1. R. W. Kimmerer (2013). Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge and the Teachings of Plants. Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions.
1. P. Bogard (2013). The End of Night: Searching for Natural Darkness in an Age of Artificial Light. London: Little Brown & Co.
2. R. Carson (1962/2002). Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
3. P. H. Kahn Jr., (2002). “Children’s Affiliations with Nature: Structure, Development, and the Problem of Environmental Generational Amnesia.” In Children and Nature: Psychological, Sociocultural, and Evolutionary Investigations, P. H. Kahn and S. R. Kellert, Eds., pp. 93–116.
4. “Scottish GPs to Begin Prescribing Rambling and Birdwatching.” Retrieved October 15, 2018, from theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/05/scottish-gps-nhs-begin-prescribing-rambling-birdwatching
5. M. Van den Bosch and T. Gill (2018). The Oxford Textbook of Nature and Public Health: The Role of Nature in Improving the Health of a Population. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. D. Suzuki (2007). The Sacred Balance: Rediscovering Our Place in Nature, updated and expanded. Vancouver, BC: Greystone Books.
7. A. Faber Taylor and F. E. Kuo (2009). “Children with Attention Deficits Concentrate Better After Walk in the Park.” Journal of Attention Disorders, 12(5), 402–409.
8. A. Schwarz (2017). ADHD Nation: Children, Doctors, Big Pharma, and the Making of an American Epidemic. New York: Simon and Schuster.
9. T. P. Pasanen, L. Tyrväinen, and K. M. Korpela (2014). “The Relationship Between Perceived Health and Physical Activity Indoors, Outdoors in Built Environments, and Outdoors in Nature.” Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 6(3), 324–346.
10. J. Barton and J. Pretty (2010). “What Is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-study Analysis.” Environmental Science & Technology, 44(10), 3947–3955.
11. Ibid., p. 3951.
12. R. M. Flett, R. W. Moore, K. A. Pfeiffer, J. Belonga, and J. Navarre (2010). “Connecting Children and Family with Nature-based Physical Activity.” American Journal of Health Education, 41(5), 292–300.
13. Ibid., p. 292.
14. T. Hartig, R. Mitchell, S. De Vries, and H. Frumkin (2014). “Nature and Health.” Annual Review of Public Health, 35, 207–228; C. Ward Thompson and P. A. Aspinall (2011). “Natural Environments and Their Impact on Activity, Health, and Quality of Life.” Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(3), 230–260.
1. S. P. Becker and K. C. Russell (2016). “Wilderness Therapy.” In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Adolescence (2nd edition). New York: Springer.
2. M. A. Clifford (2018). Forest Bathing: Experience the Healing Power of Nature. Newburyport, MA: Conari Press.
3. Ibid., p. xix.
4. L. Buzzell and C. Chalquist (2009). Ecotherapy: Healing with Nature in Mind. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books; H. Clinebell (2013). Ecotherapy: Healing Ourselves, Healing the Earth. New York: Routledge; M. Jordan (2014). Nature and Therapy: Understanding Counselling and Psychotherapy in Outdoor Spaces. London: Routledge; M. Jordan and J. Hinds (2016). Ecotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. London: Macmillan International Higher Education; A. McGeeney (2016). With Nature in Mind: The Ecotherapy Manual for Mental Health Professionals. London: Jessica Kingsley; T. E. Roszak, M. E. Gomes, and A. D. Kanner (1995). Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
5. K. Hayes, G. Blashki, J. Wiseman, S. Burke, and L. Reifels (2018). “Climate Change and Mental Health: Risks, Impacts and Priority Actions.” International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 12(1), 28.
6. S. Westland (2014). Field Exercises: How Veterans Are Healing Themselves Through Farming and Outdoor Activities. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.
7. A. Selby and A. Smith-Osborne (2013). “A Systematic Review of Effectiveness of Complementary and Adjunct Therapies and Interventions Involving Equines.” Health Psychology, 32(4), 418.
8. M. A. Gass, H. L. Gillis, and K. C. Russell (2012). Adventure Therapy: Theory, Research, and Practice. New York: Routledge; N. J. Harper, L. Peeters, and C. Carpenter (2015). “Adventure Therapy.” In R. Black and K. S. Bricker (Eds.), Adventure Programming and Travel in the 21st Century, pp. 221–236. State College, PA: Venture Publishers.
