 139, 140, 141, 148, 164

anchovy sauce 177

Antigua 37, 43, 246

Antwerp xvi, 11, 13, 46, 74

Arch, Joseph 161, 168

Argentina 221, 222, 227, 230, 232, 237, 250, 255, 256, 269

Assam 207–9

Atlantic Ocean 12, 46, 165

exploration of 5, 6, 61, 74

Australia 163, 174, 176, 185, 190–2, 203, 221, 222, 228, 230, 231, 236, 253, 254, 256, 269, 270, 273, 274

Azores 6, 46

bacon 45, 73, 76, 86, 95, 161, 162, 178, 180, 181, 182, 210, 223, 226, 227, 232, 254, 259, 262

bakeries 95, 116, 167, 178, 215, 273

Baltic region 77, 116,

bananas 58, 247, 275

banks and financial institutions 55, 219, 220, 222

Banks, Joseph 175, 176

Barbados 31, 38, 41, 42, 43–6, 47, 50–4, 102, 131, 132, 137, 140

barley 20, 29, 86, 95, 96, 110, 116, 181

Barnard, Lady Anne 113, 115

Barton, John 213, 216

Barton, Mary 213–14

Bass, beer company 120–1

Batavia 79, 184

beans 30, 34, 102, 105, 171, 172, 193, 240, 242, 244, 245, 248

green beans 174, 248, 276

njahi (lab lab beans) 240, 242, 245, 246

beef 4, 22, 26, 30, 36, 37, 41–2, 73, 74, 85, 86, 87, 100, 116, 134, 159, 162, 168, 170, 191, 205, 226, 227, 252

bouillon 174, 175, 250,

canned 175, 234, 250

chilled 229, 232, 235, 237, 269

corned (bully beef) 114, 228, 233, 250, 251, 252, 255, 256

dried 227

roast 123, 230, 263

frozen 230, 232

salt 5, 8, 26–7, 29, 30, 37, 40, 53, 65, 104, 115, 116–17, 173, 193

beer 4, 5, 24, 30, 36, 53, 94–5, 96, 114, 120–1, 126, 133, 134, 226, 271

porter 98, 114, 121

Bemba, the xv, 195, 242

Benares 149, 153

Bennet, George 187, 188, 194

Bengal 115, 116, 146–7, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 257–8, 260, 265

Bentinck, William 203, 207

Bideford 23, 26

Bight of Benin 66, 68, 211

Bihar 146, 147, 148, 203

biscuits 80, 105, 114, 172, 178–9, 181, 183, 185, 193, 236, 274, 275, 306n42

ship’s or hardtack 4, 5, 26, 115, 116, 119, 203, 250, 256

Blake, William 127

Bombay 78, 151, 153, 155

Boer War (1899–1902) 232

bonny clabber 19, 20

Booth, Charles 233

Boston 38, 39, 129, 130, 139, 229

bouillon 72, 72r, 73, 174, 175, 250

brandy 42, 42, 57, 60, 61, 121, 122, 133, 263, 271, 274

Brazil 46, 47, 61, 67, 201

bread 4, 20, 29–30, 34, 36, 37, 42, 44, 51, 68, 72, 86, 88, 92, 95, 96, 114, 116, 134, 159, 161, 163, 167–8, 171, 172–3, 182, 191, 195, 200, 213, 215, 217, 223, 227, 228, 233, 236, 237, 253, 254, 259, 262, 263, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273; see also cornbread, roti

Bright, John 217

Bristol 6, 7, 127

British Columbia xv, 171, 172, 176, 210

British Empire see First British Empire, Second British Empire, informal empire

British Guiana 22, 202, 204, 205, 269

British Honduras 194

Britishness see Englishness

Buchanan, Francis 147, 148, 153

buffalo 193, 229

Burke, Edmund 147

Burma 77, 207

Burton upon Trent 120–1

butter 4, 5, 8, 15, 16, 19, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 53, 65, 86, 87, 88, 92, 95, 96, 116, 117, 118, 119, 125, 126, 168, 171, 172, 184, 223, 226, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239–40, 253, 254, 259, 262, 275–6

trade 22–3, 25, 26

Caboto, Zuan/Jean Cabot 6, 7

Cadbury’s 233, 234, 268

Cadbury, William 268

Calcutta 78, 119, 120, 150, 151, 152, 155, 203, 207, 258

calico 53, 77, 78, 79, 81, 141, 264

California 210, 219, 269

Cape of Good Hope 113, 157, 164

Cape Horn 219

Canada (British North America) 168, 201, 223, 237, 254, 269, 270

canals 107, 121, 218

Canary Islands 6

canning 174–7, 184, 185, 227–8, 237, 244, 245, 250, 267, 274

Canton (Guangzhou) 79, 91, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156, 157, 209

