Type 5 – headless pins

Sixty-seven pins of this type were recovered, all made of copper alloy. They are characterised by an upper end which has been cut square, or occasionally slightly rounded, and are broadly divided into those with grooves on their shanks, usually close to the upper end (43 pins; c.64%), and those without (24; c.36%). The most numerous type is Type 511, with an unvaried shank section, and grooves, of which there are 37 (55.2%). Twenty-six pins were analysed at the upper end in an attempt to determine whether there was any solder present, as a means of attaching a separately made head; it was impossible, however, to positively identify solder on any of the pins, as it was considered equally possible that any white or grey deposits could be the result of preferential corrosion (see Appendix 3, below, pp.46–7). These shanks, all lacking identifiable heads, almost certainly did originally have separately made heads which have somehow been lost; if the analysis of corrosion of a different nature at the upper end of the pins is accepted, this implies that when deposited, the pins were complete with a head made perhaps of some organic material such as bone. Glass heads may also have been used, such as that found on no. 563, RF 3481, Type 000; as with many of the other headless shanks, there are grooves around the shank, here just below the glass head. Another clearly headless pin was found with the separate remains of a head (no. 490, RF 3293, 511) while a fragmentary pin of uncertain type has part of a separately made head still attached (no. 564, RF 613, Type 000); the heads of both require analysis to identify their material, but it seems likely both may be of glass.

The earliest context from which a headless pin derives is a Phase 1a (mid-7th century) occupation deposit (no. 459, RF 6403, Type 501). Overall, Type 5 is the third most common pin type found on the site, being marginally ahead of Type 2, and marginally behind Types 3 and 1 (see FIG. 1.13). But by phase, it is the most common in Periods 1–4 (7th–mid-9th century; see discussion below). This pin type has been recognised elsewhere on Anglo-Saxon sites, but may be an under-reported type, perhaps sometimes being mistaken in the past for incomplete pin shanks.

At Shakenoak, Oxfordshire, 15 were identified, many with grooves (Brodribb et al., 1972, 70, fig. 31, nos 158–61, 163–73) and it was suggested that they were probably 8th century in date (Dickinson 1972, 72). At Hamwic, five were identified but not clearly distinguished from pins where heads had been lost, of which there were many more (Hinton 1996, 34–5). Closer to Flixborough, a rare example from a grave was recovered at the Castledyke cemetery (Ross 1998, 269), while Fishergate in York produced 15 headless pins from Anglian and later deposits (Rogers 1993a, 1364–6, fig. 664); several had shank grooves (ibid.). The glass-headed pin form has rarely been found on Anglo-Saxon sites, and on those where they have e.g. Cheddar, Somerset (Rahtz 1979, 280, no. CA81), and West Stow, Suffolk (Evison 1985, 75, fig. 277, nos 2,3), there is also evidence of Roman activity, from which this pin type might also derive (see Cool 1990, 165, Group 16). The example from Flixborough (no. 563, RF 3481, Type 000) is surely an Anglo-Saxon type, however; the grooves on the shank link it securely to the headless pins, and it comes from a mid 8th- to early 9th-century post-hole.

Type 6 – disc-headed pins

Only three pins, all incomplete, were identified as this type. The heads are flat, circular or sub-circular, and all are decorated with ring-and-dot motifs. All three ring-and-dots are perforated on no. 526 (RF 417, Type 600); no. 527 (RF 2838) also has three perforations, all surrounded by ring-and-dot on one face, but with only two ring-and-dot on the other face, the third perforation left plain (Type 600). The third pin (no. 528, RF 13908, Type 602) has only two perforations, and only traces of a single ring-and-dot around one of them on one face; a third perforation appears unfinished. Unlike the larger linked pins, also with discoidal heads (see below), the perforations on these pins appear decorative only. The pins were found in ditch fills of Phase 2i–4ii (no. 526), and Phase 4ii (no. 527), the third (no. 528) being unstratified.

These pins tend to occur individually or in small numbers at other sites, such as Whitby (Peers and Radford 1943, 63, fig. 13, nos 7, 7a), South Newbald (Leahy 2000, 62, fig. 6.5.2) and York (Waterman 1959, 78–9, fig. 11, no. 3), although Cottam produced seven (Haldenby 1990, 53, fig. 3; 1992, 28, fig. 2, 13; 1994, 52, fig. 1, 2–4). This type appears to be predominantly from northern England (Ross 1991, 337).

Type 7 – Triangular/trapezoidal-headed pins

These pins totalled 14, and may be related to the very similar Type 6 pins; as with the Type 6 examples, these pins have flat heads, and all bar one, which is possibly unfinished (no. 543, RF 7256, Type 713), are decorated with ring-and-dot motifs which are often perforated.

As with Type 6, the earliest examples of this pin type derive from Phase 2i–4ii ditch fills (no. 531, RF 2890, Type 701; no. 536, RF 11931, Type 702), and they are found on several of the same sites including South Newbald (Leahy 2000, 70, fig. 6.8.16–17) and York (Waterman, 1959, 78–9, fig. 11, 1,2,4), but also in small numbers at Hamwic (Hinton 1996, 31–2), and individually at Hartlepool (Jackson 1988, 182, fig. 33, no.7), and Coppergate (Mainman and Rogers 2000, 2578, 10471) and Fishergate, York (Rogers 1993a, 1363, 5370).

Type 8 – Inverted conical-headed pins

Six pins of this type were recovered, the earliest coming from Phase 4ii (mid-9th century) deposits (nos 545–6, RFs 5047 and 6270, Type 811). Two of the pins have decorated heads (nos 548–9, RFs 2031 and 12762, Type 832), and a third has grooves on its shank (no. 547, RF 6861, Type 811). Elsewhere, as at Flixborough, these pins tend to be found in small numbers; both Fishergate and Coppergate in York produced three pins of this type, the earliest also deriving from mid-9th century deposits (Rogers 1993a, 5363–5; Mainman and Rogers 2000, 10465–7), and South Newbald also produced three, described as tear-shaped (Leahy 2000, 65–70, figs 6.6–6.8).

Type 9 – faceted dome-shaped headed pins

Only two examples of this type were identified (nos 550–51, RFs 1639 and 11996, Type 902), the former coming from Phase 6iii dark soil, the latter being unstratified. No parallels for this type have so far been noted.

Linked pins

The linked pins – that is pins which were evidently used in sets of two or more, connected together by lengths of metal chain – have been divided into two sub-types, these being largely differentiated by their size.

Type LIN1

This sub-type consists of the smaller pins, which have circular or trapezoidal-shaped heads with a perforation for the chain, part of which has survived in all seven pins that were found. The earliest context from which a linked pin comes is an early to mid 9th-century dump (Phase 3bv–4ii, no. 552, RF 6076), and three of the seven come from Periods 3–4 levels, the other four coming from Periods 5–6 contexts. But this pin type is particularly known elsewhere from Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, and is generally dated from 7th–8th centuries, indicating that all of the Flixborough pins of this type are likely to be residual. In fact, five of the seven pins were recovered from 9th- to 10th-century dumped deposits, some of which contained considerable amounts of other residual 7th- to 9th-century material (nos 552–5 and 557; RFs 6076, 9973, 5213, 5750 and 3675); a pair of pins (no. 556; RF 3454) was found in a late 9th- to early 10th-century occupation layer, and a single pin (no. 558; RF 1815) was retrieved from Phase 6iii dark soil. These pins are simpler and cheaper versions of the elaborate pin suites of precious metals, sometimes set with precious stones, which have been found in late 7th- to early 8th-century graves at, for example, Chamberlain’s Barn, Leighton Buzzard, Beds. (Hyslop 1963, 198, figs 13a, 16c), and Roundway Down, Wilts. (Youngs 1989, 53–4, no. 40). Elsewhere, less ornate examples, more akin to those from Flixborough, have had rings through the perforations to which chains were attached, as at Winnall, Hampshire (Meaney and Hawkes 1970, 36–7, fig. 9), and the Castledyke South cemetery, Barton-upon-Humber (Ross 1998, 269). A pair of copper alloy circular-headed linked pins, like those from Flixborough, was found at Hamwic (Hinton 1996, 34, 30 266), while parallels to the trapezoidally-headed Flixborough pins come from a mid to late 8th-century deposit at the monastery at Hartlepool (Jackson 1988, 182, fig. 33, no. 5), and late 8th-century deposits at Fishergate, York (Rogers 1993a, 1363, 5366–7).

Type LIN2

Typified by their large decorative heads, which in three pins of this sub-type is the only part to survive, these five pins include one silver example (no. 673; RF 2068). As with the other sub-type, all must be residual, coming as they do from Period 6 (10th century) and unstratified deposits. All the pins incorporate a cross-shape into the designs on their heads; the simplest design has expanded terminals, outlined with dots (no. 559; RF 4157), and with its lentoid cut-outs, is strongly reminiscent of the replacement pin on the extremely elaborate late 8th-century linked triple set of pins from the River Witham, Lincs. (Webster and Backhouse 1991, 227–8, 184). The most complete pin of this type from Flixborough, no. 559 (RF 4157) still retains a length of chain attached via a perforation to one side of the head. The central cross and border on the other complete pin (no. 560; RF 7835; PL. 1.8) are also dotted, and define quadrants filled with chip-carved interlace, the whole having been gilded. As with no. 559, this pin appears to have been cast in one piece, and also has a perforation to one side of the head. A head of very similar design is all that survives of pin no. 561 (FX 88, R3); this has a plain central cross, with quadrants filled with almost identical interlace, and also gilded. Unlike no. 560 (RF 7835), the head has separated from its shank to which it appears to have been riveted – the line of the two surviving rivets suggests that the orientation of the perforation to the shank would not have been at 90° as usual, but closer to 150°. It is, however, unclear if both the rivets and the perforation belong to a linked pin, as there is evidence of an attempt to reuse the pin head to serve another function; part of the border of the pin head close to the perforation has been notched, and one of the rivets interrupts the interlace in one quadrant, suggesting that it may not be original to the pin.

The remaining two discoidal heads also originate from pins made from separately cast heads and shanks; no. 673 (RF 2068) is made of silver and is clearly the central pin of a three-pin suite, having two linking holes, one each in the east and west terminals of the central cross. As with the other pins, chip-carved decoration fills the fields between the cross arms, and there is a plain border around the edge. A central iron rivet and a copper alloy rivet in the border below originally attached the shank. Made of copper alloy, no. 562 (RF 50006) may similarly be the central pin of three; one linking hole is clearly visible, but a second is hinted at in the breakage of the disc edge opposite this hole, possibly across a second linking hole. Two rivets for attachment of the shank survive. On this pin, the central cross-shaped motif is maintained, although rather than interlace, the decoration is provided by the cross itself, with its scrolled terminals.

The recovery of five disc-headed linked pins from one site is remarkable, as these are usually found singly; only Cottam on the Yorkshire Wolds (Haldenby 1990, 51–3; 1992, 28) and Meols, Cheshire (Bu’lock 1960, 9–10, fig. 3c; Griffiths 2007, 66, pl. 9) have produced similarly sized collections. Individual examples have also been found at Pontefract (Bailey 1970, 405–6, pl. II), Roos, East Yorks. and South Ferriby, North Lincs. (Kitson Clark 1941, 333–4). The use of chip-carved interlace and gilding on many of these pins dates the majority to the 8th century (Bailey 1970, 406), an appropriate date for all these Flixborough pins.