9. Ibid.
10. M. Jordan (2014). Nature and Therapy.
11. M. Jordan and J. Hinds (2016). Ecotherapy.
12. M. Swingle (2016). i-Minds: How Cell Phones, Computers, Gaming, and Social Media Are Changing Our Brains, Our Behavior, and the Evolution of Our Species. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.
13. A. W. Bailey, G. Allen, J. Herndon, and C. Demastus (2018). “Cognitive Benefits of Walking in Natural Versus Built Environments.” World Leisure Journal, 60(4), 293–305.
14. I. C. Tang, Y. P. Tsai, Y. J. Lin, J. H. Chen, C. H. Hsieh, S. H. Hung, William Sullivan, Hsing-Fen Tang, and C. Y. Chang (2017). “Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to Analyze Brain Region Activity When Viewing Landscapes.” Landscape and Urban Planning, 162, 137–144.
15. C. Maller, M. Townsend, A. Pryor, P. Brown, and L. St. Leger (2006). “Healthy Nature Healthy People: ‘Contact with Nature’ as an Upstream Health Promotion Intervention for Populations.” Health Promotion International, 21(1), 45–54.
16. C. Piccininni, V. Michaelson, I. Janssen, and W. Pickett (2018). “Outdoor Play and Nature Connectedness as Potential Correlates of Internalized Mental Health Symptoms Among Canadian Adolescents.” Preventive Medicine, 112, 168–175.
17. natureconservancy.ca/en/
18. T. Gill (2014). “The Benefits of Children’s Engagement with Nature: A Systematic Literature Review.” Children Youth and Environments, 24(2), 10–34.
19. S. Robson and V. Rowe (2012). “Observing Young Children’s Creative Thinking: Engagement, Involvement and Persistence.” International Journal of Early Years Education, 20(4), 349–364.
20. K. L. Bagot, F. C. L. Allen, and S. Toukhasati (2015). “Perceived Restorativeness of Children’s School Playground Environments: Nature, Playground Features and Play Period Experiences.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 1–9.
21. M. J. Duncan, N. D. Clarke, S. L. Birch, J. Tallis, J. Hankey, E. Bryant, and E. L. Eyre, (2014). “The Effect of Green Exercise on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Mood State in Primary School Children.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(4), 3678–3688.
22. K. McArdle, T. Harrison, and D. Harrison (2013). “Does a Nurturing Approach That Uses an Outdoor Play Environment Build Resilience in Children from a Challenging Background?” Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 13(3), 238–254.
23. L. Chawla, K. Keena, I. Pevec, and E. Stanley (2014). “Green Schoolyards As Havens from Stress and Resources for Resilience in Childhood and Adolescence.” Health & Place, 1–13.
24. E. Elliot, K. Ten Eycke, S. Chan, U. Müller (2014). “Taking Kindergartners Outdoors: Documenting Their Explorations and Assessing the Impact on Their Ecological Awareness.” Children, Youth and Environments, 24(2), 102–122.
25. M. Ungar (2012). “Too Safe for Their Own Good: How the Right Amount of Risk and Responsibility Helps Children and Teens Become Resilient. Keynote Address.” The 6th International Adventure Therapy Conference. Hrubá Skalá, Czech Republic.
1. M. K. Stone and Z. Barlow (2005). Ecological literacy: Educating Our Children for a Sustainable World. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
2. K. R. Merikangas, J. P. He, M. Burstein, S. A. Swanson, S. Avenevoli, L. Cui, and J. Swendsen (2010). “Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders in US Adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication– Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A).” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989; K. R. Merikangas, J. P. He, D. Brody, P. W. Fisher, K. Bourdon, and D. S. Koretz (2010). “Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Disorders Among US Children in the 2001–2004 NHANES.” Pediatrics, 125(1), 75–81.
3. Erich Fromm (1955) The Sane Society. New York: Rinehart & Co.
4. P. Shepard (2011). Nature and Madness. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
5. D. J. Siegel (2014). Brainstorm: The Purpose and Power of the Teenage Brain. New York: Tarcher.
6. T. Hartig, R. Mitchell, S. De Vries, and H. Frumkin (2014). “Nature and Health.” Annual Review of Public Health, 35, 207–228.
7. C. Lim, A. M. Donovan, N. J. Harper, and P. J. Naylor (2017). “Nature Elements and Fundamental Motor Skill Development Opportunities at Five Elementary School Districts in British Columbia.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(10), 1279.