Caribbean see individual islands

Carr’s biscuit makers 178, 193, 250, 306n42

casareep 44–5

cash crops 31, 147,

cassava see manioc

cattle 5, 18, 20, 22, 30, 33, 47, 116, 117, 139, 152, 160, 175, 190, 232, 243

breeding 40, 229, 232

farming 36, 37, 42, 103, 104, 170, 266

ranching 191, 229, 269

trade 22, 25, 26–7, 229

Cattle Acts (1667, 1681) 116

Cecil, Robert 254, 272, 282n27

Ceylon 209, 236, 246, 253, 254, 262, 266, 271

Charles I, king of England 24, 31

Charles II, king of England 74, 78

cheese 4, 5, 8, 23, 30, 36, 37, 53, 65, 86, 95, 96, 114, 118, 119, 168, 180, 181, 183, 185, 193, 234, 237. 250, 253, 254, 255, 259, 262

Chesapeake Bay 31

Chicago 218, 227, 229, 230, 250

chhattu 145, 146, 147

chilli pepper 58, 59, 67, 145, 146, 146, 200, 205, 205

chocolate 79, 114, 233–4

Christmas 27, 161, 179, 230, 261–3, 269, 270, 274, 275

Churchill, Winston 256, 257, 259

chutney 125, 126, 145, 146, 276

China xvi, xvii, 123, 148–9, 150–8, 177, 185, 201, 207, 208, 219, 265, 274

cinnamon 74, 75, 77, 262, 266, 273

cities

eating habits in 195

living conditions in 165, 214, 216, 224

migration to 163, 170, 214

wages in 165, 214

Civil War, American (1861–65) 98, 166, 234, 273

Civil War, English (1642–51) 24, 37, 43, 54

Clap, Roger 31, 34, 36

cloves 74, 75, 77, 89, 91, 124, 154, 205, 271

Cobbett, William 161

Cobden, Richard 217

cocoa 117, 211, 233–4, 237, 247, 255, 267, 268

coconut 188, 247, 267

coconut oil 200, 204

cod xvi, 3, 5–13, 26, 27, 116, 173, 237, 272, 273

cod liver oil 10, 241, 260, 280n46

coffee 53, 79, 110, 114, 130, 168, 172, 202, 209, 230, 233, 262

coffee houses 78, 79, 130

Colonial Development Corporation 247

colonial officials 146, 179–80, 182, 193, 240, 273

Commonwealth, the (1649–1660) 24, 25, 32, 43, 54

condiments 75, 114

confectioners 54

Connaught 15–17, 25, 27

consumerism 23, 24, 37, 75, 79, 81, 88–9, 96, 110–11, 118–19, 132, 139, 148, 155, 168, 189–90, 202, 211, 255, 264–5

cookery

African 58–60, 68, 100, 105, 240, 273

Caribbean 41–2, 44–5, 123

colonial American 29–30, 34

English 75–6, 86, 123–6

French 72–3, 75, 76

Guyanese 199–200, 204–05

Indian 126, 145–6, 204, 226

Irish 15–16, 19, 22–3,

Southern American 105

cookbooks 76, 124

Cork 16, 117, 175, 227, 263

corn (grain) 23, 25, 27, 37, 40, 53, 65, 223, 232, 254, 262, 266

cornbread 29–30, 34, 40

Corn Laws, repeal of 217, 218, 220, 223, 224, 227, 262, 263, 265

cornmeal 34, 35, 105, 146, 173, 217, 242, 246

Coromandel Coast 77

cotton 43, 46, 61, 63, 78, 79, 86, 88, 89, 118, 147, 148, 151, 202, 203, 215, 256, 287n37; see also textiles

