450	Complete, spiral head, shank section unvaried 401 L.54.5 Head W.7.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 4510, Context 2719, Phase 5a–6ii.
451	Incomplete spiral-headed, one spiral and tip of shank broken off, shank section unvaried 401 L.49 Shank section D.2mm RF 1242, Context 1182, Phase 6iii.
452	Complete, slightly bent over spiral head, three incised grooves below head, shank section unvaried 401 L.53.5 Head W.7 Shank section D.1.5mm. (FIG. 1.25) RF 3691, Context 3451, Phase 6iii.
453	Complete, well made spiral head, shank section unvaried 401 L.55.5 Head W.7 Shank section D.2mm RF 3211, Unstratified.
454	Complete, well made spiral head, shank section unvaried 401 L.54.5 Head W.7 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.25) RF 50019, Unstratified.
TYPE 402 SPIRAL-HEADED, SHANK SWOLLEN (FIG. 1.25)
455	Complete, spiral-headed, irregularly shaped, shank bent up, slightly swollen 402 L.52 Head W.7.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.25) RF 255, Context 221, Phase 2i–4ii.
456	Complete apart from tip of shank which has broken away, spiral head, one spiral incompletely joined to side, shank swollen towards tip 402 L.41.5 Head W.9 Shank section D.2mm RF 2000, Context 2004, Phase 5a.
457	Incomplete, spiral-headed, one spiral broken off, shank swollen 402 L.64 Head W.4.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 5261, Context 4195, Phase 5b–6i.
TYPE 411 SPIRAL-HEADED, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED, DECORATION (FIG. 1.25)
458	Incomplete, spiral-headed, one spiral broken off, decorative grooves on shank just below base of spiral head, shank section unvaried 411 L.67.5 Head W.4 Shank section D.1.5mm. (FIG. 1.25) RF 5218, Context 5193, Phase 4ii–5a.
Type 5 pins – headless (FIG. 1.26)
TYPE 501 HEADLESS, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED (FIG. 1.26)
459	Complete, headless, shank section unvaried (501) L.55 Shank section D.2mm RF 6403, Context 4807, Phase 1a.
460	Complete, headless, shank section unvaried. Analysis: grey deposit around upper end of shank – XRF indicated solder or preferential corrosion (501) L.61 Shank section D.2mm RF 1401, Context 448, Phase 2i–4ii.
461	Complete, headless, shank section unvaried. Analysis: greyish deposits around upper end – XRF indicated possible preferential corrosion or solder (501) L.55 Shank section D.2mm RF 6074, Context 6028, Phase 3bii–3bv.
462	Complete but in two fragments, top appears headless though corrosion makes top unclear, shank section unvaried (501) L.58 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 5244, Context 5227, Phase 3bv.
463	Complete, headless, shank section unvaried (501) L.54 Shank section D.2mm RF 10131, Context 6235, Phase 3bv.
464	Complete but in two fragments, headless, shank section unvaried (501) L.48 Shank section D.2mm RF 6078, Context 6080, Phase 3bv–4ii.
465	Complete, headless, shank section unvaried (501) L.57.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 11459, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
466	Complete, headless, shank section unvaried (501) L.45 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 5816, Context 5139, Phase 5a.
467	Complete, headless, shank section unvaried (501) L.55.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 3277, Context 3275, Phase 5a–6i.
468	Complete, headless, shank section unvaried. Analysis: greyish deposits around upper end – XRF indicated possible preferential corrosion or solder (501) L.54 Shank section D.2mm RF 5628, Context 5553, Phase 5b.
469	Complete, headless, shank section unvaried (501) L.46 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.26) RF 3460, Context 3417, Phase 5b–6i.
470	Complete, headless, shank section unvaried (501) L.58.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 6830, Context 6798, Phase 6i.
471	Complete, headless, shank section unvaried (501) L.48 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 4183, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
472	Complete, headless, shank section unvaried. Analysis: greyish deposits around upper end – XRF indicated possible preferential corrosion or solder (501) L.59.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 2264, Context 1835, Phase 6ii–6iii.
473	Complete, headless, shank narrowing slightly at top. Analysis: grey deposits around upper end – XRF did not confirm solder (501) L.45 Section D.1.5mm RF 2293, Context 1892, Phase 6ii–6iii.
474	Complete, headless, shank section unvaried. Analysis: deposits around upper end, XRF did not confirm solder (501) L.57 Shank section D.2mm RF 2045, Context 2018, Phase 6iii.