8. J. D. Barnes et al. (2016). “Results from Canada’s 2016 ParticipACTION report card on physical activity for children and youth.” Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13(11 Suppl 2), S110-S116.
9. M. S. Tremblay, J. D. Barnes, S. A. González, P. T. Katzmarzyk, V. O. Onywera, J. J. Reilly, and Global Matrix 2.0 Research Team. (2016). “Global Matrix 2.0: Report Card Grades on the Physical Activity of Children and Youth Comparing 38 Countries.” Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13(11 Suppl 2), S343-S366.
10. M. Brussoni et al. (2015). “What Is the Relationship Between Risky Outdoor Play and Health in Children? A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(6), 6423–6454.
11. C. Lim, A. M. Donovan, N. J. Harper, and P. J. Naylor (2017). “Nature Elements and Fundamental Motor Skill Development Opportunities at Five Elementary School Districts in British Columbia.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(10), 1279.
12. E. Lawton, E. Brymer, P. Clough, and A. Denovan (2017). “The Relationship Between the Physical Activity Environment, Nature Relatedness, Anxiety, and the Psychological Well-being Benefits of Regular Exercisers.” Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1058.
13. V. Ulset, F. Vitaro, M. Brendgen, M. Bekkhus, and A. I. Borge (2017). “Time Spent Outdoors During Preschool: Links with Children’s Cognitive and Behavioral Development.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, 52, 69–80.
14. T. Hartig et al. (2014). “Nature and Health.”
15. T. Gill (2014). “The Benefits of Children’s Engagement with Nature: A Systematic Literature Review.” Children Youth and Environments, 24(2), p. 19.
16. J. Dewey (1958). Experience and Nature (Vol. 471). Courier Corporation.
17. S. R. Kellert (1997). The Value of Life: Biological Diversity and Human Society. Washington, DC: Island Press, p. 6.
18. E. Wilson (1992). Biophilia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1, 79.
19. R. Kaplan and S. Kaplan (1989). The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
20. N. M. Wells and G. W. Evans (2003). “Nearby Nature: A Buffer of Life Stress Among Rural Children.” Environment and Behavior, 35(3), 311–330.
21. B. J. Park, Y. Tsunetsugu, T. Kasetani, T. Kagawa, and Y. Miyazaki (2010). “The Physiological Effects of Shinrin-yoku (Taking in the Forest Atmosphere or Forest Bathing): Evidence from Field Experiments in 24 Forests Across Japan.” Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 15(1),18–26.
22. T. S. Schilhab, M. P. Stevenson, and P. Bentsen (2018). “Contrasting Screen-time and Green-time: A Case for Using Smart Technology and Nature to Optimize Learning Processes.” Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 773.
23. S. Kaplan (1995). “The Restorative Benefits of Nature: Toward an Integrative Framework.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169–182; R. Kaplan and S. Kaplan (2005). “Preference, Restoration, and Meaningful Action in the Context of Nearby Nature.” Urban Place: Reconnecting with the Natural World, 271–298.
24. Ibid.
25. R. S. Ulrich (1983). “Aesthetic and Affective Response to Natural Environment.” In Behavior and the Natural Environment, Irwin Altman and Joachim F. Wohlwill (Eds.). Boston: Springer, pp. 85–125.
26. J. J. Gibson (1966). The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems. Oxford: Houghton Mifflin.
27. J. G. Greeno (1994). “Gibson’s Affordances.” Psychological Review, 101(2), 336–342.
28. J. J. Gibson and E. J. Gibson (1955). “Perceptual Learning: Differentiation or Enrichment?” Psychological Review, 62(1), p. 34.
29. C. G. Jung (1964). Modern Man in Search of a Soul. London: Routledge.
30. R. Otto (1958). The Idea of the Holy, Vol. 14. Oxford University Press.
1. D. Abrams (1996). The Spell of the Sensuous. New York: Pantheon.
2. J. Macy (1991). World as Lover, World as Self: Courage for Global Justice and Ecological Renewal. Berkeley: Parallax Press.
3. A. Næss (1987). “Self-realization: An Ecological Approach to Being in the World.” Trumpeter Journal of Ecosophy, 4(3).