Crimp, R. L. 249, 251–2, 254, 255, 256

Cromwell, Oliver 24, 50, 54, 192

Crosse & Blackwell food manufacturers 177, 178, 181, 183, 185, 193, 274

currants xvi, 11, 12, 17, 41, 91, 261, 262, 266, 269, 270

curry xv, 125, 126, 168, 193, 199, 200, 201, 203, 205–06, 206, 207, 226, 261, 275

curry powder 125, 200, 204, 205, 205, 206, 276

Cyprus 46, 251, 254, 271

death rates 51, 210, 204, 260

Declaration of American Independence (1776) 130, 201

Desmond Rebellion 21, 23

dhal 152, 200, 204

Dickens, Charles 215, 263

diet 5, 8, 35, 195, 210, 248, 266

and national identity 272–4

in colonial India 180–1

in settler colonies 159, 162, 163, 166–8, 170

of native peoples 191, 193–5, 267–8

American colonial 30, 34, 36

English/British xvi, 30, 36, 53–4, 147, 185, 193, 226, 259, 265, 267

Hippocratic 76

indentured labourers’ 51, 203–04, 210,

Irish 18–19, 117

Kenyan 241–3, 245–6, 248

labourers’ 85–6, 89, 95–6, 159, 161, 167, 213–14, 224, 233

sailors’ 4, 8, 114, 115, 116, 117, 174, 175

slave 26–7, 38, 51, 65, 66, 67, 97, 99–100, 104, 105, 117, 123, 146, 148, 204, 273

working class xvii, 215–16, 224, 227, 233, 236–7, 241, 259–60, 265, 267

dietary theory 76, 81, 241–2

doughboys 168, 173, 193, 272

Drax, Henry 122, 123, 131

Drax, James 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 52

drought 65, 67, 256, 267

Dublin 17, 23, 218

Dunton, John 15, 17, 19, 23, 27

Dutch West India Company 46

dyestuffs xvii, 11, 46, 78

East India Companies

Dutch 75, 79

English, xvi, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 89, 91, 92, 93, 108, 119, 122, 140, 146, 147, 148, 149, 153, 158, 179, 201, 202, 207, 209, 219, 262

Eastman, Timothy C. 229

East Africa 78, 163, 243–8, 257, 260

eddoes 122, 123

Edward VI, king of England 20, 21, 282n27

eggs 15, 34, 35, 76, 86, 87, 125, 177, 213, 214, 241, 247, 253, 270

Elizabeth I, queen of England 8, 20, 272, 282n27

emigration 31–2, 161–93, 209–10

Empire Marketing Board 237, 270

Engels, Friedrich 215, 217

Englishness 92–3, 123, 124, 182, 183–4, 230, 263–5, 270, 274

famine 24, 65, 117, 150, 158, 162, 209, 221, 257, 267

Bengal 257–8, 260

Irish 162–3, 165, 217, 263

Fiji 203, 253

First British Empire xvi, xvii, 55, 140

First World War 243

fish 3–13, 51, 53, 75, 81, 98, 101, 117–19, 123, 132, 140, 173, 174, 177, 180, 184, 185, 187, 195, 226, 234, 250, 272, 273; see also cod, herring

food

shortages 8, 25, 34, 96, 150, 221, 248, 255, 257, 260, 267

prices 8, 94, 150, 163, 178, 217, 219, 277, 232, 236, 244, 255, 257

food processing 10, 13, 117, 118, 119, 127, 185

France xvii, 8, 9, 23, 92, 102, 116, 141, 178, 217, 230, 283n63

free trade xvii, 156, 201, 217, 224, 227, 262, 265, 268, 269

freezing 226, 230, 232

freight rates 38, 164, 218, 220, 223, 229

French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) xvii, 94, 113

Friedlander, Isaac 219

fruit xvi, 41, 54, 73, 75, 76, 81, 103, 119, 173, 177, 178, 181, 182, 193, 210, 223, 236–7, 247, 251