Other pins

A silver pin with a discoidal head (no. 674; RF 5334), found in a Phase 6ii dump, differs from the other discoidally headed pins in having a composite head; the shank and back of the head have been made in one piece, with a second decorative element being superimposed. The added piece appears to have a silver backing and border, with a chip-carved and gilded interlace filling, attached via a rivet at the top of the shank; it may originally have been soldered to the back plate, but it has now partially split away. The composite nature of the head recalls other disc-headed pins, such as a pair found at Hamwic each of which had a convex centre formed by the attachment of a thin decorated bossed sheet (Hinton 1996, 30, nos 169/568, 169/634; Wilthew 1996, 67). Despite the lack of attachment loops, Hinton relates the Hamwic pins to linked pin sets such as those from Roundway Down (Youngs 1989, no. 40), suggesting a 7th-century date for them; an 8th-century date seems more appropriate for no. 674 (RF 5334), which is not linked, and has chip carving and gilding typical of that date.

Two pins (nos 566 and 675; RFs 822 and 2294), both with gilding, have heads taking the form of an animal’s head – in both cases, probably a dog’s head (PL. 1.7). Both pins derive from Phase 6ii–iii levels in which, as with no. 674 (RF 5334), they are clearly residual. No. 675 (RF 2294) is made of silver and is the more delicate and stylised of the two, the gilded head being of triangular section and depicting an open-mouthed beast with an upturned snout and upright ears. The more clearly dog-like head on no. 566 (RF 822) has eyes set with blue glass, although one setting is now lost, and a collar separates the head from the shank; the whole pin which is probably of copper alloy (see Appendix 3, pp. 46–7), has been gilded. Comparable pins include one in the British Museum (unprovenanced; Webster and Backhouse 1991, 226, no. 182), and another pin from Brandon, Suffolk (op. cit., 83, no. 66d); both date to the 8th century, to which period the two Flixborough pins must also belong.

Four pins, three of silver (nos 676–8; RFs 324, 2631 and 7240) and one of copper alloy with silver plating and mercury gilding (no. 565; RF 4163), have large heads all depicting beasts, singly on nos 676–7 (RFs 324 and 2631) and in pairs on nos 565 and 678 (RFs 7240 and 4163). On both nos 676 and 677 (RFs 324 and 2631), the beast is carved into both faces; on no. 677 (RF 324), he is backward-looking with the tip of his beak touching the tip of his wing (PL. 1.6); on no. 676 (RF 2631), which has broken off from its shank, the small ear, circular eye and rounded snout of the beast rest on part of an extended leg. On both pins, the head appears to have been gilded. No. 678 (RF 7240) has a pair of confronted beasts, their gaping mouths swallowing the tip of their companion’s tail, the edges of their wings following the edge of the pinhead, and their clawed legs crossed; this face of the head and the collar below are gilded, and triangular punch-marks speckle the bodies (PL. 1.6). With a head of a similar triangular shape to no. 678 (RF 7240), the slightly cruder no. 565 (RF 4163) has a pair of addorsed beasts, with prominent ears but no eyes, and long entwined tongues; their elongated necks and large heads result in little space for the lower parts of their bodies which meet at the rumps. The shank and back of the head of no. 565 (RF 4163) have been silvered, and the front of the head and collar are gilded.

No. 565 (RF 4163) was found in a mid 9th-century ditch fill, and the silver pins from late 10th-century dark soil no. 676 (RF 2631), topsoil (no. 677; RF 324), and an unstratified level (no. 678; RF 7240), but all are likely to date from the 8th century; the use of gilding, the speckling as seen on no. 678 (RF 7240), and the depiction of beasts of various forms can all be seen on other 8th-century dress accessories, including pins from Brandon, Suffolk (Webster and Backhouse 1991, 82, no. 66b), St. Mary’s Abbey, York (op. cit., 227, no. 183), South Newbald (Leahy 2000, 62, fig. 6.5.1), and the Flixborough disc brooch (cat. no. 25, RF 5467).

Found unstratified, the semi-quadrant shaped head of no. 681 (RF 12755) is made of debased silver, which has been mercury-gilded; it is attached to the remains of an iron shank by two copper alloy rivets. The head has punched dot borders and a central band also with punched dots which together define two fields, both decorated with chip-carved interlace. The closed circuit motifs in each field differ slightly; the asymmetrical figure-of-eight in the left field is echoed on the right, but here an extra loop laces through the upper loop of the figure-of-eight. The fields are joined by a looped interlace which crosses from one field to the other, via the top of the central dotted band. The original function of this object is uncertain, but it is possible that it represents a repair or replacement head for a pin, perhaps cut-down from a discoidally headed pin; such pieces have been found elsewhere, for example at Brandon (Webster and Backhouse 1991, 84, fig. 66f), and Wharram-le Street (Garrison et al. 2001, 30, no. 38). What is certain is that the combination of different metals – silver-gilt head, iron shank and copper alloy rivets – in addition to the carved interlace, would have resulted in a striking appearance. While the function of no. 681 (RF 12755) may remain unclear, there is little doubt that it is contemporary with other decorative metalwork from the site; the use of punched dot decoration and deeply carved interlace is closely paralleled on the plaque (no. 1017; RF 6767) which itself echoes the designs on the Witham pins, and thus indicates a later 8th-century date for no. 681 (RF 12755).

Only the gilded head survives of silver pin no. 679 (RF 1241; PL. 1.9) which was found in Phase 6iii dark soil. The spherical head is decorated with six small cylindrical settings with beaded collars – two of the settings having an additional plain collar; five of the settings contain red glass, the sixth surrounds the top of the shank (PL. 1.9). The pin head may perhaps be imitating a type set with garnets, such as one found in a grave at the Buckland cemetery, Dover (grave 134) which had settings on four sides and one on top (Evison 1987, fig. 55, no. 134/5), and may suggest a 7th–8th century date for the Flixborough pin.

Also incomplete, but retaining part of its shank is no. 680 (RF 1887) which is also of silver with gilding; it was found in a Phase 5b dump. The open-work terminal appears to be unparalleled amongst Anglo-Saxon pins, but there is some similarity between its tendrilled appearance and that on the elaborately decorated sword pommel found at Beckley, Oxon. (Webster 2001b, fig. 18.6). There is a strong likelihood that this pin is contemporary with the other silver-gilt pins from the site, and probably dates from the late 8th century.

Iron pins

A total of 115 iron pins were identified, of which 40 were represented only by shanks. As many of the features noted on the non-ferrous metal pins such as head types, presence/absence of collars and decoration, were also identified on the iron pins, these were typed using similar criteria. One major difference, however, is that the shanks were of two forms only, that is of circular section or of square section; none of the pins had shanks with swellings, and none was hipped. This is reflected in the coding (see Appendix 2, pp.45–6).

Type FE01 – pins with lead alloy heads

A dozen pins had iron shanks and separately made lead alloy heads; where the heads have been analysed, they are either of lead (e.g. no. 693; RF 13432), a tin/lead alloy (no. 682; RF 5505) or a lead/tin alloy (no. 690; RF 8241). Where it is possible to see, the head appears to have been wrapped around the upper end of the shank; sometimes, the top of the shank protrudes above (e.g. no. 692; RF 11308). Five of the pins had tin or tin/lead plating on the shanks (nos 683, 685 and 688–90; RFs 5765, 4225, 3826, 3833, and 8241). Plating would provide a surface resistant to corrosion (Wilthew and Ottaway, 1992, 486), but the most likely function of the plating would have been to make the pin appear more attractive; pure tin would have produced a better decorative effect than the tin/lead alloys (ibid.). The lead alloy heads might also have been applied in imitation of silver. As FIG. 1.16 below shows, the pins were retrieved from Phase 4ii (mid-9th century) to Phase 6iii (mid–late 10th–early 11th century) levels; three were unstratified.

Types FE1 – FE3

As FIG. 1.15 below shows, Types FE1 – FE3 are the main iron pin types, accounting for 75% of the typed pins. They copy many of the elements of their non-ferrous counterparts (Types 1–3) which represent three of the four most common copper alloy and silver pin types (see pp.33–4). They are generally plainer than their non-ferrous equivalents, although ring collars feature on some (e.g. Type 111), and others have heads with wrythen decoration (Type 123). While not generally employing the same decorative motifs as the non-ferrous pins, presumably because these were not easily applied to iron, other means of decoration in the form of plating was used quite consistently, appearing on over 50% of both Types FE1 and FE2 pins, and over 25% of Type FE3 pins. Most commonly, tin/lead platings were laid over the whole pin, but occasionally it appears on the head and top of the shank only (e.g. no. 712; RF 1697). Tin platings were found on only three pins (nos 711, 719 and 727; RFs 3150, 7349 and 7066). As with Type FE01, all these pin types occurred in greater numbers in Periods 5–6 than in Periods 1–4 (see FIG. 1.16 opposite).

FIG. 1.15. Iron pins by type.

FE8 – inverted conical-headed pin

A single example of this pin type (no. 750; RF 2606) was found in a Phase 6iii dark soil or occupation level; it has been tin-plated all over.

Miscellaneous pins

Two pins have separately made blue glass heads (nos 751–2; RFs 12234 and 5123); like their copper alloy counterpart (no. 563; RF 3481), they both come from 8th- to 9th-century deposits. Two unstratified pins (nos 754 and 755; RFs 12581 and 13430), the latter being plated, are unlike any contemporary non-ferrous pins, but may be Roman; both are similar to copper alloy pins described by Cool as having simple grooved heads, and dating mainly to the 2nd century (Cool 1990, 157, Group 5). Also unstratified, no. 753 (RF 11241) is incomplete, with a flattened and perforated end; its identification as a pin is uncertain, but two somewhat similar objects found at Coppergate were interpreted thus (Ottaway 1992, 695–6, 3808, 3812).

Patrick Ottaway comments that no 757 (RF 1956) is a small pin with a head resembling a shepherd’s crook. Iron pins with this distinctive form are also known at Helgö, Sweden (Lundström and von Heland 1964, pl. 32, 3–4/9) and Ribe, Denmark (e.g. Dommerhaven and Kunstmuseets Have sites; Ottaway 2005) in contexts contemporary with the Middle Anglo-Saxon period.

Shanks

There is little comment to be made about these, apart from noting that seven had platings (nos 769, 774, 778, 788–9, 795 and 797; RFs 13410, 13414, 13578, 10491, 9455, 12417, and 11011).

Iron pins with non-ferrous heads as seen on Type FE01 have rarely been identified in the past, but they have been found at both Fishergate and Coppergate in York, at the former in 8th–9th century deposits (Rogers 1993a, 1367) and the latter in mid 9th- to early 10th-century contexts (Ottaway 1992, 693). A single example is also known from a Middle Saxon level at Wicken Bonhunt (Goodall and Ottaway forthcoming, sf375). Types FE1–3 have also been found at the same York sites (Ottaway 1992, 693; Rogers 1993a, 1367), and also at Cottam (Richards 1999b, 77); at all these sites, a number of pins had been plated. Other sites that have produced similar pins include Shakenoak (Brodribb et al., 1972, 106), and Riby Crossroads (Ottaway 1994, 261, nos 65–6).

Bone pins

A total of 41 bone pins were studied, and they can be divided into two broad groups according to the bone types from which they were made (the bone identifications are by Sonia O’Connor).

The largest group, here termed Type B1, is made up of 33 pins, each fashioned from a cut strip of longbone compact tissue from a medium-sized animal; in one instance, the animal species is identified as possibly sheep (no. 627; RF 12341). Type B2 comprises eight pins, each made from the fibula bone of a pig.

Type B1

Apart from all being made from the same type of bone, these pins also share very similar head forms; apart from the spatulate head of no. 637 (RF 10977), the pins mainly comprise those with globular heads (e.g. no. 634; RF 7323). The earliest deposit from which these pins derive is Phase 1b–2 (no. 621; RF 1118), but the majority (over 60%) were found in Periods 5–6 levels (see FIG. 1.17).

FIG. 1.16. All iron pins by period.

FIG. 1.17. Bone pins by period.

