A
Abrams, David, 64
acceptance, 221
accuracy, 239
accusations, 239
Ackerman, Diane, 85
acknowledgement, xiii–xiv, 8, 232
activities
Ambush and Flash Flood, 181
Camera game, 186
Camouflage, 143
Drum Stalk, 199
Faces, 133
Fox Tails, 218
I Spy, 99
Jousting, 102
Nature Detective, 136–139, 143
Nature Sculpture, 195
Seek and Defend, 185
Unnature Trail, 214
adaptations, 69
ADHD/ADD
adventure therapy, 24, 29–35, 190, 199–201
adventure-based counseling, 29
affect regulation, 87
affective embodied experiences, 148
Albert Schweitzer, 225
Allan Schore, 148
allegations, 239
Ambush and Flash Flood, 181
American Association of Social Workers, 25
amygdala hijacking, 93
animal-assisted therapies, 27–28
Anthropocene era, 4
anxiety
contributing factors, 93
group therapy and, 212
Asmus, Katie, 208
Association for Nature and Forest Therapy Guides, 25
attention
directed, 55
involuntary, 55
nature contact and, 58
types of, 59
attention restoration theory (ART)
types of attention and, 59
autonomic nervous system, 87, 117
averse relationship to nature, 72, 73, 78
awareness, 134–135, 142–144, 197–198
balance, sacred, 243
BALANCE model
awareness of family change process, 197–198
challenging homeostasis, 199–201
education and skill development, 201–202
long-term support, 196
nurturing holistic health, 198–199
Balanced and Barefoot (Hanscom), 112
Banks, Sarah, 229
Barrows, Anita, 171
Bateman, Robert, 142
Beck, Ulrich, 107
Becker, Stephen, 230
behavioral change, 37
being away, 55
Berry, Thomas, 163
Bird, William, 16
blood pressure, 57
boarding schools, 250
Bogard, Paul, 3
boot camps, 250
Borton, Terry, 184
Brach, Tara, 162
British Columbia Association of Clinical Counselors (BCACC), 228, 229
bush adventure therapy, 29
C
Camera game, 186
Camouflage game, 143
Canadian Counseling and Psychotherapy Association, 25
canoeing, 200
case examples
experiential initiatives, 185
outdoor living skills, 146–147
outdoor risky play, 119–120, 121–122
psycho-education, 183
self-efficacy and resiliency, 121–122
sensory awareness activities, 186–187
window of tolerance and, 101–103
celebration, 165
challenge zone, 90, 91–93, 96–97, 117, 199
Chawla, Louise, 172
child-centered, 140
children
best ages for family therapy, 175
best ages for multi-family therapy, 196
mental illness, increase in, 46–47
Children, Youth and Environments Center, 172
choice, 238
choosing outside therapy, 63–84
City Shuffle activity, 133
cityscape viewing, 36
clients
interest in nature-based therapy, 65–66
misconception as broken, 33, 66
Clifford, Amos, 25
Clinebell, Howard, 71
codes of conduct, 228
Cohen, Michael, 231
colonialism, xii, xiv, 125, 244–245
comfort zone, 90, 91, 96, 199, 200
community partnerships, 256–257
competence, 235
Connected Parenting (Kolari), 179
connected relationship to nature, 72, 74–75, 78
context
continuous improvement, 240–241
core elements, xv
Cornell, Joseph, 128, 139, 186
cortisol levels, 57
Council of Canadian Child and Youth Care Associations (CCCYCA), 228
Coyote Mentoring Model, 131, 141
Coyote Tracks, 209, 212, 214–215, 219
Coyote’s Guide to Connecting with Nature (Haas and McGown), 145
The Cry for Myth (May), 163
cultural appropriation, xiii
cultural narratives, 163
D
dangerous elements, 109
dangerous tools, 109
“desired positive affective state,” 134
developing nature-based therapy, 254–257
development
stalled, 49
Dewey, John, 54
direct experience
inquisitive wandering, 140–142
metaphorical possibilities of nature, 147–148
outdoor living skill development, 144–147
direct interaction with nature, 75–76, 76–77, 78
directed attention, 55
disappearing/getting lost play, 109
“do good,” 6
“do no harm,” 5
Dobud, Will, 241
dominion, xiv
Doran, Sol Marie, 157
Douglas, James, 233
downturned-eye syndrome, 199
Drum Stalk, 199