dried xvi, 11, 114, 117, 119, 172, 177, 263, 269

tinned 183, 256

Fujian 77, 207, 209

Gambia 57, 58, 103, 180, 211, 236, 247, 253, 254, 260

Gambia River 62, 64, 107

game 15, 25, 102, 103, 163, 194

gardens 20, 30, 34, 36, 37, 60, 86, 97–8, 99, 162, 170, 178, 225

Gaskell, Elizabeth 214, 216

George III, king of Great Britain and Ireland 137, 175

George V, king of Great Britain and Ireland 270

Ghana 67, 99, 100

ginger 46, 59, 60, 74, 75, 80, 86, 104, 122, 145, 210, 276

gingerbread 89, 178

Grenville, George 138, 283n47

Glasse, Hannah 87, 117

Gilks, J. L. 241, 243

Gold Coast 65, 67, 68, 69, 182, 211, 246, 254, 268

Goldner scandal 175–6, 228

grain elevator 218, 221

Great Exhibition (1851) 177, 218

Greece 262

groceries (colonial) xvi, 79, 91, 96

groundnuts see peanuts

Guyana 199–200

ham 41, 110, 114, 118, 119, 126, 127, 177, 178, 213, 214, 226, 232

Harding, Edward (Ted) 159–60, 161, 162, 170

Harding, Sarah 159–60, 162, 169

Hawaii 203, 237

Hawkins, Sir Richard 11, 67

Henry II, king of England 18

Henry VII, king of England 6, 17

Henry VIII, king of England 4, 5, 8, 20, 21

herring 5, 53, 117, 119

Hitler, Adolf 253, 255, 271, 272

Hodgson’s brewery 120–1

Holloway, Joseph 29–31, 34, 36–37

Holloway, Rose 29–31, 34

hominy 35, 102

Hong Kong 157, 184, 209, 210

hunger 24, 158, 161, 170, 192, 209, 214, 217, 248, 259

hunting 105, 173, 190, 191

Huntley & Palmer 178, 179, 183, 185, 306n42

Iceland 5–6, 7, 9, 11

indentured labour xvii, 24, 50, 51, 164, 201–4, 207–11, 242, 253, 265

India xvi, xvii, 46, 74, 77, 89, 92, 105, 113, 119, 120, 121, 126, 141, 145–53, 156, 157, 177–80, 182, 184, 185, 193–5, 200, 202–03, 207–09, 221–2, 253, 254, 257–9, 263, 268, 269, 271, 274, 275

Indian Ocean 77–8, 202, 256, 257, 259

Indian Pale Ale 120–1, 177

Indian Rebellion (1857) 179

Indonesian archipelago 77, 149

industrial ration 95, 172, 204, 210, 242, 259, 267

Industrial Revolution xvii, 49, 55, 127, 211, 215

industrialisation xvii, 9–11, 47–9, 52, 110, 116, 119–20, 127, 166, 177–8, 185, 208, 210, 214–15, 218, 220

industriousness 81, 120, 127, 141, 190, 262, 267

informal empire xvii, 156, 222

Ireland xvi, 6, 8, 9, 15–27, 33, 37, 53, 116, 117, 132, 163, 192, 217, 236

irio 239–40, 240–1, 242, 246, 248

jam 54, 177, 181, 193, 223, 234, 236, 250, 251

Jamaica 38, 54, 106, 110, 123, 246, 269, 271, 273

Jamestown 21, 31

jelly 75, 114, 117, 118, 193

Johnny cake 35

Jollof rice 59–60

kenkey 68

Kenya 240–6, 248, 254, 257

ketchup 114, 118, 183, 184, 184

Kikuyu 240–3, 245

Kipling, Rudyard 210

kola nut 233, 234

kwashiorkor 69

la Belinguere 57–60, 62, 63, 104, 211

la Courbe, Sieur Michel Jajolet 57–8, 59, 60–1, 63, 66, 104, 106, 211

lamb xvii, 73, 113, 225, 226, 227, 230, 232, 254

laudanum 154

la Varenne 73

Lancashire 86, 218, 226

Lathams, Nany (Anne) and Richard 85–90, 91, 265

Lazenby sauce 118

League of Nations 241

Lebensraum 273

Ligon, Richard 41, 43, 44, 47, 53, 122

Linlithgow, Lord 257, 258

Lipton’s 236

Lisbon 61 74

Liverpool 86, 218, 219, 220, 221, 227, 228, 256

living standards 25, 165, 224, 226

London xvi, 6, 7, 12, 15, 31, 38, 42, 52, 53, 54, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 92, 110, 111, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123, 138, 151, 152, 155, 157, 164, 174, 176, 185, 187, 18, 217, 228, 229, 230, 236, 258, 266, 269