The Type B1 pins may best be compared to the type described as “spherical-headed” by MacGregor (1985, 117), a type which, he notes elsewhere, includes heads of varying regularity (MacGregor et al., 1999, 1950), as do the Flixborough examples. A popular type in Roman Britain, they also occur sporadically throughout the Anglo-Saxon period, possibly enjoying something of a renaissance in the 8th–10th centuries (MacGregor 1985, 117). Apart from Coppergate, York where 17 were recovered – the majority from mid 9th- to late 10th-century deposits (MacGregor et al., 1999, 1949–50) – they have also been found at Flaxengate, Lincoln in similarly dated contexts (Mann 1982, 10), while a single pin of this type was recovered from a grave at the 6th- to early 7th-century cemetery at Norton, Cleveland (Sherlock and Welch 1992, 188, Grave 104, fig. 63).

Type B2

These pins, somewhat ubiquitous on Anglo-Saxon sites, make use of a bone naturally shaped to act as a pin; all have been perforated at the head, and occasionally the head has been slightly shaped. These pins correlate to the Group 2 pig fibula pins from Coppergate, York where more than 70 were recovered (MacGregor et al., 1999, 1950–1).

At Flixborough the earliest example came from a Phase 2–3bv level (no. 654; RF 901/7646), and although few in number, they appear scattered throughout all phases.

Pin dimensions and shank forms: the non-ferrous pins

Comparison of the dimensions and shank forms amongst the most numerous non-ferrous pin types (i.e. Types 1–5) reveals some clear differences apart from the obvious one of head shape.

As FIG. 1.18 illustrates, Type 4 and 5 pins exhibit a much smaller range of lengths and hence smaller average lengths, than the other three types, although the average shank diameters of all the types vary much less. Thus, though not apparently pins of a more delicate nature, the Types 4 and 5 pins were generally shorter. A study of the shank forms of all five types also reveals significant variations.

As FIGS 1.19 and 1.20 (below and opposite) demonstrate, the shape of the shank is much more consistently the same amongst the Type 4 and 5 pins; in both types, shanks of unvaried section, that is with no swelling or hipping, have been used in over 70% of the pins. Amongst Types 1–3, the most popular shank form in all types incorporates a swelling, although the unvaried section is also often used. Hipped shanks, where the shank may assume a square section usually close to the tip, form the smallest percentage. The significance, if any, of these differences in shank form, is not clear; it is unlikely to be linked to the manufacture of the pins, as almost certainly, pins of all these types would have been cast (Ross 1991, 112). It seems more likely that the swollen and hipped shanks, as opposed to those with no variation, relate to the particular application of these pins (see below).

Functions of the pins

Various possible applications of non-ferrous pins such as those from Flixborough have been suggested over the years; in some early types, clues as to their function have been given by the positions in which they have been found in burials. Linked pins similar to the Flixborough Type LIN1 were found in late 7th-century graves at Winnall, Hampshire; in one a pair was located at the shoulder, while in a second an individual pin was found close to the head (Meaney and Hawkes, 1970, 37). Elsewhere, they have also been found in the upper chest area, and all were possibly securing head-dresses or veils (Ross 1991, 403). Found in similar locations, spiral-headed pins (Type 4) may also have been used to fasten head coverings (see for example Hawkes 1973, 283), although whether the pins were used in the same fashion during life as during burial is a moot point (Ross 1991, 409). It has also been noted by Hinton that spiral-headed pins are not specifically sex-linked in graves, and he suggests neither linked pins nor spiral-headed pins can be assumed to be exclusively female dress accessories (Hinton 1996, 36).

FIG. 1.18. Comparative dimensions of complete pins of Types 1–5.

FIG. 1.19. Pin Types 1–3 and shank forms.

FIG. 1.20. Pin types 4 and 5 and shank forms.

It has often been suggested that the swelling or hipping on a shank would prevent a pin slipping out of position once it had pierced the textiles on which it was being used (e.g. Rogers 1993a, 1361); the lack of such a feature on the shanks of most Type 4 and 5 pins may indicate that these pins were being used on different textiles, or in a different way, to the Type 1–3 pins. The slighter nature of the Types 4 and 5 pins revealed by the dimensional comparisons suggests that these could have been used on textiles in a manner which did not demand a robust or large pin, as on a veil for instance, or perhaps as hair pins. The larger and probably heavier Type 1–3 pins may have been used on more heavyweight textiles; Ross suggests that the flattened polyhedral-headed pins (Types 240–253), in particular, might have been used on clothing, as the head would lie flat against it (Ross 1991, 411). Another advantage of the larger pins with their large heads was the increased size of the area that could be decorated; at Flixborough, this was particularly made use of amongst the Type 2 pins (see above). Not surprisingly, the silver pins, being made of a more valuable metal, are on average smaller and more delicate than the copper alloy pins of similar forms.

A study of the dimensions of the complete iron pins reveals a range of lengths from 27mm (no. 698; RF 1935) to 75.5mm (no. 722; RF 11010), a somewhat smaller length range than their copper alloy counterparts, some of which reached lengths in excess of 95mm. It seems likely that the iron pins were nevertheless used in similar ways to the non-ferrous pins; examples of different forms recovered from 6th- to early 7th-century graves at Norton, Cleveland, came from areas close to the neck and chest, but also from beside the pelvis and the waist (Sherlock and Welch 1992, 42). An iron pin with spangles found in a grave at the Castledyke cemetery, and dating from the first half of the 6th century (Ross, 1998, 267) was positioned just below the throat when found, indicating that it may have pinned the front of a gown (Walton Rogers 1998, 276).

The complete Type BON1 pins range in length from 41mm (no. 628; RF 13906) to 89mm (no. 643; RF 819), the average length being 53.9mm. The pin from a grave in the Norton cemetery was found behind the skull, indicating that it may have acted as a hair pin, or to fix a veil (Sherlock and Welch 1992, 42). The Type BON2 pins are, on average, a much larger pin than Type BON1, although only five complete pins survive, ranging in length from 81mm (no. 654; RF 901/7646) to 110.5mm (no. 656; RF 5511). Whether these bone objects indeed were pins rather than needles has been a matter of debate for some time (see MacGregor 1985, 120–1); what is clear from those found at Flixborough is that the very different nature of their size and finish to the well-made Type B1 pins must indicate a different application, perhaps as fastenings for different types of garment, and perhaps using thread attached to the pin via the perforation. A pin of this type found in a grave at the Castledyke cemetery was interpreted as pinning the front of a gown (Walton Rogers 1998, 276). Such pins could have been made by the inhabitants on the site, as their manufacture clearly involved no craft skills (Mann 1982, 10).

Evidence for the manufacture of non-ferrous pins

Analysis of a large number of the copper alloy pins revealed evidence of manufacturing methods and/or techniques of finishing off roughly-made pins. Ross noted that the late 7th century saw the beginnings of the mass production of pins by pin makers, who would cast pins which would then be worked up into finished products (Ross 1991, 110).

Sometimes, heads on roughly cast pins might be forged or hammered (op.cit., 136), and sometimes the spiral heads of the Type 4 pins were made by splitting the end of a shank and curling the two sides inwards (op. cit., 269) but casting was the main method in use during the Middle Saxon period; there is no evidence for folding and rolling, an earlier method which had ceased to be used by this time (op. cit., 136), or for widespread use of strip drawing, primarily a medieval method of manufacture (op. cit., 140). Marks noted on the shanks of some of the Flixborough pins were interpreted as possible evidence that some pins had been held in either a vice-like device or by some form of tongs whilst being worked during the final stages of manufacture, for example, removal of casting-flash lines, or creating faceting and other decoration on pin heads, using a file (see Appendix 3). Analysis also suggested that some pins had been drawn, e.g. no. 522 (RF 632; Type 512) (see Appendix 3, pp.46–7). Marks seen on the pins revealed methods of decoration and the tools used to make them (ibid.). Although some of the tool-marks observed on some of the pins may suggest they were incompletely finished off, there is very little evidence to suggest that the pins were actually being made on the site. There are three possibly unfinished pins: no. 527 (RF 2838; Type 600) has a head decorated on both faces with perforating ring-and-dot motifs, but one face has three ring-and-dot, the other two, the third perforation being undecorated. No. 543 (RF 7256; Type 713) may have been discarded before being finished; it is the only one of all the surviving Type 7 pins to be undecorated. Finally, the irregular head shape and faceting of no. 243 (RF 7517; Type 110) suggest that this pin may also have been discarded unfinished. Nonetheless, all three of these pins, imperfect as they were, could have been used, as could the pins with poor finishing, such as those with tool-marks; without moulds and other tools used in the manufacture of non-ferrous pins, it is impossible to prove manufacture on the site. The small range of types, and the predominance of just three types (Types 1–3) which make up over 60% of all the typed pins, and which appear on numerous sites across the country in the Middle Saxon period, also argue for production elsewhere.

Chronological distribution of the non-ferrous pins

Three pin types (Types 1–3) together represent approximately 62% of all the typed pins recovered (see FIG. 1.13 above) and as three of the four most frequently found types at Flixborough, they reflect a pattern seen at many other sites of the Anglo-Saxon period across the country: at Middle Saxon Hamwic, these types dominated the large assemblage of pins (Hinton 1996, 35), and at both Anglian Fishergate and Anglo-Scandinavian Coppergate in York they formed approximately 50% of all the non-ferrous pins (Rogers 1993a, 1361–7; Mainman and Rogers 2000, 2582). At smaller sites, they have also been frequently recovered; at South Newbald, Leahy noted that 72 of the 81 non-ferrous pins (c.88%) were of these types (Leahy 2000, 79), and at Cottam, they represented almost 65% of the pins (ibid.). Indeed, Hinton suggests that the ubiquity of these pin types “is an argument for a considerable degree of uniformity of material culture in mid-Saxon England” (Hinton 1996, 36). As FIG. 1.21 (below) shows, however, at Flixborough, they were not the most frequently found types in the Middle Saxon period; Type 5 was the most frequently recovered type in Periods 1–4 (7th to mid 9th centuries), representing almost one-quarter of all the pins found in those phases. By contrast, Types 1 and 3 represent a higher percentage of the pin types found during Periods 5–6 (late 9th–11th centuries), while Type 5 decreased as a percentage of the pins recovered, and formed a very small percentage of the pins assemblage of Period 7 and the unstratified pins. It appears that Type 5 was one of the main Middle Saxon types used at Flixborough, its use decreasing in Periods 5–6, as Types 1 and 3 in particular are more commonly found.

Circumspection must be maintained, however, in any interpretation of the chronological spread of the non-ferrous pins at Flixborough; analysis of the chronological distribution of some of the well-known and apparently most securely dated types, such as both types of linked pins, indicated that every one of the dozen identified must have been recovered residually (see above). This also appeared to be the case with the zoomorphic-headed pins and the other elaborately decorated pins (see above). The large percentage of unstratified pins and those from topsoil (approx. 25%) must also affect the accuracy of any distributional analysis. Finally, it must be noted that none of the pins found in Period 5 onwards, that is the Later Saxon period, is of a type not found earlier, and no pins of a known Late Saxon type, such as those with the flat lozenge-shaped heads with knops as found in York (Rogers 1993a, 1363–4, 5370–1), were recovered. If it was accepted that all the pin types are indeed Middle Saxon, then the overall percentage of pins found residually could be as high as 57%. This must lead to great caution in any interpretation of the pattern of distribution amongst the other, apparently well stratified, pins.

FIG. 1.21. Non-ferrous pin types 1–5 by period.

Amongst the iron pins, the percentage which is from topsoil or unstratified (45.6%) is almost twice as high as that for the non-ferrous metal pins (c.25%). It is interesting to note that the iron pin types 1–3 produce a similar chronological distribution to that of their non-ferrous counterparts, that is occurring more frequently in the later phases, although all types occur more commonly in Periods 5–6 than in earlier levels (see FIG. 1.16).