475	Complete, headless, top pointed, shank section unvaried. Analysis: white-metal patches at upper end – XRF did not indicate solder or plating (501) L.52.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 5961, Context 5885, Phase 5a.
476	Headless, upper end slightly pointed, shank tip faceted and slightly narrowed. Analysis: white metal around upper end – XRF indicated possible preferential corrosion or solder (501) L.58 Shank section D.2mm RF 11063, Context 6490, Phase 5b–6i.
TYPE 502 HEADLESS, SHANK SWOLLEN
477	Complete, headless, shank swollen towards tip (502) L.53.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 5609, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
478	Complete, headless, shank slightly swollen towards tip (502) L.59 Shank section D.2mm RF 6286, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
479	Incomplete, headless, shank appears swollen towards tip. Analysis: white-metal patches at upper end – XRF did not indicate solder or plating (502) L.48 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 5168, Context 3730, Phase 6ii.
480	Complete, headless, with triangular notch cut into side of shank just below head, swollen shank. Analysis: white metal around upper end, XRF did not confirm solder (502) L.53 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 599, Context 555, Phase 6ii–6iii.
481	Complete, headless, possible traces of solder around top, shank swollen towards tip. Analysis: white metal around upper end – XRF indicated possible preferential corrosion or solder (502) L.52 Shank section D.2mm RF 10923, Unstratified.
TYPE 503 HEADLESS, SHANK HIPP ED/SQUARE AT TIP
482	Complete, headless, shank hipped towards tip. Analysis: white metal around upper end – XRF indicated possible preferential corrosion or solder (503) L.55 Shank section D.2mm RF 981, Context 458, Topsoil.
TYPE 510 HEADLESS, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN, GROO VES
483	Incomplete, lower end of shank broken away, headless, groove just below top (510) L.32 Shank section D.2mm RF 6233, Context 5503, Phase 4ii.
484	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, headless, faint traces of grooves just below top (510) L.39 Shank section D.2mm RF 6875, Context 6798, Phase 6i.
TYPE 511 HEADLESS, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED, GROO VES (FIG. 1.26)
485	Complete, headless, three grooves just below top, shank section unvaried. Analysis: white metal around upper end – XRF unable to identify solder or plating (511) L.53.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 3729, Context 3343, Phase 1b–3a.
486	Complete, headless, top corroded but traces of groove just below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.54 Shank section D.2mm RF 6243, Context 6028, Phase 3bii–3bv.
487	Complete, headless, two deep grooves, shank section unvaried (511) L.50.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 5656, Context 5653, Phase 3biv.
488	Headless, four grooves just below top, shank section unvaried. Analysis: white metal around upper end – XRF indicated possible preferential corrosion or solder (511) L.48.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 5703, Context 5653, Phase 3biv.
489	Complete, headless, eight grooves just below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.50.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 6459, Context 5617, Phase 3bv.
490	Incomplete, part of separate (?) lead alloy head (not analysed) and headless shank with three grooves just below top, shank section unvaried (511a) L.53.5 Shank section 2mm RF 3293, Context 2508, Phase 3bv–4i.
491	Complete, headless, two grooves just below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.43 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 5657, Context 5624, Phase 4i–4ii.
492	Complete, headless, two grooves just below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.49 Shank section D.2mm RF 10087, Context 10082, Phase 4i–4ii.
493	Complete, three grooves around shank just below top, shank section unvaried. Analysis: white metal around upper end – XRF indicated possible preferential corrosion or solder (511) L.53 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.26) RF 4250, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
494	Complete, headless, two grooves below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.52 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 5352, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
495	Complete, tall narrow conical head, top appears flat but attached bone fragment obscures, two grooves well spaced, shank section unvaried (511) L.55.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 5493, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
496	Complete, tall narrow conical head, top flat, two grooves, shank section unvaried. Analysis: grey deposits around upper end – XRF indicated possible preferential corrosion or solder (511) L.55.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.26) RF 5502, Context 5503, Phase 4ii.
497	Complete, headless, three deep grooves just below top, shank section unvaried. Analysis: at upper end: XRF indicated possible preferential corrosion or solder (511) L.51.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 5888, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
498	Complete, headless, pointed top, groove just below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.51 Shank section D.2mm RF 6098, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
499	Complete, headless, two grooves below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.50 Shank section D.2mm RF 6116, Context 5503, Phase 4ii.
500	Complete, headless, three grooves just below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.52 Shank section D.2mm RF 6301, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
501	Headless but top incomplete, two grooves just below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.49.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 6005, Context 5885, Phase 5a.