Londonderry 22, 165

Madeira 46, 121

Madeira wine 42, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 131, 184

Madras 78, 79, 119

maize xvi, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 67, 68–9, 97, 102, 105, 145, 147–8, 153, 193, 195, 211, 217, 229, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244–6, 248, 256, 257, 260, 273

Malaysia 203

Malcolm, Captain Daniel 130, 138–9

malnutrition 51, 69, 192, 210, 241, 246–8, 258, 267

Manchester 86, 88, 203, 213–16, 224, 225, 226, 236, 266

manioc xvi, 42, 44, 60, 67–8, 69, 148, 194, 211, 256

Maori 170, 192, 193

margarine 215, 233, 234, 250, 255, 259

Mary I, queen of England 20

Mary Barton 214

Mary Rose 3–5, 8, 75

Massachusetts 31, 51, 111, 130, 132, 133, 136, 137, 139

Massachusetts Bay 31, 33, 46

Mauritius 202, 203, 204, 246, 253, 254, 256

Mayhew, Henry 120, 121, 177, 178

mealie (maize meal) 195

meat 5, 6, 7, 8, 18, 20, 25, 26–7, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 54, 58, 73, 75, 86, 87, 96, 101, 105, 114, 115, 117, 119, 123, 124, 124–5, 126, 159, 161, 163, 168, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 191, 192, 193, 200, 206, 214, 224, 227–36, 237, 241, 243, 247, 250, 252, 253, 254–5, 256, 259, 267, 272; see also bacon, beef, mutton, pork

Mediterranean, the 12, 46, 64, 251, 254, 255, 261

Melbourne 176, 190

mercantilism xvii, 12, 201

Middleburg Plantation, South Carolina 97, 99, 102–10

Middle East Supply Centre 256

Mill, John Stuart 211

mill workers 213–15

millet 58, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 147–8, 221, 242, 244, 246, 273

milk 5, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 30, 34, 35, 36, 86, 87, 94, 95, 96, 102, 117, 168, 183, 184, 213, 223, 227, 241, 242, 243, 250, 252, 253, 253, 254, 259, 260, 263

condensed 195, 233, 234, 237

missionaries 158, 187–8

mobbie 42

mock turtle soup 124–5

molasses 34, 35, 38, 40, 47, 51, 53, 132, 133, 137, 138, 139, 140, 173, 272

Molasses Act (1733) 137

Moluccas, the 77, 266

More, Thomas 20

Moryson, Fynes 18, 19

Munster 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 117

Munster Plantation 21, 23, 33, 43, 282n27

mustard 75, 118, 119, 177, 204, 226

mutton 72, 73, 114, 125, 159, 162, 168–9, 175, 176, 181, 195, 205, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232

Napoleonic Wars (1803–15) xvii, 94, 164, 202

Natal 203, 204

native peoples xvii, 20, 179, 181, 190, 191, 192, 194, 243, 266, 271

Native Americans 25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 44, 69, 99, 102, 138, 140, 206, 271

First Nations (1651, 1660, 1663) xvii, 110, 132, 201

navy

British xvii, 8, 71, 92, 93, 140, 165

East India Company 20

French 234

German 253

victualling the, 8, 116–17, 174, 175–6

Netherlands 79, 110, 113, 178, 259

New England 29–40, 85, 102, 124, 132, 133–4, 137, 166, 219, 265

Newfoundland xvii, 5, 6–13, 17, 25–6, 27, 37, 47, 51, 77, 116, 117, 133, 173, 185, 272–3

New Zealand xvii, 159, 161, 162, 163, 166–9, 192, 225, 226, 230–1, 232, 234, 235, 252, 254, 270, 274

Nigeria 66, 67, 211, 248, 254

Niumi 57, 58, 62, 63

North African campaign, Second World War 249, 254, 255, 258

nutmeg 17, 41, 59, 61, 74, 77, 87, 124, 125, 131, 262, 266, 271

nutrition 36, 69, 95, 96, 173–4, 230, 234, 241, 242–3, 246–8, 256, 259–60, 265–6

oats 16, 20, 37, 170, 233

oilmen 177–8

Oldknow, Mr 261–3, 265, 266, 267, 269, 272

olive oil xvi, 11, 12

okra soup 110–01

opium 149, 154–6, 158, 207, 208, 209, 263, 268–9

production 147, 149–50, 152–3

trade 148, 150–2, 153

war (1839–42) 156–7

O’Neill, Hugh 21

Orr, John Boyd 241

packaging 5, 117, 119, 236, 253, 272

palm oil 211, 247

Palmerston, Lord 157

Paterson, A. R. 243, 245

Patna 146, 147, 149, 151, 153

peanuts (ground nut) 100, 211, 247, 256, 260

peasantry 18, 22, 50, 92, 110, 132, 147–54, 155, 158, 208, 209, 211, 221, 243, 257, 262, 266, 267