Pins as evidence of high status

As noted above, twenty silver pins were found, of which ten were gilded; eleven copper alloy pins were also gilded, the majority gilded on the head only. The gilt pins thus form approximately 5% of the whole non-ferrous pin assemblage, and imply a certain amount of high status living and wealth amongst the occupants. One silver-gilt pin (no. 665; RF 1127) comes from a Phase 1b–2 (mid-7th–early 8th century) occupation deposit, with which it is likely to be contemporary. All the other pins found in pre-Period 5 deposits derive from Phase 4ii ditch fills or dumps known to have contained considerable amounts of other high quality residual material, including metalwork. The highly decorative pins, including a linked pin, all came from deposits dated to Phase 5b (late 9th–early 10th century) or later, although, as the previous discussion makes clear, all are likely to date to the 8th century (see above), so all must be residual.

Conclusions

The pin assemblage from Flixborough has produced some important new information about Middle Saxon dress pins. First of all, certain pin types previously found rarely, and often overlooked in previous studies, have been found in considerable numbers; in particular, iron pins (previously found singly or in very small numbers), which make up approximately 20% of the whole pins assemblage, and amongst the non-ferrous pins, the headless type (Type 5), which has been shown to be the most frequently found type in the Middle Saxon period at the site, despite again being rarely identified elsewhere. In both these instances, it is likely that the absence of these types elsewhere is more apparent than real; Ross noted in 1991 that iron pins were probably far more widely employed than recovered material suggests, their absence from the archaeological record being the result of the poor survival of the material in the ground (Ross 1991, 15). While headless pins have occasionally been identified elsewhere (e.g. Rogers 1993a), it seems very probable that, in the past, they have often been speedily added to the broken pins groupings; even in the 1990s study of non-ferrous material from Hamwic, no attempt was made to distinguish between ‘shafts that lack heads, and deliberately headless pins’ (Hinton 1996, 35). Analysis of the upper ends of the headless pin shanks has so far produced equivocal results, unable to distinguish between the presence of solder, and preferential corrosion (see above), and more work needs to be done, particularly on other headless pin assemblages, to identify what type of heads these pins would have had. The glass-headed pin (no. 563; RF 3481) shows that glass was certainly one type of material used, but it is possible that other materials may also have been employed.

Intimations of wealth and high status of a proportion of the population at the site, during the 8th century in particular, are afforded by the highly decorated large headed pins, and the use of silver and of gilding for a small number of pins. These add to the picture already provided by some of the other quality metalwork associated with dress, including brooches and jewellery; much of this metalwork, as with the pins, appears to have been retrieved from mainly residual contexts. But the majority of the non-ferrous pins fit into the most typical pin types of the Middle Saxon period, seen across the country on contemporary sites from Yorkshire to East Anglia to Hampshire; only two types occurring in small numbers at Flixborough (Type 6 Disc-headed; Type 8 Inverted conical-headed) can be said to be particular to the north of England.

Evidence for the use of pins in the Late Saxon period is confusing; virtually all the pin types found at Flixborough occur in Middle Saxon as well as later deposits, but most occur in higher numbers in Periods 5–6 and later. Ross has noted, however, that excavations at Late Saxon cities such as London, Ipswich and Winchester have produced very few pins, leading him to suggest that this form of dress fastening was much less commonly used in the later Saxon period (Ross 1991, 455). Flixborough’s lack of any of the limited number of later pin types, such as the lozenge-shaped head with knops found in London (Pritchard 1991, 150), and 11th-century levels in York (Mainman and Rogers 2000, 2580, 10473), as well as significant amounts of well-dated pins being found residually, do point to the likelihood that the bulk of the Flixborough non-ferrous pins originated in the Middle Saxon period. Amongst the iron pins, most parallels also appear to be mainly Middle Saxon; it is really only amongst the small assemblage of bone pins, particularly those of Type BON1, that use in Periods 5–6 is a strong possibility.

FIG. 1.22. Silver and gilt pins by period.

Appendix 1 Non-ferrous pin types – coding

Type 1 Globular head
100	No collar, shank form unknown, no decoration on head
101	No collar, shank section unvaried, no decoration on head
102	No collar, shank swollen, no decoration on head
103	No collar, shank hipped/square at tip, no decoration on head
110	Collar, shank form unknown, no decoration on head
111	Collar, shank section unvaried, no decoration on head
112	Collar, shank swollen, no decoration on head
113	Collar, shank hipped/square at tip, no decoration on head
120	No collar, shank form unknown, decoration on head
121	No collar, shank section unvaried, decoration on head
122	No collar, shank swollen, decoration on head
123	No collar, shank hipped/square at tip, decoration on head
130	Collar, shank form unknown, decoration on head
131	Collar, shank section unvaried, decoration on head
132	Collar, shank swollen, decoration on head
133	Collar, shank hipped/square at tip, decoration on head

Type 2 Faceted (polyhedral) head
200	Polyhedral head, no collar, shank form unknown, no decoration on head
201	Polyhedral head, no collar, shank section unvaried, no decoration on head
202	Polyhedral head, no collar, shank swollen, no decoration on head
203	Polyhedral head, no collar, shank hipped/square at tip, no decoration on head
210	Polyhedral head, collar, shank form unknown, no decoration on head
211	Polyhedral head, collar, shank section unvaried, no decoration on head
212	Polyhedral head, collar, shank swollen, no decoration on head
213	Polyhedral head, collar, shank hipped/square at tip, no decoration on head
220	Polyhedral head, no collar, shank form unknown, decoration on head
221	Polyhedral head, no collar, shank section unvaried, decoration on head
222	Polyhedral head, no collar, shank swollen, decoration on head
223	Polyhedral head, no collar, shank hipped/square at tip, decoration on head
230	Polyhedral head, collar, shank form unknown, decoration on head
231	Polyhedral head, collar, shank section unvaried, decoration on head
232	Polyhedral head, collar, shank swollen, decoration on head
233	Polyhedral head, collar, shank hipped/square at tip, decoration on head

Type 3 Biconical head
300	Biconical head, conical top, no medial band, no collar, shank form unknown
301	Biconical head, conical top, no medial band, no collar, shank form unknown
302	Biconical head, conical top, no medial band, no collar, shank swollen
303	Biconical head, conical top, no medial band, no collar, shank hipped/square at tip
310	Biconical head, conical top, no medial band, collar, shank form unknown
311	Biconical head, conical top, no medial band, collar, shank section unvaried
312	Biconical head, conical top, no medial band, collar, shank swollen
313	Biconical head, conical top, no medial band, collar, shank hipped/square at tip
320	Biconical head, conical top, medial band, no collar, shank form unknown
321	Biconical head, conical top, medial band, no collar, shank section unvaried
322	Biconical head, conical top, medial band, no collar, shank swollen
323	Biconical head, conical top, medial band, no collar, shank hipped/square at tip
330	Biconical head, conical top, medial band, collar, shank form unknown
331	Biconical head, conical top, medial band, collar, shank section unvaried
332	Biconical head, conical top, medial band, collar, shank swollen
333	Biconical head, conical top, medial band, collar, shank hipped/square at tip
340	Biconical head, flat head, no medial band, no collar, shank form unknown
341	Biconical head, flat head, no medial band, no collar, shank section unvaried
342	Biconical head, flat head, no medial band, no collar, shank swollen
343	Biconical head, flat head, no medial band, no collar, shank hipped/square at tip
350	Biconical head, flat head, no medial band, collar, shank form unknown
351	Biconical head, flat head, no medial band, collar, shank section unvaried
352	Biconical head, flat head, no medial band, collar, shank swollen
353	Biconical head, flat head, no medial band, collar, shank hipped/square at tip
360	Biconical head, flat head, medial band, no collar, shank form unknown
361	Biconical head, flat head, medial band, no collar, shank section unvaried
362	Biconical head, flat head, medial band, no collar, shank swollen
363	Biconical head, flat head, medial band, no collar, shank hipped/square at tip
370	Biconical head, flat head, medial band, collar, shank form unknown
371	Biconical head, flat head, medial band, collar, shank section unvaried
372	Biconical head, flat head, medial band, collar, shank swollen
373	Biconical head, flat head, medial band, collar, shank hipped/square at tip

Type 4 Spiral-headed
400	Spiral-headed, shank form unknown, no decoration
401	Spiral-headed, shank section unvaried, no decoration
402	Spiral-headed, shank swollen, no decoration
403	Spiral-headed, shank hipped/square at tip, no decoration
410	Spiral-headed, shank form unknown, decoration
411	Spiral-headed, shank section unvaried, decoration
412	Spiral-headed, shank swollen, decoration
413	Spiral-headed, shank hipped/square at tip, decoration

Type 5 Headless
500	Headless, shank form unknown, no grooves
501	Headless, shank section unvaried, no grooves
502	Headless, shank swollen, no grooves
503	Headless, shank hipped/square at tip, no grooves
510	Headless, shank form unknown, grooves
511	Headless, shank section unvaried, grooves
512	Headless, shank swollen, grooves
513	Headless, shank hipped/square at tip, grooves

Type 6 Disc-headed
600	Disc-headed, no collar, shank form unknown, decoration
601	Disc-headed, no collar, shank section unvaried, decoration
602	Disc-headed, no collar, shank swollen, decoration
603	Disc-headed, no collar, shank hipped/square at tip, decoration

Type 7 Triangular/trapezoidal-headed
700	Flat triangular/trapezoidal head, shank form unknown
701	Flat, triangular/trapezoidal head, shank section unvaried
702	Flat triangular/trapezoidal head, shank swollen
703	Flat triangular/trapezoidal head, shank hipped/square at tip

Type 8 Inverted conical
800	Inverted conical head, no collar, shank form unknown, no decoration on head
801	Inverted conical head, no collar, shank section unvaried, no decoration on head
802	Inverted conical head, no collar, shank swollen, no decoration on head
803	Inverted conical head, no collar, shank hipped/square at tip, no decoration on head
810	Inverted conical head, collar, shank form unknown, no decoration on head
811	Inverted conical head, collar, shank section unvaried, no decoration on head
812	Inverted conical head, collar, shank swollen, no decoration on head
813	Inverted conical head, collar, shank hipped/square at tip, no decoration on head
820	Inverted conical head, no collar, shank form unknown, decoration on head
821	Inverted conical head, no collar, shank section unvaried, decoration on head
822	Inverted conical head, no collar, shank swollen, decoration on head
823	Inverted conical head, no collar, shank hipped/square at tip, decoration on head
830	Inverted conical head, collar, shank form unknown, decoration on head
831	Inverted conical head, collar, shank section unvaried, decoration on head
832	Inverted conical head, collar, shank swollen, decoration on head
833	Inverted conical head, collar, shank hipped/square at tip, decoration on head

Type 9 Faceted dome headed
900	Faceted dome-shaped head, no collar, shank form unknown
901	Faceted dome-shaped head, no collar, shank section unvaried
902	Faceted dome-shaped head, shank swollen
903	Faceted dome-shaped head, shank hipped/square at tip

Shanks

Type 090 – shank form unknown

Type 090 – shank section unvaried

Type 092 – shank swollen

Type 093 – shank hipped/square at tip

Appendix 2 Ferrous pin types – coding
Type FE01 – lead heads
FE010	Lead head, shank form unknown
FE011	Lead head, shank section unvaried
FE013	Lead head, shank of square section
Type FE1 – globular heads
FE100	Globular head, no collar, shank form unknown
FE101	Globular head, no collar, shank section unvaried
FE103	Globular head, no collar, shank of square section
FE110	Globular head, collar, shank form unknown
FE111	Globular head, collar, shank section unvaried
FE113	Globular head, collar, shank of square section
FE120	Globular head, no collar, shank form unknown, decoration on head
FE121	Globular head, no collar, shank section unvaried, decoration on head
FE123	Globular head, no collar, shank of square section, decoration on head