502	Complete, headless, three grooves just below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.43 Shank section D.2mm RF 8221, Context 8108, Phase 5a.
503	Complete, headless, two incised grooves just below top, shank section unvaried. Analysis: metal around upper end – XRF indicated possible preferential corrosion or solder (511) L.43 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 8228, Context 8108, Phase 5a.
504	Complete, headless, traces of material at top, two grooves just below top, shank section unvaried. Analysis: metal around upper end – XRF indicated possible preferential corrosion or solder (511) L.46 Shank section D.2mm RF 13408, Context 11039, Phase 5a.
505	Complete, headless, two grooves just below top, shank straight. Analysis – XRF indicated no solder or gilding (511) L.53.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 2260, Context 3214, Phase 5a–5b.
506	Headless, two grooves, shank section unvaried (511) L.47 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 5474, Context 5373, Phase 5a–5b.
507	Complete, headless, six lightly incised grooves just below top, shank section unvaried. Analysis: white metal around upper end – XRF indicated possible preferential corrosion or solder (511) L.43.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 6035, Context 6036, Phase 5b.
508	Complete, headless, groove just below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.47.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 5855, Context 4195, Phase 5b–6i.
509	Complete apart from extreme tip, headless, two deep grooves on shank just below top, shank section unvaried. Analysis: white metal around upper end – XRF indicated possible preferential corrosion or solder (511) L.40.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 5387, Context 1680, Phase 5b–6ii.
510	Complete apart from extreme tip, headless, three grooves just below top, shank section unvaried. Analysis: grey deposits and white metal around upper end – XRF indicated possible preferential corrosion or solder (511) L.39 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 6341, Context 5930, Phase 6i.
511	Complete, headless, two deep grooves just below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.46 Shank section D.2mm RF 6873, Context 6798, Phase 6i.
512	Incomplete, top broken off, two grooves just below indicate originally headless, shank section unvaried (511) L.45.5 shank section D.2mm RF 6876, Context 6798, Phase 6i.
513	Complete, headless, with two grooves just below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.48 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 3458, Context 3255, Phase 6ii.
514	Complete, headless, two grooves below top, shank section unvaried. Analysis: white metal around upper end – XRF indicated pin made of high tin alloy (511) L.48 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 3551, Context 1705, Phase 6ii.
515	Complete, headless, three grooves below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.49 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 3808, Context 3730, Phase 6ii.
516	Complete, headless with three grooves just below top, shank straight (511) L.49.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 2311, Context 10393, Phase 6ii–6iii.
517	Complete, headless, shank section unvaried, three grooves just below squared upper end (511) L.41 Shank section 1.5mm RF 349, Unstratified.
518	Complete, headless, three grooves below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.43 Shank section D.2mm RF 3750, Unstratified.
519	Complete apart from extreme tip which has broken off, headless, three grooves below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.46.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 3795, Unstratified.
520	Complete, headless, six lightly incised grooves just below top, shank straight. Analysis: white metal around upper end, XRF did not confirm solder (511) L.56 Shank section D.2mm RF 11943, Unstratified.
521	Complete, headless, three grooves just below top, shank section unvaried (511) L.51 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 12463, Unstratified.

FIG. 1.26. Copper alloy pins of Types 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and LIN1. Scale 1:1.

TYPE 512 HEADLESS, SHANK SWOLLEN, GROO VES
522	Complete, headless, decorated with three grooves just below top, very slightly swollen shank (512) L.50 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 632, Context 461, Phase 5a–5b.
523	Complete, headless, three grooves just below top, shank slightly swollen (512) L.52 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 607, Context 535, Phase 6iii.
TYPE 513 HEADLESS, SHANK HIPP ED/SQUARE AT TIP, GROO VES (FIG. 1.26)
524	Complete, headless, four grooves on shank just below top, below grooves shank changes to square section (513) L.56 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.26) RF 6841, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
525	Incomplete, headless, upper end squared off, lower end of shank of square section and broken away, with four incised grooves where shank changes section (513) L.33 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 331, Context 1, Topsoil.
Type 6 pins – disc-headed (FIG. 1.34)
TYPE 600 DISC-HEADED, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN
526	Incomplete disc-headed, with stamped ring-and-dot decoration, dots perforate head, upper end of head broken across perforation, shank incomplete (600) L.35.5 Head D.10 Thickness 0.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 417, Context 400, Phase 2i–4ii.
527	Incomplete, part of sub-discoidal head only, decorated with perforating ring-and-dot motifs, one face with three ring-and-dot, the other with two, the third perforation undecorated (600) L.11 W.12 Th.1mm RF 2838, Context 51, Phase 4ii.