pease 89, 92, 114, 117

Peel, Sir Robert 217

pellagra 35, 69

pepper

black xvi, 41, 53, 58, 59, 60, 72, 72, 73, 74–8, 81, 87, 100, 101, 119, 141, 145, 168, 184, 206, 239–40, 276

cayenne 45, 100, 114, 124, 125, 126, 168, 206

Jamaica 122

yellow 75

pepper-pot 44–5

Pepys, Samuel 71–4, 75, 78, 79

Pepys, Elizabeth 71, 73, 78

perino 42

Persaud, Hari Pal and Savitri 200

Perth 190

pickles 45, 75, 114, 118, 119, 126, 177, 178, 181, 184, 185, 193, 204, 236

pineapple xv, 41, 58, 60, 67, 237

Pinfold, John 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 170, 214

Pinfold, Mary 159, 160, 163, 214

plantations xvii, 50, 64, 148, 202, 236, 247, 257, 268

rice xvi, 97–110, 146

sugar xvi, 38, 40, 41, 43, 46–9, 50, 51, 53, 61, 67, 89, 109, 118, 122, 123, 131, 132, 200, 201, 203–04, 206, 207, 208, 210, 265

tea 207–10

tobacco 26, 92

of English settlers 16, 20–4, 26, 31, 33, 77, 266

pork 5, 8, 41, 53, 86, 104, 114, 116, 117, 118, 134, 159, 166, 173, 193, 226, 227

portable soup 117, 175

potage (soup) 72–3, 72, 74, 75, 181

pottage (stew) 75, 86

pottery 23, 67, 166, 185, 261

pudding 34, 35, 79, 85, 86, 87, 91, 96, 114, 115, 124, 145, 167, 195, 228, 265

plum or Christmas 114, 185, 261–4, 266, 269–70, 270–1, 273–4

plantain 240, 242, 246

Plymouth, Devon 10, 12, 31

Plymouth, New England 33, 34

Portugal/Portuguese xv, 6, 9, 26, 46, 47, 58, 60, 61, 63, 67, 68, 74, 75, 78, 104, 123, 237, 240, 268, 273

posho (maize meal) 242, 244, 257

potatoes 22–3, 60, 85, 86, 95, 102, 114, 117, 123, 125, 161, 162–3, 165, 168, 173, 175, 182, 183, 210, 214, 215, 217, 223, 239–40, 240, 248, 250, 251, 259, 272, 276

prestige, food and 179, 182–3

protectionism 156, 237

provisions

industry 116, 117–20, 127, 174, 177–8, 185

magical qualities 182, 183–4

trade 26–7, 37–9, 53, 114, 117–19, 121–2, 126–7, 132–4, 140, 253, 261–2; see also butter trade and cattle trade

pumpkin 99, 182, 193, 273

pumpkin and shrimp curry 205–06

Punch magazine 230, 264

punch 61, 129–30, 131, 136

punch bowl 137, 138, 140

Punjab 226

Puritans 31

rabbit xv, 171, 176, 194

Raiatea 187–90

railways 163, 166, 169, 211, 219, 220, 221, 222, 242, 248, 257, 267

Raleigh, Walter 21, 31

rationing 254, 258, 259

rations 191–2, 203, 204, 249–50, 253, 255

refrigeration 229–30, 232, 234, 267

respectability, food and 158, 188–90, 194–5

restaurants 226, 240, 248

French (ordinaries) 71, 75

Rhodesias, the, 257

Northern xv, 195, 242

Southern 178, 254

rice xvi, 23, 53, 58, 61, 77, 81, 91, 97, 98, 100, 104–11, 118, 122, 124, 125, 134, 140, 141, 146, 147, 148, 175, 182, 195, 200, 203, 204, 209, 221, 236, 247, 251, 253, 256, 257, 258, 265, 273, 276