Type FE2 – polyhedral heads
FE200	Polyhedral head, no collar, shank form unknown
FE201	Polyhedral head, no collar, shank section unvaried
FE203	Polyhedral head, no collar, shank of square section
FE210	Polyhedral head, collar, shank form unknown
FE211	Polyhedral head, collar, shank section unvaried
FE213	Polyhedral head, collar, shank of square section
FE220	Polyhedral head, no collar, shank form unknown, decoration on head
FE221	Polyhedral head, no collar, shank section unvaried, decoration on head
FE223	Polyhedral head, no collar, shank of square section, decoration on head
FE230	Polyhedral head, collar, shank form unknown, decoration on head
FE231	Polyhedral head, collar, shank section unvaried, decoration on head
FE233	Polyhedral head, collar, shank of square section, decoration on head

Type FE3 – Biconical heads
FE300	Biconical head, conical top, no collar, shank form unknown
FE301	Biconical head, conical top, no collar, shank section unvaried
FE303	Biconical head, conical top, no collar, shank of square section
FE310	Biconical head, conical top, collar, shank form unknown
FE311	Biconical head, conical top, collar, shank section unvaried
FE313	Biconical head, conical top, collar, shank of square section
Type FE8 – Inverted conical head
FE800	Inverted conical head, no collar, shank form unknown
FE801	Inverted conical head, no collar, shank section unvaried
FE803	Inverted conical head, no collar, shank of square section
FE810	Inverted conical head, collar, shank form unknown
FE811	Inverted conical head, collar, shank section unvaried
FE813	Inverted conical head, collar, shank of square section
Type FE09 – shanks
FE090	Shank form unknown
FE091	Shank section unvaried
FE093	Shank of square section
Type 000 – Miscellaneous pins

Appendix 3 Investigative conservation of the pins

by Ian Panter

The copper alloy pins

A detailed study of a sample of the copper alloy pins (180 out of 445) revealed the presence of enigmatic marks within the patinated surface. These consist of a series of “ladder”-like marks running along the shanks. Two broad groups have been identified: the first comprised of sets of fine lines running parallel to the shank with a series of feint grooves at right-angles within these lines, and the second group is much coarser, with usually a series of deeper lines/grooves at right angles to the shank, but without the parallel lines. Furthermore, similar features were observed on a number of other objects, in particular a silver stylus (no. 1006; RF 6143), illustrated in PL. 1.10. A clear example of the coarser type of mark is seen on the pin of brooch no. 15 (RF 11043) which is illustrated in PL. 1.11.

What these marks represent is still open to debate. Given that the majority of pins examined had very little surface corrosion and required only the removal of surface sand with a soft brush, then the marks must relate to some stage of the fabrication process, rather than the effects of conservation. The marks were observed on pins with both straight and hipped shanks, as well as those which had either been cast or pulled through a draw-plate. The most plausible explanation to date is that the pin had been cramped in either a vice-like device, or held tight by some form of tongs whilst being worked during the final stages of manufacture, for example, removal of casting flash lines or creating faceting and other decoration on pin heads, using a file. Until practical experiments are undertaken attempting to replicate these marks, their precise function must remain unknown.

Evidence preserved within the patinas suggests that tools such as an awl or drill, a scriber and a draw-plate were employed either to produce that actual pin, or to add decoration. When a metal rod is pulled through a draw-plate, characteristic striations running along its length remain within the surface. Similar features were observed in a few pins, for example cat.no. 522 (RF 632) which is illustrated in PL. 1.12.

Many of the heads have been decorated, either by use of files to create facets (see pin head no. 417; RF 2643; PL. 1.13), or by more specialist tools such as a “scriber”, which is used to fashion the typical ring-and-dot design. The concentric cuts made by such a tool are still visible within the ring scribed onto the top of the cuboid pin head (no. 336; RF 711), shown in PL. 1.14, for example. The use of a drill or awl will also leave characteristic striations, and such a tool was used making the design on pin head no. 535 (RF 7106; PL. 1.15).

The evidence to suggest that pins were being made on site is rather ambiguous. Only one example of an unfinished pin was recorded (no. 527, RF 2838; PLS 1.16 and 1.17). Here, one side of the flattened head has three inscribed ring and dots, whist the other side has only two, suggesting that the head was not completed. This alone does not imply that it was made at Flixborough. The rough appearance of many of the pins, with tool-marks clearly visible, may imply that a certain amount of fine polishing was required before the article could be considered complete. Or was it the fashion to wear such items that appear crude to the naked eye? The finding of such items as an iron file (no. 3092; FIG. 10.1), still with copper traces within its teeth, certainly indicates some form of metal-working, but not necessarily on a large scale. Without the presence of moulds and draw-plates, it is impossible to state with certainty that Flixborough was a centre of pin production.

Further Analysis of pins using XRF

To complete the programme of investigative conservation, a small number of artefacts were analysed by energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence, using the M/C EDAX Eagle 2 system at the Centre for Archaeology, English Heritage, Portsmouth.

X-ray fluorescence is a standard investigative technique, but will only analyse the surface of an artefact and therefore must be considered as a qualitative technique, rather than a quantitative one. Nevertheless, the technique is useful in that it provides a rapid identification of a material.

Copper alloy pins with traces of ?solder

Traces of white metal or deposit were observed on a number of headless copper alloy pins (nos 469, 471, 478, 490, 506, 513 and 516). In an attempt to confirm the presence of solder, an area of the pin shank and the head was analysed using EDXRF, looking for the presence of tin and lead, working on the assumption that the solder would be a tin/lead alloy. In almost all cases, the base alloy was a tertiary one, being composed of copper, tin and lead. As the proportions for tin and lead were very similar along the shank and the head, it was impossible to prove by XRF that solder was present. The one exception is pin no. 516 (RF 2311), where there was a higher proportion of tin around the head region compared to the shank, and a corresponding lower copper concentration. But whether this indicates the presence of solder is still unclear. The affect may be the result of preferential corrosion.

Copper alloy pins with ?glass heads

It was not possible to use XRF for the analysis of pins nos 490 and 564 (RFs 3293 and 613).

Iron pins with lead heads

No.	691 (RF 9891) – a high proportion of tin was identified, and traces of lead.
No.	692 (RF 11308) – a high proportion of lead and lower amounts of tin.

There are two possibilities – either a pinhead of another material has been soldered onto the iron shank using a lead/tin solder, or that pin no. 691 had a tin head, whilst no. 692 had a lead one. It is more likely that the residues are traces of solder, rather than that the actual pinhead remains.

Catalogue of the copper alloy pins (FIGS 1.23–1.27; PLS 1.6–1.9)

NB All shanks are of circular section unless otherwise stated

Type 1 pins – globular heads (FIG. 1.23)

TYPE 100 GLOBULAR HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN

233	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken away, globular head 100 L.38.5 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 12416, Context 10772, Phase 2–4ii.
234	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, globular head 100 L.39.5 Head D.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 5994, Context 5930, Phase 6i.
235	Incomplete, end of shank broken off, irregularly globular head 100 L.32 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 943, Unstratified.
TYPE 101 GLOBULAR HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED
236	Complete apart from shank tip, globular head, shank section unvaried 101 L.56.5 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 10948, Context 10772, Phase 2–4ii.
237	Complete, globular head, shank section unvaried 101 L.47 Head D.3 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 1124, Context 968, Phase 3bi–3bv.
238	Complete apart from extreme tip, small globular head, grooves on shank just below head, shank section unvaried 101a L.49 Head D.3.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 5353, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
TYPE 102 GLOBULAR HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN (FIG. 1.23)
239	Complete but with concretion making identification uncertain, globular head, shank swelling towards tip 102 L.64 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 8817, Context 8787, Phase 4ii.
240	Complete, sub-globular head, shank swollen towards tip 102 L.57 Head D.4 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 6328, Context 5930, Phase 6i.
241	Complete, flattened globular head, shank swollen towards tip 102 L.49 Head D.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 3822, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
TYPE 110 GLOBULAR HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN (FIG. 1.23)
242	Incomplete, part of shank broken away, globular head, ring collar 110 L.26.5 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 3407, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
243	Incomplete, most of shank broken off, irregularly globular head shaped by faceting, collar 110 L.40 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 7517, Context 7506, Phase 6i.
244	Incomplete, lower end of shank broken off, globular head, ring collar. Analysis: Cu/Pb/Sn detected, high lead content may account for white deposit – lead corrosion products. 110 L.26.5 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 7228, Context 7152, Phase 6i–6ii.
245	Incomplete, globular head, double ring collar, shank broken off 110 L.24.5 Head D.4.5 Shank Section D.2mm RF 235, Context 1, Topsoil.
246	Incomplete, globular head, ring collar, part of shank broken away 110 L.32 Head D.7 shank section D.2.5mm RF 328, Context 1, Topsoil.
247	Incomplete, part of shank broken away, globular head, ring collar 110 L.29 Head D.8 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 3408, Unstratified.
248	Incomplete, most of shank broken away, globular head, ring collar 110 L.17 Head D.8 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 12808, Unstratified.
249	Incomplete, most of shank broken off, globular head, ring collar 110 L.26 Head D.6 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 13467, Unstratified.

FIG. 1.23. Copper alloy pins of Type 1. Scale 1:1.