dual relationships, 240
E
eco-grief, 26
ecological assessment, 64, 70–71, 72
ecological identity, 71–75, 78
ecological self, 70
ecological story, 71
ecology
experience of, 44
as rogue science, 27
ecopsyche, 159
ecopsychology/ecopsychologist, 28, 50, 125, 233–234, 244
ecotherapy, 24, 25–28, 125, 238
Ecotherapy (Clinebell), 71
Ecotherapy: Theory, Process and Outcomes (Jordan), 33
EEG research, 36
effectiveness of nature-based therapies, 35–41
Einstein, Albert, 105
elements, engaging with, 144–147
The End of Night (Bogard), 3
engaging with the elements, 144–147
enthusiasm, awakening, 130–133, 140
environmental conditions, 82–84
environmental degradation, 4
environmental generational amnesia, 4
environmental problems, mental health and, 50
Epston, David, 160
equine-assisted therapy, 27–28
ethics
central principles, 229
competence, 235
concerns in outdoor therapies, 250–251
defined, 225
dual relationships, 240
evidence-based treatment versus practice-based evidence, 234–235
examples, 227
gift giving, 228
integrity in relationships, 237–240
LGBTQ+ people and, 249
privacy and confidentiality, 231–232
respect for peoples revisited, 241–244
responsibility to society and planet, 240–251
settler colonialism and, 244–245
Therapeutic Adventure Professional Group (TAPG), 236
truthfulness and accuracy, 239
white privilege, 248
eustress, 200
evidence-based treatment, 234
evidence-informed practices, 234
excitement, 109
exemplar, 147
exercise. see also physical activity
green, 20
experiential education theory, 54
experiential therapy, 238
extinction of experience, 77, 108
F
Faces activity, 133
families
benefits of outdoor therapy, 173–177
best ages for nature-based work, 175–176
check-in, 178
closing and debriefing, 187–188
defined, 171
experiential initiatives, 184
focused therapeutic activity, 182–183
guide to nature-based therapy, 177–188
intensives, 172
multi-family therapy. see multi-family experiential therapy (MFET)
sensory awareness activities, 185–186
urbanization and, 47
Family Challenge program, 202
Family Roots program, 190–193, 196, 201, 203–204
Field Practices (Westland), 27
fight/flight/freeze, 91, 117, 182–183, 220
fire, 237
First Nations. see also Indigenous peoples
acknowledgement of, xiii–xiv, 8
connections to land, xiii
wilderness and, xiii
flow learning model
fMRI research, 36
focused therapeutic activity, 182–183
forest bathing, 25
Fox Tails, 218
French, Druscilla, 164
friluftsterapi, 29
G
games. see also activities
benefits of, 19
to foster awareness and stillness, 143
to foster engagement, 131, 141
matching to goals, 101
role of nature, 103
socializing techniques and, 216–217
gaming, 36
Gass, Michael, 238
Gestalt therapy, 184
Gibson, J. J., 60
gift giving, 228
Gillis, H. L. Jr., 239
goals for therapy, 66–68, 81–82
Greenway, Robert, 237
group therapy
Coyote Tracks, 209, 212, 214–215, 219
school-based, 209, 212, 218–219
growth/groan zone, 91
H
Hahn, Thich Nhat, 133
Hanscom, Angela, 112
Harper, N., 238
hazards, 109
health, defined, 44
Healthy by Nature, 17
heights, 109
helicopter parenting, 108, 120
hero’s journey, 164
high speed, 109
Hold On to Your Kids (Neufeld and Maté), 179
hope, installation of, 211–212
hyper-connectedness, 161
I
I Spy, 99
improvement, continuous, 240–241
Indigenous peoples. see also First Nations
healing practices, 125
respect for lands of, 232, 245
indirect interaction with nature, 75, 76, 77, 78
indirect nature, 242
indoor built environments, 53–54, 64
information, imparting, 213–214
inquisitive wandering, 140–142
inspiration, sharing
alternate myths, 163
nature as medium for ritual and celebration, 165
inspire, defined, 160
insurance, 255
intake interview, 197
intensives, 172
International Adventure Therapy Conference, 30
introception senses, 90
invasive species, 243