Richards, Audrey xv, 195, 242,

Romans, the 20, 133, 146

roti 147, 200, 206; see also bread

rum xvi, 38, 40, 42, 79, 114, 116, 117, 119, 129–30, 131–7, 139, 140, 154, 172, 199–200, 213, 265, 271

Roanoke 31

Rowntree’s 233

rubber xvii, 206, 254, 258

rye 29, 30, 33, 37, 268

saffron 75, 77, 154

sailors 3, 6, 75, 114–15, 164, 174, 175, 176, 203, 250, 253

Sagadahoc 31, 33

Sahara Desert 64

salt 9, 11, 12, 19, 23, 26, 35, 41, 53, 60, 72, 72, 73, 75, 76, 87, 100–01, 119, 125, 145, 146, 152, 154, 168, 172, 173, 175, 206, 210, 227, 229–30, 263, 272, 276

São Tomé 67, 268

sausages 73, 185, 223, 226, 255

seafood 34, 41

Second British Empire xvii, 141

Second World War 247, 249–60

Senegal 63, 65, 211

Senegambia 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 66, 67, 104, 180, 211

Sesame 97, 99, 100

settler colonies 170, 213, 218, 237, 255, 267

Seven Years War (1756–1763) 92, 138, 139, 140

sheep 25, 94, 114, 160, 162, 166, 168, 189, 190–1, 222, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232

ships

clipper ships 219

shipbuilding xvi, 8, 12, 38, 53

steamships 165, 220, 232, 267

warships xvi, 4, 8, 116, 254

shops and shopkeepers 54, 90–1, 92, 94, 119, 121, 177, 210, 235–6, 258; see also bakeries

Sidney, Henry 21, 282n27

silver bullion 12, 13, 31, 55, 77, 148, 150–8, 258

Simons, Benjamin I 102–03, 106

Simons, Benjamin III 106, 109

slavery 40, 47, 50, 51, 63–4, 65, 68, 89, 92, 93, 97–9, 102, 103, 106–10, 131, 140, 204, 262, 268, 273

abolition of 201, 202, 211

trade xvi, xvii, 46, 50–1, 55, 57, 61–6, 67, 68–9, 78, 104, 108, 110, 118, 132, 140, 148, 153, 247, 258, 268

Smith, Adam 201

Smith, Edward 215, 227, 232

Smith, George 162, 170

Sons of Liberty 129–30, 132, 136, 137, 140

sorghum 67, 68, 244, 246, 273

South Africa 163, 170, 254, 256, 269, 270

South America xvi, 31, 43, 163, 184, 202, 207, 219, 227, 232, 240

South Carolina xvi, 97–111, 122, 219

South Pacific 190

soy sauce 210

Spam 255

Spain and Spanish 6, 9, 11, 13, 21, 31, 54, 77, 115, 131, 151, 155, 157, 164, 283n47

Spenser, Edmund 21

Spice Islands 5, 6, 78

spices xvi, 5, 7, 11, 34, 53, 74–8, 79, 80, 81, 91, 114, 118, 119, 126, 204, 263, 264, 274; see also individual spices

Spring Purification Movement 156

squash 30, 34, 99, 193, 244

Stamp Act (1765) 129, 136

Stanley, Henry 266

starvation 31, 65, 158, 163, 214–15, 256, 258, 259, 267

succotash 30, 34

suet 41, 79, 86, 117, 163, 236, 262, 263, 270

Suez canal 255

sugar xvi, 23, 35, 38, 40, 42, 42, 55, 58, 61, 79, 87, 93, 98, 100, 117, 118, 122, 131, 132, 140, 141, 163, 168, 172, 174, 177, 185, 191, 195, 201, 204, 206, 211, 217, 236, 237, 247, 250, 252, 253, 255, 259, 262, 263, 267, 270, 274

cultivation and production 26, 43, 46–9, 51–2, 61, 67, 103, 110, 118, 131, 190, 201–03, 207, 210