TYPE 602 DISC-HEADED, SHANK SWOLLEN (FIG. 1.28)
528	Incomplete, part of shank broken off, sub-discoidal head, three ring-and-dot motifs, two perforated, third possibly perforated originally, slight swelling on shank towards break (602) L.48 Head D.10.5 Th.1 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.28) RF 13908, Unstratified.
Type 7 pins – Flat triangular/trapezoidal head (FIG. 1.26)
TYPE 700 FLAT TRIANGULAR/TRAPEZOIDAL HEAD, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN
529	Incomplete, part of head only, flat trapezoidal, with perforated ring-and-dot decoration (700) L.10, W.7 Th.0.5mm RF 10629, Context 3421, Phase 5b–6.
530	Incomplete, most of shank broken off, flat sub-trapezoidal head, upper edge with triangular cut-outs, three ring-and-dot motifs, two of which are perforating (700) L.29 Head L.12 W.11 Th.0.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 11979, Unstratified.
TYPE 701 FLAT, TRIANGULAR/TRAPEZOIDAL HEAD, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED (FIG. 1.26)
531	Complete, flat rounded triangular head with three perforating ring-and-dot motifs, shank of squarish section just below head, remainder of circular section and unvaried (701) L.51 Head L.9.5 W.12 Th.1 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.26) RF 2890, Context 2860, Phase 2i–4ii.
532	Incomplete, most of head and tip of shank broken away, but head flat, incised grooves on shank just below head, shank section unvaried (701) L.52 Shank section D.2mm RF 11619, Context 6235, Phase 3bv.
533	Incomplete flat head with angular sides but original shape uncertain, decorated with perforating ring-and-dot, shank of squarish section (701) L.49 Head L.4 W.6 Th.1 Shank section W.2mm RF 3137, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
534	Complete, flat trapezoidal head, decorated with stamped dots on both faces, shank section unvaried (701) L.57 Head L.9 W.4 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 7016, Context 5988, Phase 6i.
535	Complete, flat rounded triangular head, decorated on one face only with stamped dots around edge and in cross-shape inside this decorative edging, shank slightly flattened below head, remainder of circular section and unvaried (701) L.69 Head L.10.5 W.8.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.26) RF 7106, Context 6485, Phase 6ii–6iii.
TYPE 702 FLAT TRIANGULAR/TRAPEZOIDAL HEAD, SHANK SWOLLEN (FIG. 1.26)
536	Complete, flat rounded triangular head, decorated with three perforating ring-and-dot motifs, shank swollen towards tip (702) L.60 Head L.9 W.10.5 Th.1 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.26) RF 11931, Context 10772, Phase 2–4ii.
537	Complete, flat sub-triangular head with rounded corners, decorated with three perforating ring-and-dot, shank centrally swollen before tapering markedly to tip (702) L.76 Head L.14 W.13 Th.1.5 Shank section D.3mm. (FIG. 1.26) RF 4168, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
538	Complete apart from extreme tip, flat trapezoidal head decorated on both faces with two stamped ring-and-dot, shank swollen towards tip (702) L.54 Head L.10 W.5.5 Th.1mm Shank section D.2.5mm RF 7894, Context 5871, Phase 6i.
539	Complete, flat trapezoidal head, decorated with two perforating ring-and-dot motifs, shank swollen towards tip (702) L.69 Head L.12.5 W.8 Th.1 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.26) RF 1645, Context 1440, Phase 6iii.
540	Complete, flat trapezoidal head, with two perforating ring-and-dot motifs, shank swollen towards tip (702) L.56 Head L.9 W.5 Th.0.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 2094, Context 2097, Phase 6iii.
541	Complete apart from one corner of sub-triangular head which has broken off, swollen shank, head decorated on both faces with stamped ring-and-dot close to one edge (702) L.64 Head L.11 W.6 Th.1 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.26) RF 546, Context 535, Phase 6iii.
TYPE 703 FLAT, TRIANGULAR/TRAPEZOIDAL HEAD, SHANK HIPP ED/SQUARE AT TIP
542	Complete, flat trapezoidal head, with two stamped ring-and-dot on each face, shank hipped towards tip (703) L.65 Head L.7 W.4.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 7257, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
TYPE 713 FLAT, TRIANGULAR/TRAPEZOIDAL HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK HIPP ED/SQUARE AT TIP
543	Complete, flattened sub-triangular head, sides convex, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip (713) L.67 Head L.13.5 W.7.5 Th.1 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 7256, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
Type 8 pins – inverted conical heads (FIG. 1.34)
TYPE 803 INVERTED CONICAL HEAD, SHANK HIPP ED/SQUARE AT TIP
544	Complete, inverted conical head, shank section changes to square towards tip (803) L.56 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 13099, Unstratified.