4. K. Wilber (1997). “An Integral Theory of Consciousness.” Journal of Consciousness Studies, 4(1), 71–92.
5. H. Clinebell (2013). Ecotherapy: Healing Ourselves, Healing the Earth. London: Routledge.
6. John Scull (2008). “Ecopsychology: Where Does It Fit in Psychology in 2009.” Trumpeter Journal of Ecosophy, 24(3), 68–84.
7. S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson (Eds.). (1995). The Biophilia Hypothesis. Washington, DC: Island Press.
8. S. R. Kellert (2012). Building for Life: Designing and Understanding the Human-nature Connection. Washington, DC: Island Press, p. 20
9. Ibid., p. 65.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., p. 66.
12. Ibid., p. 81.
13. Ibid., p. 85.
1. D. Fosha, D. J. Siegel, and M. Solomon (Eds.). (2009). The Healing Power of Emotion: Affective Neuroscience, Development & Clinical Practice. New York: W. W. Norton.
2. S. W. Porges (1995). “Orienting in a Defensive World: Mammalian Modifications of Our Evolutionary Heritage, A Polyvagal Theory.” Psychophysiology, 32(4), 301–318.
3. Ibid., p. xvi.
4. Ibid., p. 6.
5. P. Ogden, K. Minton, and C. Pain (2006). Trauma and the Body: A Sensorimotor Approach to Psychotherapy. New York: W. W. Norton.
6. A. Schore (2012). The Science of the Art of Psychotherapy: The Latest Work from a Pioneer in the Study of the Development. New York: W. W. Norton.
7. Personal communication, October13, 2018, Kaya Lyons.
8. Ibid.
9. L. Kuypers (2011). The Zones of Regulation: A Curriculum Designed to Foster Self-Regulation and Emotional Control. San Jose, CA: Think Social Publishing.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. R. Wilson and L. Lyons (2013). Anxious Kids, Anxious Parents: 7 Ways to Stop the Worry Cycle and Raise Courageous and Independent Children. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications.
13. Ibid.
14. D. Seigel (2011). Flipping Your Lid. Retrieved December 12, 2017. heartmindonline.org/resources/daniel-siegel-flipping-your-lid
15. D. Goleman (1996). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. New York: Bantam Books.
16. L. S. Vygotsky (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; D. Wood, J. Bruner, and G. Ross (1976). “The Role of Tutoring in Problem Solving.” Journal of Child Psychology and Child Psychiatry, 17, 89–100.
17. P. Ogden, K. Minton, and C. Pain (2006). Trauma and the Body: A Sensorimotor Approach to Psychotherapy. New York: W. W. Norton.
18. S. W. Porges (2017). The Pocket Guide to the Polyvagal Theory: The Transformative Power of Feeling Safe. Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 9.
19. Ibid., p. 43.
20. K. L. Kain and S. J. Terrell (2018). Nurturing Resilience: Helping Clients Move Forward from Developmental Trauma, An Integrative Somatic Approach. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books.
21. S. W. Porges. The Pocket Guide to the Polyvagal Theory.
22. S. Stanley (2016). Relational and Body-centered Practices for Healing Trauma: Lifting the Burdens of the Past. New York: Routledge, p. 39.
23. F. E. Kuo and A. E. Taylor (2004). “A Potential Natural Treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence from a National Study.” American Journal of Public Health, 94(9), 1580–1586.
24. D. Ackerman (2011). Deep Play. New York: Vintage.
25. K. L. Kain and S. J. Terrell. Nurturing Resilience.
1. A. Mantler and A. C. Logan (2015). “Natural Environments and Mental Health.” Advances in Integrative Medicine, 2(1), p. 5.
2. E. B. H. Sandseter and L. E. O. Kennair (2011). “Children’s Risky Play from an Evolutionary Perspective: The Anti-Phobic Effects of Thrilling Experiences.” Evolutionary Psychology, 9(2), 257–284.
3. Ibid.
4. S Robson and V. Rowe (2012). “Observing Young Children’s Creative Thinking: Engagement, Involvement and Persistence.” International Journal of Early Years Education, 20(4), 349–364.
5. A. Mantler and A. C. Logan, (2015). “Natural Environments and Mental Health.” Advances in Integrative Medicine, 2(1), 5–12.
6. U. Beck (1992). Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage.
7. A. Giddens (1999). “Risk and Responsibility.” The Modern Law Review, 62(1), 1–10.
8. N. J. Harper (2017). “Outdoor Risky Play and Healthy Child Development in the Shadow of the ‘Risk Society’: A Forest and Nature School Perspective.” Child & Youth Services, 38(4), 318–334.