TYPE 111 GLOBULAR HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED (FIG. 1.23)
250	Complete, globular head, irregular ring collar, shank section unvaried 111 L.42 Head D.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 2839, Context 4, Phase 0.
251	Complete, globular head shaped by faceting, ring collar, shank section unvaried 111 L.61 Head D.5.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 3447, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
252	Complete, globular head, gilt, ring collar, shank section unvaried. Analysis: XRF – brass, with mercury-gilded head. 111 L.43 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 7244, Unstratified.
253	Complete, sub-globular head, ring collar, shank section unvaried 111 L.63 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 12456, Unstratified.
254	(described from illustration only) Complete, globular head, ring collar, shank section unvaried, whole gilded. Analysis: XRF – main alloy is bronze with added lead, and a trace of silver. The pin has been mercury-gilded. 111 L.36 Head D.4 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 14132, Unstratified.
TYPE 112 GLOBULAR HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN (FIG. 1.23)
255	Complete, globular, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 112 L.67 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 4257, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
256	Complete, globular head, double ring collar, shank slightly swollen towards tip 112 L.29 Head D.3 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 6117, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
257	Complete apart from extreme tip, globular head with flat top, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 112 L.52.5 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 3133, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
258	Complete, globular head, irregular collar, shank slightly swollen towards tip 112 L.55.5 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 6012, Context 5140, Phase 5a.
259	Complete, globular head, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 112 L.52 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 2694, Context 2611, Phase 5a.
260	Complete, globular head, ring collar, shank slightly swollen towards tip at point where there are two incised grooves 112 L.66.5 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 3268, Context 2718, Phase 5a–6ii.
261	Complete, globular head, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 112 L.75 Head D.6 Shank section D.3mm RF 2436, Context 1728, Phase 5b.
262	Complete, globular head, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip which has leather attached 112 L.53.5 Head D.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 5781, Context 5553, Phase 5b.
263	Complete, globular head, double ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 112 L.75 Head D.4 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 1986, Context 1672, Phase 5b–6i.
264	Complete apart from extreme tip, globular head, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 112 L.38.5 Head D.4 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 4247, Context 4044, Phase 6ii.
265	Complete, globular head, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 112 L.67 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 4229, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
266	Complete, globular head, ring collar, shank slightly swollen towards tip 112 L.69 Head D.8 Shank section D. 2mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 4875, Context 3610, Phase 6ii.
267	Complete apart from extreme tip, sub-globular head, double ring collar, shank slightly swollen towards tip 112 L.47 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 4174, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
268	Complete, globular head, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 112 L.59.5 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 4275, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
269	Complete, globular head, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 112 L.53.5 Head D.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 4488, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
270	Complete, sub-globular head, ring collar, shank slightly swollen 112 L.52.5 Head D.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 476, Context 458, Topsoil.
271	Complete apart from extreme tip of shank, globular head, ring collar, shank slightly swollen towards tip 112 L.54 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 11941, Unstratified.
272	Complete, globular head, irregular ring collar, very slight swelling of shank towards tip 112 L.53 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 2599, Unstratified.
273	Complete, irregular globular head, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 112 L.41.5 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 838, Unstratified.
274	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken away, globular head, ring collar, slight swelling on shank close to break 112 L.36 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 50012, Unstratified.
TYPE 113 GLOBULAR HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK HIPP ED/SQUARE AT TIP (FIG. 1.23)
275	Complete, globular head, double ring collar, shank hipped slightly towards tip 113 L.68 Head D.7 Shank section D.2mm RF 5185, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
276	Complete, globular head, shaped by faceting, flat top, triple collar, shank hipped below four incised grooves 113 L.82 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 3646, Context 3610, Phase 6ii.
277	Complete, globular head, ring collar, lowest third of shank hipped, paired with RF 3722 113 L.70 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 3721, Context 3610, Phase 6ii.
278	Complete, globular head, ring collar, lowest third of shank hipped, paired with RF 3721 113 L.71 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 3722, Context 3610, Phase 6ii.
279	Complete, globular head, ring collar, lower end of shank hipped 113 L.60.5 Head D.8 Shank section D.2mm RF 3230, Context 3242, Phase 6iii.
280	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken away just below point where shank changes to square section, globular head, faceted, ring collar 113 L.59.5 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 4389, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
281	Complete, globular head flat-topped, ring collar, hipped shank 113 L.73 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 329, Context 1, Topsoil.
282	Complete, globular head, top flattened, sides faceted, ring collar, shank changes to square section just below three incised grooves 113 L.61.5 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 12454, Unstratified.
TYPE 120 GLOBULAR HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN, DECORATION ON HEAD
283	Incomplete, part of shank broken off, globular head with wrythen decoration 120 L.20 Head D.4 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 5680, Context 5139, Phase 5a.
TYPE 121 GLOBULAR HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED, DECORATION ON HEAD
284	Complete, globular head, wrythen decoration, groove below head, shank section unvaried 121 L.60.5 Head D.5.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 3875, Context 3322, Phase 1b–2.
285	Complete, globular head with ring-and-dot decoration, shank section unvaried 121 L.61 Head D.5.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 11213, Unstratified.
TYPE 122 GLOBULAR HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN, DECORATION ON HEAD (FIG. 1.23)
286	Complete, globular head with wrythen decoration, shank swollen towards tip 122 L.50.5 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 12424, Context 10772, Phase 2–4ii.
287	Complete, globular head with wrythen decoration, shank swollen towards tip 122 L.61 Head D.5.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 1734, Context 1439, Phase 6iii.
TYPE 123 GLOBULAR HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK HIPP ED/SQUARE AT TIP, DECORATION ON HEAD (FIG. 1.23)
288	Complete, flattened globular head, wrythen decoration, shank section changes to square towards tip 123 L.67 Head D.9 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 6856, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
289	Complete, sub-globular head with wrythen decoration, shank hipped towards tip, lower part of shank bent up 123 L.61 Head D.9 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 11969, Unstratified.
TYPE 130 GLOBULAR HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN, DECORATION ON HEAD
290	Incomplete, lower end of shank broken off, globular head with wrythen decoration, irregular collar, 130 L.46 Head D.5 shank section D.2mm RF 6031, Context 5885, Phase 5a.
291	Incomplete, most of shank broken away, sub-globular head, top flat, decorated with stamped ring-and-dot, ring collar 130 L.29.5 Head D.10 Shank section D.2mm RF 4258, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
292	Incomplete, end of shank broken off, globular head with wrythen decoration, ring collar 130 L.34.5 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 844, Unstratified.
293	Incomplete, part of shank broken off, globular head with wrythen decoration, gilded, ring collar. Analysis: bronze pin, head mercury gilded 130 L.26 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 11942, Unstratified.
TYPE 131 GLOBULAR HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED, DECORATION ON HEAD (FIG. 1.23)
294	Complete apart from extreme tip which has broken off, globular head, wrythen decoration, ring-and-dot on top, ring collar, shank section unvaried 131 L.96 Head D.10 Shank section D.3mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 6838, Context 6803, Phase 5b–6i.
295	Complete, sub-globular head, top flattened, top and sides decorated with stamped ring-and-dot, ring collar, shank section unvaried with two incised lines towards tip 131 L.64.5 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 2616, Context 2488, Phase 5b–6ii.
296	Complete, globular head decorated with stamped ring-and-dot motifs, ring collar, shank section unvaried 131 L.59 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 12459, Unstratified.
TYPE 132 GLOBULAR HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN, DECORATION ON HEAD (FIG. 1.23)
297	Complete apart from extreme tip, globular head, with wrythen decoration, ring collar, slight swelling on shank towards tip 132 L.50 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 4390, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
298	Complete, globular head, upper half with wrythen decoration, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 132 L.41 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 2712, Context 2668, Phase 5a–5b.
299	Complete, large, globular head, top flat with incised saltire, with wrythen decoration, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 132 L.102 Head D.10 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 2194, Context 2023, Phase 6iii.
300	Complete apart from extreme tip of shank, large globular head with flat top, decorated with ring-and-dot motifs all round, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 132 L.86 Head D.10.5 Shank section D.3mm. (FIG. 1.23) RF 1580, Unstratified.
Type 2 pins – polyhedral heads (FIG. 1.24)
TYPE 200 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN
301	Incomplete, most of shank broken away, small polyhedral head, of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets 200 L.24.5 Head L.3.5 W.3 Shank section D.2mm RF 11927, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
302	Incomplete, part of shank broken off, polyhedral head, of squarish section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets 200 L.33 Head L.4.5 W.3 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 5711, Context 5139, Phase 5a.
303	Incomplete, shank broken off, head distorted and corroded but appears polyhedral and faceted 200 L.17.5 Head W.10 Shank section 3mm RF 7968, Unstratified.
TYPE 201 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED
304	Complete, polyhedral head, of square section, irregular lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, shank section unvaried 201 L.44.5 Head L.5 W.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 5735, Context 5373, Phase 5a–5b.
TYPE 202 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN
305	Complete, polyhedral head, of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, slight swelling on shank towards tip 202 L.57 Head L.5.5 W.3.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 11992, Unstratified.
TYPE 210 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN
306	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, ring collar 210 L.34 Head L.6 W.6.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 12462, Unstratified.
TYPE 211 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED (FIG. 1.24)
307	Complete, polyhedral head, of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, ring collar, shank section unvaried 211 L.59 Head L.5.5 W.5 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 3037, Context 2860, Phase 2i–4ii.
308	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, ring collar, shank section unvaried 211 L.57 Head L.4 W.3 Shank section D.2mm RF 2078, Context 2015, Phase 6iii.
TYPE 212 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN
309	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, triple ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 212 L.59 Head L.3.5 W.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 5451, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
310	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 212 L.52 Head L.5 W.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 11833, Context 8652, Phase 5b.
311	Complete, polyhedral head, of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 212 L.57 Head L.5 W.4 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 6837, Context 6798, Phase 6i.
312	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on sides and top, triangular corner facets, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 212 L.54 Head L.4 W.3.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 6911, Context 6907, Phase 6i.
313	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on sides and top, double ring collar, shank swelling towards tip 212 L.52.5 Head L.3.5 W.3 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 6975, Context 5988, Phase 6i.
314	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, ring collar, shank swollen towards break 212 L.48 Head L.6 W.4 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 50018, Unstratified.
315	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, double ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 212 L.55 Head L.4 W.3.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 12760, Unstratified.
TYPE 220 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN, DECORATION ON HEAD (FIG. 1.24)
316	Incomplete, part of shank broken away, baluster-shaped head, top square, lozenge-shaped side facets each with dot 220 L.33.5 Head L.7.5 W.2 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 4207, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
TYPE 221 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED, DECORATION ON HEAD (FIG. 1.24)
317	Complete apart from shank tip, small, polyhedral head, of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, sides decorated with ring-and-dot, shank section unvaried 221 L.37 Head L.5 W.4 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 10947, Context 10772, Phase 2–4ii.
318	Complete apart from shank tip which has broken off, polyhedral head, of sub-square section, lozenge-shaped facets on sides and top, sides decorated with ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, shank section unvaried 221 L.56 Head L.7.5 W.7.5 Th.6.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 3473, Context 3349, Phase 3bi–3bv.
319	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, sides decorated with ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, deep groove below head, shank section unvaried 221 L.66.5 Head L.5.5 W.4 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 3406, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
320	Complete apart from extreme tip, polyhedral head of square section, top and sides lozenge-shaped, each side with stamped dot, triangular corner facets, shank section unvaried 221 L.52 Head L.4 W.4 Shank section D.3mm RF 5459, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
321	Complete, polyhedral head, of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, sides decorated with ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, shank section unvaried 221 L.58.5 Head L.6 W.5.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 8464, Context 8189, Phase 5b.
322	Complete, polyhedral head, of squarish section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, side facets decorated with ring-and-dot, corner triangular facets, shank section unvaried 221 L.67.5 Head L.8.5 W.6.5 Th.6 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 1376, Context 1307, Phase 6iii.
323	Complete apart from extreme tip, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on head and sides, side facets decorated with ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, shank section unvaried 221 L.55 Head L.7.5 W.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 1630, Context 1454, Phase 6iii.
324	Complete, small polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, sides decorated with ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, shank section unvaried 221 L.58 Head L.5.5 W.3 Shank section D.2mm RF 1641, Context 1456, Phase 6iii.
325	Complete, polyhedral head, of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, sides decorated with ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets some with file marks, shank section unvaried 221 L.57 Head L.4.5 W.3.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 3505, Context 3451, Phase 6iii.

FIG. 1.24. Copper alloy pins of Type 2. Scale 1:1.