duties 92, 132, 223

in the British diet 53–4, 76, 81, 89, 90–1, 94–6, 215, 223–4, 259, 264–6

in tea 80–1, 92, 94–6, 133, 188–9, 265

nutritional value 96

planters 27, 41, 110, 122, 123, 140, 201, 202, 203

trade 55, 89

Sugar Act (1764) 138

Sugar Duties Act (1846) 201

Surat 77, 78

surveying xv, 29, 95, 147, 148, 153, 171, 178, 192, 241

Swannell, Frank 171, 173, 176

sweet potatoes 42, 122, 245, 250, 251

syllabub 16, 17

Swift, Gustavus 229

Tamil Nadu 209

Tandon, Prakash 194, 225, 237

Tanganyika 246, 247, 254, 257, 266

tapioca 194, 233

Tariff Act (1661) 55, 138

taverns 78, 130, 134–7

taxation xvi, 32, 129, 130, 133, 137–40, 146–7, 148, 152, 155, 218, 244, 263

tea xv, 79, 91, 94, 110, 114, 119, 138, 139, 141, 152, 154, 161, 163, 171, 172, 191, 192, 204, 211, 219, 233–4, 236, 237, 253, 259, 262, 264, 267

and respectability 189–90, 265

civilizing power of 188–9, 265

drinking xvi, 49, 79–81, 91–2, 94–6, 110–11, 133, 136, 148, 149, 157, 174, 213–15, 223, 250–2, 265–6

tea industry 207–09, 268

tea trade 92–3, 148, 151, 155, 157, 201–02, 209

tea-kettle broth 159

textiles/textile trade and production xvii, 11, 23, 32, 43, 47, 53, 77, 78, 81, 86, 88, 89, 91, 96, 119, 127, 148, 157, 166, 168, 202, 210, 220; see also cotton

Thames, River 120, 127, 177

Thanksgiving 33, 273

timber/timber trade xvi, xvii, 9, 31, 38, 40, 53, 81, 103, 164, 165, 173, 210

tobacco 23, 26, 31, 43, 44, 45–6, 52, 61, 79, 81, 92, 99, 100, 108, 148, 149, 154, 190, 191, 210, 237, 264

Townshend Acts (1767) 138, 139

transport of food stuffs 54, 68, 105, 110, 118, 121, 122, 126, 164, 218, 219, 220, 229, 253, 272

treacle (golden syrup) 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 96, 215, 233, 236, 265, 292n1

Treaty of Nanking (1842) 157

Trinidad 202, 204

turtles 123–5, 124–6, 134, 182, 183

Tyermann, Rev. Daniel 187, 188, 194

Ulster Plantation 21, 22, 23, 282n27

unemployment 160, 170, 259

United States of America xvii, 141, 163, 165, 166, 195, 201, 218, 221, 228, 229, 230, 232, 237, 247, 255, 256, 264, 266, 271

Venice 74

vegetables 30, 37, 54, 60, 73, 75, 86, 96, 99, 101, 169, 173, 174, 180, 182, 183, 193, 210, 225, 240, 255, 272, 276; see also pease

venison 123, 172

vi-cocoa 233–4

vinegar 45, 75, 114, 118, 119, 122, 174, 177, 181, 184, 185

Virginia 22, 26, 32, 41, 44, 46, 92, 103, 105, 111, 133

Virginia Assembly 136

Virginia Company 31

wages 36, 68, 94, 160, 163, 165, 166, 201, 207, 214, 215, 217, 224, 227, 247, 259, 265

Wavell, Lord 258

Wellesley, Lord 175

West Africa xv, xvi, xvii, 9, 46, 58, 59, 69, 78, 81, 99, 100, 103, 104, 106, 108, 109, 110, 118, 132, 147, 180, 182, 195, 211, 234, 237, 246, 247, 255, 273

Wilkes, John 130, 137

wheat xvii, 20, 29–30, 33, 34, 86, 94, 105, 118, 134, 164, 167, 170, 195, 215, 217, 218–24, 227, 232, 253, 254, 258, 259, 262, 263, 267, 268, 269, 273

whiskey 132

Williams, John 189–90

Wilson family 213–14

wine xvi, 6, 11–12, 17, 38, 41, 42, 54, 58, 61, 73, 74, 87, 114, 119, 120, 121, 122, 125, 126, 130, 131, 135, 136, 138, 154, 164, 176, 181, 200, 215, 261, 274; see also Madeira wine

Winthrop, John 31, 33, 51

Winthrop, Henry 45

woollens xvi, 6, 11, 53, 78, 118, 148, 261

Woolton, Lord 260

Worcester sauce 181, 253

yams 60, 66, 67, 122, 134, 191, 193

yeomen 32, 33, 36

Yonge, James 10, 11, 12

Young, Arthur 92