9. E. B. H. Sandseter (2009). “Affordances for Risky Play in Preschool: The Importance of Features in the Play Environment.” Early Childhood Education Journal, 36(5), 439–446.
10. Ibid.
11. For example, M. Brussoni et al. (2012). “Risky Play and Children’s Safety: Balancing Priorities for Optimal Child Development.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(9), 3134–3148; S. Herrington et al. (2012). 7 C’s: An Informational Guide to Young Children’s Outdoor Play Spaces. Consortium for Health, Learning and Development (CHILD). University of British Columbia.
12. J. D. Barnes et al. (2016). “Results from Canada’s 2016 ParticipACTION Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth.” Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13(11) Suppl. 2, S110-S116.
13. C. Gray et al. (2015). “What Is the Relationship Between Outdoor Time and Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Physical Fitness in Children? A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(6), 6455–6474; M. Brussoni et al. (2015). “What Is the Relationship Between Risky Outdoor Play and Health in Children? A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(6), 6423–6454. M. S. Tremblay et al. (2015). “Position Statement on Active Outdoor Play.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(6), 6475–6505.
14. M. S. Tremblay et al. “Position Statement on Active Outdoor Play.”
15. P. Gray (2011). “The Decline of Play and the Rise of Psychopathology in Children and Adolescents.” American Journal of Play, 3(4), 443–463.
16. A. J. Hanscom (2016). Balanced and Barefoot: How Unrestricted Outdoor Play Makes for Strong, Confident, and Capable Children. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
17. T. Waller et al. (Eds.). (2017). The SAGE Handbook of Outdoor Play and Learning. London: Sage.
18. B. Dietze and D. Kashin (2019). Outdoor and Nature Play in Early Childhood Education. North York, ON: Pearson Canada.
19. J. M. Swank and S. M. Shin (2015). “Nature-based Child-centered Play Therapy: An Innovative Counseling Approach.” International Journal of Play Therapy, 24(3), 151–161.
20. Ibid., p. 153.
21. R, Poulton and R. G. Menzies (2002). “Non-associative Fear Acquisition: A Review of the Evidence from Retrospective and Longitudinal Research.” Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(2), 127–149.
22. S. W. Porges (2011). The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-Regulation. Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology. New York: W. W. Norton.
23. G. Maté and G. Neufeld (2019). Hold on to Your Kids: Why Parents Need to Matter More Than Peers. New York: Random House.
24. S. Stanley (2016). Relational and Body-centered Practices for Healing Trauma: Lifting the Burdens of the Past. New York: Routledge, p. 39.
25. D. J. Siegel and T. P. Bryson (2011). The Whole-brain Child: 12 Revolutionary Strategies to Nurture Your Child’s Developing Mind. New York: Bantam Books.
26. S. W. Porges. The Polyvagal Theory.
27. M. Ungar (2009). Too Safe for Their Own Good: How Risk and Responsibility Help Teens Thrive. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.
1. M. Jordan and J. Hinds (2016). Ecotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. London: Macmillan International Higher Education.
2. A. T. Jones and D. S. Segal (2018). “Unsettling Ecopsychology: Addressing Settler Colonialism in Ecopsychology Practice.” Ecopsychology, 10(3), 127–136.
3. J. Macy (1991). World As Lover, World As Self: Courage for Justice and Ecological Renewal. Berkeley: Parallax Press.
4. R. Louv (2005). Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Kids from Nature Deficit Disorder. New York: Algonquin Books.
5. F. Williams (2017). The Nature Fix: Why Nature Makes Us Happier, Healthier, and More Creative. New York: W. W. Norton.
6. J. Cornell (1979). Sharing Nature with Children. Nevada City: Dawn Publications; (1989). Sharing Nature with Children II. Nevada City: Dawn Publications.
7. Ibid., 1989.
8. J. Young, E. Haas, and E. McGown (2010). Coyote’s Guide to Connecting with Nature. Washington, DC: OWLLink Media.
9. G. Ehrlich (1985/2017). The Solace of Open Spaces: Essays. Open Road Media.
10. J. Kabat-Zinn (2009). Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life. New York: Hachette Books.
11. S. Dimidjian and Z. V. Segal (2015). “Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-based Intervention.” American Psychologist, 70(7), 593.