TYPE 222 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN, DECORATION ON HEAD (FIG. 1.24)
326	Complete, polyhedral head, of square section, trapezoidal sides, top decorated with irregular incised cross-hatching, sides with pairs of ring-and-dot, shank swollen towards tip 222 L.58.5 Head L.7.5 W.4 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 2878, Context 2861, Phase 2i–4ii.
327	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, top with decorative grooves, sides sub-rectangular, each side decorated with two rings-and-dots, shank slightly swollen towards tip 222 L.59 Head L.7 W.3 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 5457, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
328	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, sides decorated with ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, shank swollen towards tip 222 L.62.5 Head L.5 W.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 7684, Context 7551, Phase 5a–5b.
329	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, irregular lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, sides decorated with ring-and-dot, shank swollen towards tip 222 L.63 Head L.5.5 W.3.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 11021, Context 6472, Phase 5b–6i.
330	Complete with narrow polyhedral head, of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on sides and top, sides decorated with dots, triangular corner facets, shank swollen towards tip 222 L.73 Head L.7 W.3.5 Th.3.5 Shank section D.3mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 1967, Context 1812, Phase 6iii.
331	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on sides and top, triangular corner facets, every facet decorated with punched dot, swollen shank 222 L.71 Head L.8, W.5 Shank section D.3mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 35, Context 1, Topsoil.
332	Complete, polyhedral head, of square section, octagonal facet on top, sub-lozenge shaped facets on sides, all decorated with ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, shank slightly swollen towards tip 222 L.64.5 Head L.8 W.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 11968, Unstratified.
333	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, top and sides with ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, shank swells towards tip 222 L.66 Head L.9 W.5.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 8572, Unstratified.
TYPE 223 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK HIPP ED/SQUARE AT TIP, DECORATION ON HEAD
334	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, top and side facets unclear but appear hexagonal, each side with single ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, shank section changes to square towards tip 223 L.58 Head L.5 W.4 Shank section D.2mm RF7 398, Unstratified.
TYPE 231 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED, DECORATION ON HEAD (FIG. 1.24)
335	Complete, polyhedral head, of square section, trapezoidal sides each decorated with pair of ring-and-dot, ring collar, shank section unvaried 231 L.52.5 Head L.4.5 W.3 Shank section D.2mm RF 3628, Context 3346, Period 2.
336	Complete apart from extreme tip, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, side facets decorated with single ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, ring collar, shank section unvaried with eight incised grooves towards tip 231 L.57 Head L.7 W.7 Th.5.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 711, Context 750, Phase 2–3a.
337	Incomplete, in two fragments and very corroded, polyhedral head, of square section, top broken away, sides appear trapezoidal but obscured, stamped ring-and-dot on each side, possible collar, shank section unvaried 231 L.56.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 5975, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
338	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, sides sub-rectangular and each decorated with pair of ring-and-dot, top square with two shallow grooves, collar, shank section unvaried 231 L.56.5 Head L.7.5, W.4 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 2364, Context 1728, Phase 5b.
339	Complete, polyhedral head of rectangular section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, each side decorated with single ring-and-dot, irregular collar, shank section unvaried 231 L.68.5 Head L.9 W.7 Shank section D.2mm RF 7131, Context 7054, Phase 6ii–6iii.
340	Complete, polyhedral head of rectangular section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, each side decorated with single ring-and-dot, triangular facets in corners, ring collar, shank section unvaried with decorative incised lines 231 L. 71.5 Head L.8 W.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 549, Context 535, Phase 6iii.
341	Complete apart from extreme tip of shank, polyhedral head of square section, irregular lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, sides decorated with ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, ring collar, shank section unvaried 231 L.55.5 Head L.7 W.5.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 12339, Unstratified.
TYPE 232 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN, DECORATION ON HEAD (FIG. 1.24)
342	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, trapezoidal sides, top of head decorated with incised grooves, sides with pairs of ring-and-dot, collar, shank swollen towards tip 232 L.64 Head L.8 W.3.5 Shank section D.3mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 3383, Context 3331, Phase 3bi–3bv.
343	Complete, but very corroded, elongated polyhedral head, biconical, upper sides smaller than lower, of square section, top square, sides trapezoidal, all eight faces decorated with ring-and-dot, collar, shank swollen towards tip 232 L.57 Head L.6 W.3.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 7682, Context 7681, Phase 3bi–3bv.
344	Complete, elongated polyhedral head, biconical, upper faces smaller than lower, of square section, top square, sides trapezoidal, all eight faces decorated with ring-and-dot, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 232 L.58.5 Head L.5.5 W.3 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 4252, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
345	Complete, polyhedral head, of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, top with deeply stamped dot, sides with stamped ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, triple ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 232 L.64.5 Head L.5.5 W.4 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 6129, Context 5503, Phase 4ii.
346	Complete, polyhedral head, biconical, of square section, top squared with decorative grooves, sides trapezoidal, all eight faces decorated with ring-and-dot, shank swollen towards tip 232 L.59 Head L.6.5 W.4 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 8801, Context 8787, Phase 4ii.
347	Complete, polyhedral head, of square section, top with incised cross-hatching, trapezoidal sides each with three stamped ring-and-dot, collar, shank swollen towards tip 232 L.60.5 Head L.8 W.3.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 5953, Context 5885, Phase 5a.
348	Complete, polyhedral head of squarish section, head much corroded, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, sides each appear to have four stamped dots, ring collar, slight swelling on shank 232 L.69.5 Head L.8 W.6 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 6561, Context 6489, Phase 6ii–6iii.
349	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, gilt, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, upper corner facets triangular, lower lozenge-shaped, all facets decorated with punched dots, ring collar, shank swollen close to tip. Analysis: XRF – bronze alloy with mercury-gilded head. Spots of gilding on shank – (?) splashes from head 232 L.65 Head L.8 W.6 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 7245, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
350	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on sides and top, all decorated with stamped ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, triple collar, swelling on shank towards tip 232 L.86.5 Head L.7 W.6 Shank section D.3.5mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 7447, Context 7533, Period 7.
351	Complete, polyhedral head, of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, sides decorated with ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, one cutting into ring collar below, shank swollen towards tip 232 L.53 Head L.5.5 W.3.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 30, Unstratified.
352	Complete, polyhedral head of sub-square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, sides decorated with ring-and-dot, ring collar, shank slightly swollen towards tip 232 L.63 Head L.7.5 W.6 Th.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 10922, Unstratified.
353	Complete apart from extreme tip, polyhedral head, of squarish section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, sides decorated with ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 232 L.55.5 Head L.9 W.6.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 11970, Unstratified.
354	Complete, polyhedral head, of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, sides decorated with ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 232 L.64 Head L.9 W.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 12455, Unstratified.
355	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, top with irregular pattern of incised lines, sides sub-trapezoidal and all decorated with line of three rings-and-dots, ring collar, shank slightly swollen towards tip 232 L.52.5 Head L.9 W.3 Shank section D.2mm RF 50020, Unstratified.
TYPE 233 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK HIPP ED/SQUARE AT TIP, DECORATION ON HEAD (FIG. 1.24)
356	Complete, polyhedral head of rectangular section, hexagonal facets on top and sides, top with incised cross-hatching, sides and triangular corner facets all with ring-and-dot, ring collar, four incised grooves on shank where section changes to square 233 L.95.5 Head L.10 W.9 Th.6.5 Shank section D.3mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 10369, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
357	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on sides and top, sides decorated with ring-and-dot, ring collar, shank changes to square section at tip 233 L.68 Head L.7 W.5.5 Shank section D2mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 1992, Context 1707, Phase 5a–5b.
358	Complete, polyhedral head, of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on sides and top, each side decorated with single stamped ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, ring collar, pair of incised lines on shank as section changes to square towards tip 233 L.65 Head L.8 W.6.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 7328, Unstratified.
TYPE 240 FLATTENED PO LYHEDRAL HEAD, NO COLLAR, HEAD DECORATED, SHANK UNKNOWN
359	Incomplete, lower end of shank broken off, polyhedral head of rectangular section, hexagonally-shaped facets on sides and top, sides decorated with double-ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets 240 L.35.5 Head L.7 W.7.5 Th.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 1803, Context 1728, Phase 5b.
TYPE 243 FLATTENED PO LYHEDRAL HEAD, HEAD DECORATED, SHANK HIPP ED/SQUARE AT TIP (FIG. 1.24)
360	Complete, polyhedral head, of narrow rectangular section, octagonal faces, small hexagonal facets on sides, faces and facets decorated with ring-and-dot, slight collar, incised lines on shank at point where section becomes square 243 L.74 Head L.8 W.7.5 Th.3 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.24) RF 10621, Context 3421, Phase 5b–6.
TYPE 251 FLATTENED PO LYHEDRAL HEAD, RING COLLAR, HEAD DECORATED, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED
361	Complete, polyhedral head of rectangular section, lozenge-shaped facet on top, hexagonal facets on sides which each have single ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, ring collar, shank section unvaried with two incised lines close to tip 251 L.61.5 Head L.7 W.5.5 Th.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 7329, Unstratified.
362	Complete, polyhedral head, of rectangular section, lozenge-shaped facets on sides and top, broad sides decorated with ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, ring collar, shank section unvaried 251 L.66.5 Head L.8 W.7 Th.3 Shank section D.2mm RF 12758, Unstratified.
TYPE 253 FLATTENED PO LYHEDRAL HEAD, RING COLLAR, HEAD DECORATED, SHANK HIPP ED/SQUARE AT TIP
363	Complete, polyhedral head of rectangular section, hex-agonal-shaped facets on top and sides, sides each have single ring-and-dot, triangular corner facets, collar, most of shank has square section, with four incised lines close to tip 253 L.65 Head L.8.5 W.7 Th.4.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 7397, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
364	Complete, polyhedral head, of narrow rectangular section, octagonal faces, small hexagonal facets on sides and top, faces and facets decorated with ring-and-dot, slight collar, shank section becomes square towards tip 253 L.67 Head L.9.5 W.7 Th.3.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 12763, Unstratified.
365	Complete, polyhedral head of rectangular section, hexagonal facet on top, irregular polygonal facets on sides, one of narrow sides with ring-and-dot, irregular collar, shank changes to square section towards tip, incised lines at point of section change 253 L.68 Head L.7.5 W.6 Th.3 Shank section D.2mm RF 13197, Unstratified.
Type 3 pins – biconical heads (FIG. 1.25)
TYPE 300 BICONICAL HEAD, CONICAL TOP, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN
366	Incomplete, most of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top 300 L.16 Head D.9 Shank section D.3mm RF 7950, Unstratified.
367	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top 300 L.49.5 Head D.8 Shank section D.2mm RF 12461, Unstratified.
368	Incomplete, shank completely broken off, biconical head, conical top 300 Head D.7.5mm RF 12468, Unstratified.
TYPE 302 BICONICAL HEAD, CONICAL TOP, SHANK SWOLLEN
369	Complete, biconical head, conical top, two grooves on shank below head, shank swollen towards tip 302 L.47 Head D.4 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 6588, Context 6489, Phase 6ii–6iii.
370	Complete, biconical head, conical top, shank swollen towards tip 302 L.55.5 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 6712, Context 6499, Phase 6ii–6iii.
371	Complete, biconical head, flattened conical top, shallow broad groove around shank below head, slight swelling on shank 302 L.59.5 Head D.6 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 11990, Unstratified.
TYPE 310 BICONICAL HEAD, CONICAL TOP, COLLAR, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN
372	Incomplete, lower end of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, ring collar 310 L.26 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 1821, Context 1450, Phase 6iii.
373	Incomplete, most of shank broken off, biconical head, rounded conical top, ring collar 310 L.30 Head D.8 Shank section D.2mm RF 11944, Unstratified.
374	Incomplete, most of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, ring collar 310 L.30 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 13911, Unstratified.
TYPE 311 BICONICAL HEAD, CONICAL TOP, COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED (FIG. 1.25)
375	Complete, biconical head, rounded conical top, ring collar, shank section unvaried 311 L.51.5 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.1.5mm. (FIG. 1.25) RF 5663, Context 5139, Phase 5a.
376	Complete, biconical head, conical top, ring collar, shank section unvaried with three incised grooves towards tip 311 L.79.5 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 3422, Context 3421, Phase 5b–6.
377	Complete, biconical head, conical top, ring collar, shank section unvaried 311 L.61 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 6775, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
378	Complete, biconical head, conical top, ring collar, shank section unvaried 311 L.49.5 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 1978, Unstratified.
379	Complete, biconical head, conical top, ring collar, shank section unvaried 311 L.74.5 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 7255, Unstratified.
380	Complete but in two fragments, biconical head, conical top, ring collar, shank section unvaried 311 L.61.5 Head D.7 Shank section D.2mm RF 12419, Unstratified.
TYPE 312 BICONICAL HEAD, CONICAL TOP, COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN
381	Complete, biconical head, conical top, decorated on sides and top with stamped ring-and-dot, ring collar, shank slightly swollen towards tip 312 L.62 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 2266, Context 4, Phase 0.
382	Complete, biconical head, conical top, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 312 L.43 Head D.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 6079, Context 6036, Phase 5b.
383	Complete, irregular biconical head, conical top, ring collar, shank swollen 312 L.54 Head D.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 5251, Context 4195, Phase 5b–6i.
384	Complete, biconical head, conical top, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 312 L.44 Head D.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 6862, Context 6798, Phase 6i.
385	Complete, biconical head, conical top, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 312 L.48 Head D.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 7642, Context 5871, Phase 6i.
386	Complete, biconical head, conical top, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 312 L.73 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 6587, Context 6489, Phase 6ii–6iii.
387	Complete, biconical head, conical top, collar, shank swollen towards tip 312 L.48 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 7797, Context 7123, Phase 6iii.
388	Complete apart from extreme tip, biconical head, ring collar, swollen shank towards tip 312 L.43 Head D.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 553, Unstratified.
TYPE 313 BICONICAL HEAD, CONICAL TOP, COLLAR, SHANK HIPP ED/SQUARE AT TIP (FIG. 1.25)
389	Complete, biconical head, conical top, ring collar, hipped shank 313 L.53 Head D.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 464, Context 463, Phase 2–3bv.
390	Complete, biconical head, top rounded, double ring collar, three grooves on shank at point where section changes to square 313 L.62 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.25) RF 3847, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
TYPE 320 BICONICAL HEAD, CONICAL TOP, MEDIAL BAND, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN
391	Incomplete, most of shank broken away, biconical head, conical top, medial band 320 L.23.5 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 7259, Unstratified.
392	Incomplete, most of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, medial band 320 L.19.5 Head D.7 Shank section D.2mm RF 12337, Unstratified.
393	Incomplete, most of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, medial band 320 L.22 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 12761, Unstratified.
TYPE 330 BICONICAL HEAD, CONICAL TOP, MEDIAL BAND, COLLAR, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN
394	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar 330 L.26.5 Head D.7 Shank section D.2mm RF 6481, Context 6471, Phase 6ii.
395	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken away, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar 330 L.40.5 Head D.9.5 Shank section D.2.5 RF 6609, Context 6499, Phase 6ii–6iii.
396	Incomplete, most of shank broken away, irregular biconical head, conical top, medial band, triple ring collar 330 L.19.5 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 2624, Context 2024, Phase 6iii.
397	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken away, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar 330 L.49.5 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 6713, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
398	Incomplete shank, large biconical head, conical top decorated with ring-and-dot in three triangular fields defined by pairs of incised lines, similar decoration on underside, three concentric incised grooves around medial band, ring collar 330 L.41 Head D.10 Shank section D.3mm RF 462, Context 463, Phase 2–3bv.
399	Incomplete, end of shank broken away, biconical head, conical top, irregular medial band, ring collar 330 L.40.5 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 963, Unstratified.
400	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar 330 L.34.5 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 7953, Unstratified.
401	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, biconical head, rounded conical top, medial band, ring collar 330 L.43 Head D.11 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 11971, Unstratified.
402	Incomplete, most of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, medial band, large ring collar 330 L.27 Head D.11 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 12457, Unstratified.
403	Incomplete, shank completely broken away, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar 330 Head D.11.5mm RF 12916, Unstratified.
404	Incomplete, most of shank broken away, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar 330 L.12 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 13773, Unstratified.
405	Incomplete, most of shank broken away, biconical head, conical top, medial band, irregular collar 330 L.14 Head D.8 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 13888, Unstratified.