involuntary attention, 55
isolation, 212
James, William, 59
Jones, Alysha, 244
Jousting, 102
Jung, Carl, 61
K
Kabat-Zinn, Jon, 134
Kahn, Peter, 4
Kain, Kathy, 104
Kellert, Stephen, 54, 75, 76–77
Kimmerer, Robin Wall, xi
Kolari, Jennifer, 179
Kutz, G. D., 250
L
The Last Child in the Woods (Louv), 126
“last effort” services, 250
Lazarus, Richard, 200
“Leave no child inside,” 126
Leopold, Aldo, 189
LGBTQ+ people, 249
Logan, A.C., 105
long-term support, 196
Louv, Richard, 126
Lyme disease, 20
M
Macy, Joanna, 70
mammalian stress response, 89
Mantler, A., 105
Marley, Bob, 63
Marshall, Hayley, 231
Maté, Gabor, 179
May, Rollo, 163
meaning, 150
mental health. see also mental illness
therapy location and, 66, 69–70
mental illness. see also mental health
environmental problems and, 4–5, 50
mentor image, 147
mentorship, 141
metaphors
in multi-family therapy, 195–196
power of, 27
usefulness of, 151
Miller, Scott, 234
mindfulness, 44, 97, 101, 134, 142
Minister of Loneliness, 161
mirroring, 140–141, 147, 161–163
Mother Earth, 171
Mount Douglas, 233
multi-family experiential therapy (MFET) BALANCE model. see BALANCE model
benefits of, 190
Family Challenge program, 202
Omni Youth Services, 202
mystery, 62
myths, 163
N
Næss, Arne, 70
Namasté Healing Arts, 208
naming of nature-based therapy, 7–9, 29–30, 31
narcissism, 47
narratives. see also inspiration, sharing
cultural, 163
personal, 160
nature
balance of, 4
behavioral change and, 37
as central player in counseling, 235
connection to, xvi, 3, 7, 8, 49, 54, 140, 255
co-regulation of nervous system and, 97–98
cyclical processes of, 157–158
definitions, xi
empirical findings of benefits, 38–40
as external object, 126
healing power of, xii, 5–7, 35–41, 46, 48, 57–58
holistic understanding of, 127
indirect, 242
as medium for ritual and celebration, 165
mental development and, 51
nervous system and, 96
prescribing, 6
as protective factor, 37
reconnecting with, 48
relationship types, 72
ways of interacting with, 75–77
vs. wilderness, xii
Nature and Madness (Shepard), 49
Nature and Therapy (Jordan), 33
Nature Conservancy of Canada, 37
nature deficit, 47
Nature Detective, 136–139, 143
The Nature Fix (Williams), 126
Nature Sculpture, 195
nature therapy vs. nature-based therapy, 9
nature-based play, 99–101, 103–104
nature-deficit disorder, 126
Nature-guided Therapy (Burns), 134
naturescapes, 51
negativity bias, 162
Neill, James, 29
nervous system
knowledge of, 86
regulation of, 213
Neufeld, Gordon, 179
neuroscience
felt sense of safety and, 86
play and, 100
risky play and, 117
Norris, Julian, 165
not-knowing stance, 161
“Now what?,” 184
numinous experiences, 61
O
occupational therapy, 90
O’Connell, A., 250
Odgen, Pat, 97
office setting, 8, 28, 32–33, 63, 64, 65, 67
Omni Youth Services, 202
One Nature Challenge, 17
Otto, Rudolph, 61
Outdoor and Nature Play in Early Childhood Education (Dietze and Kashin), 112
outdoor behavioral health care, 29
outdoor living skills, 144–147
outdoor recreation therapy, 29
outdoor therapies, 29
outer landscape, 89
Outside & Unplugged, 17
The Oxford Textbook of Nature and Public Health (Van den Bosch and Gill), 7
P
paddling, 200
panic zone, 93
parasympathetic nervous system, 87
parental coercion, 230
parks, 242
Perls, Fritz, 149
physical activity
amount of, 16–21, 51–52. see also exercise
outdoor risky play, 109
report card on, 111
physical health, 69
Pkols, 233
place names, 233
plants, xi
adrenaline play, 179
baby play, 179
defined, 99
families and, 172, 174, 179–180
in group therapy, 218
hyperarousal and, 88
importance of, 85
nervous system and, 87, 99–100
neurobiology of, 100
physical, 109
polyvagal theory and, 86
window of tolerance and, 99–101
play spaces, 51
polyvagal theory, 86–87, 89, 90, 95
Power To Be Adventure Therapy Society (PTB), 68, 249