12. G. W. Burns (1998). Nature-guided Therapy: Brief Integrative Strategies for Health and Well-being. London: Taylor & Francis.
13. Ibid., p. 73.
14. Ibid., p. 87.
15. D. J. Siegel (2015). Brainstorm: The Power and Purpose of the Teenage Brain. Seattle, WA: Penguin.
16. Carson, R. (1956) The Sense of Wonder: A Celebration of Nature for Parents and Children. New York, Harper Perennial.
17. J. Young et al. Coyote’s Guide to Connecting with Nature.
18. R. Bateman (2007). Backyard Birds. Markham, ON: Scholastic Canada/ Madison Press.
19. J. Young et al. Coyote’s Guide to Connecting with Nature, p. 69.
20. A. N. Schore (2015). Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. New York: Routledge.
21. N. J. Harper, L. Peeters, and C. Carpenter (2015). “Adventure Therapy.” In R. Black and K. S. Bricker (Eds.), Adventure Programming and Travel in the 21st Century. State College, PA: Venture Publishing, pp. 221–236.
22. G. Hartford (2011). “Practical Implications for the Development of Applied Metaphor in Adventure Therapy.” Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 11(2), 145–160.
23. M. J. Cohen (2007). Reconnecting with Nature, 3rd Ed. Apple Valley, MN: EcoPress.
24. M. White and D. Epston (1990). Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends. New York: W. W. Norton.
25. New York Times. (2018). “Is Loneliness a Health Epidemic?” Retrieved October 21, 2018. nytimes.com/2018/02/09/opinion/sunday/loneliness-health.html
26. T. Brach (2004). Radical Acceptance: Embracing Your Life with the Heart of a Buddha. New York: Bantam Dell.
27. R. May (1991). The Cry for Myth. New York: W. W. Norton.
28. Ibid., p. 15.
29. B. Swimme and T. Berry (1992). The Universe Story. London: Arkana.
30. T. Berry (2011). The Great Work: Our Way into the Future. New York: Crown.
31. A. Van Gennep (1960). The Rites of Passage. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
32. J. Campbell (1949). The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
33. R. L. Grimes (2000). Deeply into the Bone: Reinventing Rites of Passage. Berkeley: University of California Press.
34. D. French (1998). “The Power of Choice: A Critique of Joseph Campbell’s ‘Monomyth,’ Northrop Frye’s Theory of Myth, Mark Twain’s Orthodoxy to Heresy, and C. G. Jung’s God-image.” Doctoral dissertation, Pacifica Graduate Institute of Santa Barbara.
35. J. Norris (2011). “Crossing the Threshold Mindfully: Exploring Rites of Passage Models in Adventure Therapy.” Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 11(2), 109–126.
36. A. D. Tian, J. Schroeder, G. Häubl, J. L. Risen, M. I. Norton, and F. Gino (2018). “Enacting Rituals to Improve Self-control.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(6), 851.
1. J. Bowlby (1977). “The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds: II. Some Principles of Psychotherapy: The Fiftieth Maudsley Lecture (expanded version).” British Journal of Psychiatry, 130(5), 421–431; A. N. Schore (2015). Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. London: Routledge.
2. A. Barrows (1995). “The Ecopsychology of Child Development.” In T. E. Roszak, M. A. Gomes, and A. D. Kanner (Eds.), Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, p. 109.
3. S. Bandoroff and D. G. Scherer (1994). “Wilderness Family Therapy: An Innovative Treatment Approach for Problem Youth.” Journal of Child and Family Studies, 3(2), 175–191; N. J. Harper and K. C. Russell (2008). “Family Involvement and Outcome in Adolescent Wilderness Treatment: A Mixed-methods Evaluation.” International Journal of Child and Family Welfare, 11(1), 19–36.
4. L. Chawla (2007). “Childhood Experiences Associated with Care for the Natural World: A Theoretical Framework for Empirical Results.” Children, Youth and Environments, 17(4), 144–170.
5. J. Kolari (2016). Connected Parenting: Transform Your Challenging Child and Build Loving Bonds for Life. Berkeley, CA: Penguin.
6. G. Neufield and G. Maté (2013). Hold Onto Your Kids. Why Parents Need to Matter More Than Peers. Toronto: Vintage Canada.