FIG. 1.25. Copper alloy pins of Types 3 and 4. Scale 1:1.

TYPE 331 BICONICAL HEAD, CONICAL TOP, MEDIAL BAND, COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED (FIG. 1.25)
406	Complete, biconical head, conical top, narrow medial band, ring collar, five incised grooves on shank towards tip, shank section unvaried 331 L.65 Head D.7 Shank section D.2mm RF 4106, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
407	Complete, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar, shank section unvaried 331 L.53.5 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.25) RF 3445, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
408	Complete, biconical head, conical top, double groove around medial band, ring-and-dot above and below band, ring collar, four incised lines around shank towards tip, shank section unvaried 331 L.70.5 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.25) RF 1858, Context 1831, Phase 6ii–6iii.
409	Complete, biconical head, conical top, medial band, double ring collar, shank section unvaried 331 L.76 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.25) RF 330, Context 1, Topsoil.
410	Complete, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar, shank section unvaried, rounded tip 331 L.46 Head D.7 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 680, Context 458, Topsoil.
411	Complete, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar, shank section unvaried 331 L.55 Head D.7 Shank section D.2mm RF 12361, Unstratified.
412	Complete, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar, shank section unvaried, four incised grooves towards tip 331 L.65.5 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 12458, Unstratified.
413	Complete, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar, shank section unvaried 331 L.48 Head D.9.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 12757, Unstratified.
TYPE 332 BICONICAL HEAD, CONICAL TOP, MEDIAL BAND, COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN (FIG. 1.25)
414	Complete, biconical head, conical top, broad medial band, ring collar, shank swelling slightly towards tip, incised grooves at point of swelling 332 L.95 Head D.9.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.25) RF 8525, Context 8149, Phase 6ii.
415	Complete apart from extreme tip, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 332 L.56.5 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 7296, Context 6498, Phase 6ii–6iii.
TYPE 333 BICONICAL HEAD, CONICAL TOP, MEDIAL BAND, COLLAR, SHANK HIPP ED/SQUARE AT TIP (FIG. 1.25)
416	Complete apart from shank tip, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar, shank of square section at break 333 L.49 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 3404, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
417	Complete, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar, three incised lines around shank towards tip where shank section changes to square 333 L.58.5 Head D.7 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 2643, Context 2184, Phase 6iii.
418	Complete, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar, four incised grooves on shank at point where section changes to square 333 L.89 Head D.8 Shank section D.2mm RF 3846, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
419	Complete, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar, shank square in section towards tip 333 L.85 Head D.8 Shank section D.2mm RF 345, Unstratified.
420	Complete, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar, four incised grooves around shank at point where shank section changes to square 333 L.79.5 Head D.9 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.25) RF 4261, Unstratified.
421	Complete but in two fragments, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar, shank section changes to square towards tip 333 L.77.5 Head D.9 Shank section D.2mm RF 7363, Unstratified.
422	Complete apart from extreme tip, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar, lower part of shank of square section 333 L.57 Head D.8 Shank section D.2mm RF 11930, Unstratified.
423	Complete, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar, shank changes to square section towards tip just below three incised grooves 333 L.67 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 11991, Unstratified.
424	Complete apart from tip of shank, biconical head, conical top, medial band, ring collar, shank changes to square section towards end just below three incised grooves 333 L.50 Head D.8 Shank section D.2mm RF 11993, Unstratified.
TYPE 341 BICONICAL HEAD, FLAT OR ROUNDED TOP, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED
425	Complete, biconical head, flat top, shank section unvaried 341 L.61 Head D.9 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 11972, Unstratified.
TYPE 342 BICONICAL HEAD, FLAT OR ROUNDED TOP, SHANK SWOLLEN
426	Complete, biconical head, flat top, shank swollen towards tip 342 L.60 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 2685, Context 2184, Phase 6iii.
TYPE 351 BICONICAL HEAD, FLAT OR ROUNDED TOP, COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED
427	Complete apart from extreme tip of shank, sub-biconical head, top flattish, ring collar, shank section unvaried 351 L.44 Head D.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 3542, Context 2742, Phase 4ii–5a.
428	Complete apart from extreme tip, biconical head, flat top, sides decorated with stamped ring-and-dot, ring collar, shank section unvaried 351 L.71 Head D.10 Shank section D.2mm RF 4142, Context 4044, Phase 6ii.
429	Complete, biconical head, flat top, ring collar, shank section unvaried 351 L.56 Head D.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 8467, Context 8461, Phase 6ii.
TYPE 352 BICONICAL HEAD, FLAT OR ROUNDED TOP, COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN (FIG. 1.25)
430	Complete, biconical head, flat top, collar, shank swollen towards tip 352 L.48 Head D.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 3918, Context 3896, Period 2.
431	Complete, biconical head, flat top, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 352 L.52 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 3928, Context 2784, Phase 3a.
432	Complete apart from extreme tip of shank which has broken off, biconical head, flat top, irregular ring collar, swollen shank 352 L.47.5 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 679, Context 669, Phase 5a–5b.
433	Complete apart from extreme tip, biconical head, top rounded, crude collar, shank swollen towards tip 352 L.39 Head D.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 4226, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
434	Complete, biconical head, top rounded, double ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 352 L.48 Head D.5 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.25) RF 3818, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
435	Complete apart from tip, biconical head, flat top, trapezoidal facets, decorated with ring-and-dot, ring collar, shank swelling towards tip 352 L.54 Head L.5.5 W.3.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 6976, Context 5988, Phase 6i.
TYPE 371 BICONICAL HEAD, FLAT OR ROUNDED TOP, MEDIAL BAND, COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED (FIG. 1.25)
436	Complete, biconical head with flat top, broad groove around medial band, decorated above and below with ring-and-dot, ring collar, shank section unvaried 371 L.65.5 Head D.7 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.25) RF 790, Context 636, Phase 6iii.
437	(described from illustration only) Complete, biconical head, flat top, medial band, decorated on all faces and top with ring-and-dot, ring collar, shank section unvaried 371 L.61 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.25) RF 14041, Unstratified.
438	(described from illustration only) Complete apart from shank tip, biconical head, flat top, medial band, decorated on all faces and top with ring-and-dot, ring collar, shank section unvaried 371 L.66.5 Head D.6 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.25) RF 14045, Unstratified.
TYPE 372 BICONICAL HEAD, FLAT OR ROUNDED TOP, MEDIAL BAND, COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN
439	Complete, biconical head, flat top, narrow medial band, ring collar, shank slightly swollen towards tip 372 L.71 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 4102, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
440	Complete but in two fragments, irregular biconical head, flat top, medial band, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 372 L.52.5 Head D.5.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 2641, Context 2184, Phase 6iii.
441	Complete, biconical head, flat top, medial band, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip 372 L.67 Head D.7 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 3819, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
442	Complete, biconical head, flat top, medial band, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip, two deeply incised lines around swelling 372 L.65.5 Head D.7 Shank section D.2mm RF 50008, Unstratified.
443	Complete, biconical head, flat top, medial band, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip, incised line around swelling 372 L.68.5 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 13103, Unstratified.
TYPE 373 BICONICAL HEAD, FLAT OR ROUNDED TOP, MEDIAL BAND, COLLAR, SHANK HIPP ED/SQUARE AT TIP
444	Complete, biconical head with flat top, broad medial band, ring collar, square-sectioned shank towards tip 373 L.83 Head D.9 Shank section D.2mm RF 317, Context 322, Phase 2i–4ii.
Type 4 pins – Spiral heads (FIG. 1.25)
TYPE 400 SPIRAL-HEADED, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN
445	Incomplete, lower end of shank broken away, well made spiral head 400 L.24 Head W.9.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 3475, Context 86, Period 7.
TYPE 401 SPIRAL-HEADED, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED (FIG. 1.25)
446	Complete, well made spiral head, shank section unvaried 401 L.53 Head W.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 3732, Context 3734, Phase 1b.
447	Complete, well made spiral head, shank section unvaried 401 L.57 Head W.8 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 4729, Context 3334, Phase 4i–4ii.
448	Incomplete, spiral-headed, part of one spiral broken away, shank section unvaried 401 L.55.5 Head W.9 Shank section D.2mm RF 5692, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
449	Complete, well made spiral head, shank section unvaried, long narrow tip 401 L.51.5 Head W.7.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 5465, Context 5373, Phase 5a–5b.