practice-based evidence, 234–235
privacy
in therapeutic relationships, 231–232
progressions, 69
proprioception senses, 90
proximal zone of development, 97
psycho-education, 182–183, 213
psycho-evolutionary theory (PET), 59–60
psychosomatic issues, 37
PTSD, 27
pulse rate, 57
puppets, 220
Q
Queer Nature, 249
questions, for developing nature-based therapy, 254–257
R
rain
literal, 82
receptive relationship to nature, 72, 73–74, 78
Reconnecting with Nature (Cohen), 231
refugees, 46
regulation
language for, 97
relational-centering, 225
relationships
dual, 240
to plants, xi
therapeutic factors of groups, 234–235
Report Card on Physical Activity, 51–52
residential treatment, 250
reverence, 159
Rilke, Rainer Maria, 139
Ringer, M., 239
risk
challenge zone and, 93
vs. hazard, 109
of nature-based therapy, 31–32
perception of, 40
risky play. see risky play
two sides of, 106
risky play
nature-based therapy and, 114–115
neurobiological perspective, 117–118
resources on, 112
self-efficacy and resiliency and, 120–121
sympathetic nervous system and, 116
rites of passage, 164
ritual, 165
ritual sensibility, 165
rough and tumble play, 109, 179
Russell, K. C., 238
S
sacred balance, 243
The Sacred Balance (Suzuki), 8
sacred spaces, 61
safety
importance of, 53
in play, 109. see also risky play
The SAGE Handbook of Outdoor Play and Learning (Waller et al.), 112
Sandseter, Ellen Beate, 108–109
The Sane Society (Fromm), 49
Schilhab, T. S., et al., 57–58
school-based therapy, 209, 212, 218–219
Schore, Allan, 89
Scotland, 6
Seek and Defend, 185
Segal, David, 244
Seigel, Daniel, 93
sensate focusing, 135
senses, internal, 90
sensory awareness
inventory, 135
types of, 90
shaky theory, 165
Sharing Nature with Children (Cornell), 128
Sharing Nature with Children II (Cornell), 129
sharps test, 119
Shepard, Paul, 49
Shin, Sang, 113
Shinrin-yoku, 25
Sinopoulos-Lloyd, Pinar, 249
Sinopoulos-Lloyd, So, 249
“So what?,” 184
social engagement system, 88, 97, 99–100, 117
socializing techniques, 216–217
Somatic Transformation, 150
Spell of the Sensuous (Abrams), 64
stalled development, 49
standards of practice, 228
stillness, appreciation of, 142–144
stress, as motivator, 200
stress response, 89
Suzuki, David, 8
Swank, Jacqueline, 113
Swimme, Brian, 163
swimming, 70
symbolic interaction with nature, 75, 76, 78
sympathetic nervous system, 57, 87, 91, 92, 93, 116, 117
T
Tagaban, Gene, 162
tech addictions, 36
technification
terra nullis, xii
Terrell, Stephen, 104
terror, 62
therapeutic adventure, 29
Therapeutic Adventure Professional Group (TAPG), 235, 236, 239
therapeutic factors of groups
hope, installation of, 211–212
imparting information, 213–214
socializing techniques, 216–217
therapeutic frame, 32–33, 33–34
therapeutic relationships, 230, 231–232
therapeutic space, 32–33, 69–70, 231–232, 237, 255–256
therapies
garden therapy, 26
horticultural therapy, 26
Shinrin-yoku, 25
thinking traps, 214
Thoreau, Henry David, xvi
tracking, 142
Trailrider, 68
truthfulness, 239
Tully, James, 245
two-person psychology, 89
U
Ulrich, Roger, 59
Unnature Trail, 214
V
vagus nerve, 87
Van Gennep, Arnold, 164
ventral vagal complex, 87–88, 91, 92, 98, 100, 101
vestibular senses, 90
vicarious interaction with nature, 75, 76, 77, 78
video gaming, 36
vis medacatrix naturae, 5
W
wandering, inquisitive, 140–142
Watts, Alan, xi
Westland, Sylvia, 27
“What?,” 184
White, Michael, 160
white privilege, 248
wilderness
vs. nature, xii
Wilderness Awareness School, 131
wilderness effect, 237
Williams, Florence, 126
window of tolerance, 89, 98, 99–101
Y
Yerkes-Dodson law, 200
youth
family sessions and, 176
mental illness, increase in, 46–47
Nature Detective series, 138–139
risk-seeking behaviors, 81
Z
zones of development, 90, 95, 97, 182