7. J. Gerstein (1999). Sticking Together: Experiential Activities for Family Counseling. London: Taylor & Francis; D. M. Lung, G. Stauffer, T. Alvarez, and J. Conway (2016). Power of Family: An Experiential Approach to Family Treatment. Bethany, OK: Wood ‘N’ Barnes.
8. T. Borton (1970). Reach, Touch, and Teach: Student Concerns and Process Education. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1. J. M. Swank and A. P. Daire (2010). “Multiple Family Adventure-based Therapy Groups: An Innovative Integration of Two Approaches.” Family Journal, 18(3), 241–247.
2. E. Asen and M. Scholz (2010). Multi-family Therapy: Concepts and Techniques. London: Routledge.
3. S. Jennings (2011). Healthy Attachments and Neuro-Dramatic-Play. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
4. A. C. Bohart and K. Tallman (2010). “Clients: The Neglected Common Factor in Psychotherapy.” The Heart and Soul of Change: Delivering What Works in Therapy, 2, 83–111.
5. R. S. Lazarus (1974). “Psychological Stress and Coping in Adaptation and Illness.” International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 5(4), 321–333.
6. J. E. Burg (2000). “Adventures in Family Therapy.” Journal of Systemic Therapies, 19(3), 18–30.
7. R. A. Cohen (2011). “Yerkes–Dodson Law.” In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. New York: Springer, 2737–2738
8. D. M. Lung, G. Stauffer, and T. Alvarez (2008). Power of One, One, One: Adventure and Experiential Activities for One on One Counseling Sessions. Bethany OK.: Wood ‘N’ Barnes.
9. M. A. Gass (1993). Adventure Therapy: Therapeutic Applications of Adventure Programming. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
10. John Conway, taken from transcript of interview with the author.
11. N. Harper, D. Segal, and K. Rose (2011). “Family Roots: An Evaluation of a Nature-based Adventure Therapy Group.” Poster presented at the Healthy by Nature Forum. Vancouver, BC.
1. M. Cech (2010). Interventions with Children and Youth in Canada. New York: Oxford University Press.
2. M. Burns (2006). Healing Spaces: The Therapeutic Milieu in Child and Youth Work. Kingston, ON: Child Care Press.
3. M. S. Corey, G. Corey, and C. Corey (2013). Groups: Process and Practice. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
4. Ibid.
5. I. D. Yalom (2005). The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy. New York, Basic Books, p. 1.
6. T. Laaksoharju, E. Rappe, and T. Kaivola (2012). “Garden Affordances for Social Learning, Play, and for Building Nature–child Relationship.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11(2), 195–203.
7. M. Iacoboni (2009). “Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons.” Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 653–670.
8. I. D. Yalom, p. 98.
1. I. Hooley (2016). “Ethical Considerations for Psychotherapy in Natural Settings.” Ecopsychology, 8(4), 215–221.
2. V. Reynolds (2014). “Centering Ethics in Group Supervision: Fostering Cultures of Critique and Structuring Safety.” International Journal of Narrative Therapy & Community Work, 1, p. 3.
3. S. Banks (2003). “From Oaths to Rulebooks: A Critical Examination of Codes of Ethics for the Social Professions.” European Journal of Social Work, 6(2), 133–144.
4. N. Ray (2005). “Transactions on the Rock Face.” Retrieved April 6, 2008. therapytoday.net/archive/dec2005/cover_feature3.html
5. S. P. Becker (2010). “Wilderness Therapy: Ethical Considerations for Mental Health Professionals. Child & Youth Care Forum, 39(1), 47–61.
6. W. E. Schulz, G. W. Sheppard, R. Lehr, and B. Shepard (2006). Counselling Ethics: Issues and Cases. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Counselling Association.
7. M. Cohen (1999). Reconnecting with Nature: Finding Wellness Through Restoring Your Bond with the Earth. Apple Valley, MN: EcoPress.
8. M. Jordan and H. Marshall (2010). “Taking Counselling and Psychotherapy Outside: Destruction or Enrichment of the Therapeutic Frame?” European Journal of Psychotherapy and Counselling, 12(4), 345–359.
9. Ibid., p. 352.
10. Ibid.
11. A. C. Bohart (2005). “Evidence-based Psychotherapy Means Evidence-informed, Not Evidence-driven.” Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 35(1), 39–53.
12. S. D. Miller, M. A. Hubble, D. Chow, and J. Seidel (2015). “Beyond Measures and Monitoring: Realizing the Potential of Feedback-informed Treatment.” Psychotherapy, 52(4), 449.
13. Therapeutic Adventure Professional Group (TAPG). (2010). “Adventure Therapy Best Practices.” Association for Experiential Education. aee.org/at-best-practices
14. J. Scull (2008). “Ecopsychology: Where Does It Fit in Psychology in 2009?” Trumpeter Journal of Ecosophy, 24(3), 68–84.
15. TAPG (2010). “Adventure Therapy Best Practices,” 1.1.4.
16. W. E. Schulz et al. (2006). Counselling Ethics.
17. R. Greenway (1995). “The Wilderness Effect and Ecopsychology.” In T. E. Roszak, M. E. Gomes, and A. D. Kanner, (Eds). Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind. Sierra Club Books, pp. 122–139.
18. R. Berger (2010). “Nature Therapy: Thoughts About the Limitations of Practice.” Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 50(1), p. 72.
19. Ibid.
20. R. Greenway, “The Wilderness Effect and Ecopsychology,” p. 136.
21. K. C. Russell and N. Harper (2006). “Incident Monitoring in Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare Programs: A Four-year Summary of Restraint, Runaway, Injury, and Illness Rates.” Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 1(1), 70–90.
22. Ibid., p. 72.
23. L. Tyson and K. Asmus (2008) “Deepening the Paradigm of Choice: Exploring Choice & Power in Experiential Education.” In K. Warren, D. Mitten, and T. A. Loeffler (Eds.), Theory and Practice of Adventure Education. Boulder, CO: Association of Experiential Education, pp. 262–281.
24. R. Berger. “Nature Therapy.”
25. M. A. Gass (1993). Adventure Therapy: Therapeutic Applications of Adventure Programming. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt, p. 277.
26. M. Ringer and H. L. Gillis Jr. (1995). “Managing Psychological Depth in Adventure Programming.” Journal of Experiential Education, 18(1), 41–51.
27. Ibid., p. 50.
28. TAPG (2010). “Adventure Therapy Best Practices.”
29. S. P. Becker, p. 54.
30. S. B. Goldberg, T. Rousmaniere, S. D. Miller, J. Whipple, S. L. Nielsen, W. T. Hoyt, and B. E. Wampold (2016). “Do Psychotherapists Improve with Time and Experience? A Longitudinal Analysis of Outcomes in a Clinical Setting.” Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63 (1), 1.
31. D. L. Chow, S. D. Miller, J. A. Seidel, R. T. Kane, J. A. Thornton, and W. P. Andrews (2015). “The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Development of Highly Effective Psychotherapists.” Psychotherapy, 52(3), 337.
32. Personal communication.
33. J. Byrne and J. Wolch (2009). “Nature, Race, and Parks: Past Research and Future Directions for Geographic Research.” Progress in Human Geography, 33(6), 743–765.
34. A. T. Jones and D. S. Segal (2018). “Unsettling Ecopsychology: Addressing Settler Colonialism in Ecopsychology Practice.” Ecopsychology, 10(3), 127–136.
35. Ibid., p. 128.
36. Ibid., p. 129.
37. James Tully, personal communication.
38. D. Mitten (1994). “Ethical Considerations in Adventure Therapy: A Feminist Critique.” Women & Therapy, 15(3–4), 55–84.
39. Mitten, personal communication.
40. A. C. Anthony (1995). “Ecopsychology and the Deconstruction of Whiteness.” In T. E. Roszak, M. E. Gomes, and A. D. Kanner (Eds.). Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, p. 264.
41. Queer Nature, queernature.org/what-we-do/
42. Ibid.
43. G. D. Kutz and A. O’Connell (2007). Residential Treatment Programs. Concerns Regarding Abuse and Death in Certain Programs for Troubled Youth (GAO-08–146T). Retrieved from Washington, DC.
44. S. P. Becker and K. C. Russell (2016). “Wilderness Therapy.” In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 2nd ed. New York: Springer; Harper, N. J. (2017). “Wilderness Therapy, Therapeutic Camping and Adventure Education in Child and Youth Care Literature: A Scoping Review.” Children & Youth Services Review, 83, 68–79; D. A. Scott and L. M. Duerson (2010). “Continuing the Discussion: A Commentary on Wilderness Therapy: Ethical Considerations for Mental Health Professionals.” Child & Youth Care Forum, 39(1), 63–68.