TYPE 811 INVERTED CONICAL HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED
545	Complete, inverted conical head, ring collar, shank section unvaried (811) L.57.5 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 5047, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
546	Incomplete, lower end of shank broken off, inverted conical head, top rounded, double ring collar, shank section unvaried, whole gilded. Analysis: XRF – gilded pin, base metal alloy of silver/copper. (811) L.40 Head L.4 D.3 Shank section D.2mm RF 6270, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
547	Complete apart from extreme tip which has broken off, inverted conical head, top rounded, ring collar, shank section unvaried with incised grooves just above break (811a) L.56.5 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 6861, Context 6798, Phase 6i.
TYPE 832 INVERTED CONICAL HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN, DECORATION ON HEAD (FIG. 1.26)
548	Complete, inverted conical head, top rounded, wrythen decoration, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip (832) L.59 Head D.4 Shank section D.3mm RF 2031, Context 2030, Phase 5a–5b.
549	Complete, inverted conical head, decorated with incised cross-hatching, ring collar, shank swollen towards tip (832) L.58 Head D.5 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.26) RF 12762, Unstratified.
Type 9 Faceted dome-shaped head (FIG. 1.26)
TYPE 902 FACETED DO ME-SHAPED HEAD, SHANK SWOLLEN TOWARDS TIP (FIG. 1.26)
550	Complete, dome-shaped head, top flattened, sides faceted, shank swollen before narrowing markedly to tip (902) L.52.5 Head D.3 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.26) RF 1639, Context 1269, Phase 6iii.
551	Complete, faceted dome-shaped head, slight swelling on shank towards tip (902) L.55.5 Head D.4 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 11996, Unstratified.
Linked pins (FIG. 1.26–1.27; PL. 1.8)
TYPE LIN 1 – SMALL FLAT TRAPEZOIDAL OR SUB-CIRCULAR HEADS (FIG. 1.26)
552	Complete pin, flattened sub-circular head, perforation containing length of chain, triple collar below, shank section unvaried (LIN1) Pin L.53 Head D.3 Th.1 Shank section D.2. Chain L.82.5 Link section D.1mm. (FIG. 1.26) RF 6076, Context 6080, Phase 3bv–4ii.
553	Pin complete apart from extreme tip, in two adjoining fragments, flattened sub-trapezoidal head, top edge rounded, perforation below containing fragment of chain link, shank section unvaried (LIN1) L.49 Head W.4 Th.1 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 9973, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
554	Complete pin, flattened sub-circular head, perforation containing length of chain, triangular projections to each side of shank just below head, shank section unvaried (LIN1) Pin L.56.5 Head D.4.5 Th.0.5. Chain L.96 Link section D.1mm RF 5213, Context 5193, Phase 4ii–5a.
555	Complete pin, flattened sub-trapezoidal head, top edge rounded, perforated and containing chain link, shank section unvaried. Also separate length of chain (LIN1) Pin L.62 Head W.3.5 Th.0.5 Shank section D.2mm. Chain L.79 Link section D.1.5mm RF 5750, Context 5139, Phase 5a.
556	Pair of pins, identical in size, both with flattened trapezoidal heads, one with two grooves below head, other with three, both perforated and containing length of chain, shanks section unvaried. Also two separate lengths of chain and four separate chain links (LIN1) Pin L.57 Head W.3.5 Th.1.5 Shank D.2. Chain (longest) L.22.5 Link section D.1mm. (FIG. 1.26) RF 3454, Context 3417, Phase 5b–6i.
557	Complete, flattened sub-trapezoidal head, upper edge rounded, perforation below containing length of chain, shank section unvaried. Also separate length of chain (LIN1) Pin L.50 Head W.4.5 Th.1mm. Chain (on head) L.26 Link section D.1mm. Sep. chain L.52.5mm RF 3675, Context 3610, Phase 6ii.
558	Complete pin, flattened trapezoidal head, upper edge rounded, perforation below containing length of chain, shank of circular section, hipped towards tip (LIN1) Pin L.56 Head W.3.5 Th.1 Shank section D.2. Chain L.36 Link section D.1mm. (FIG. 1.26) RF 1815, Context 1450, Phase 6iii.
TYPE LIN 2 – LARGE DISCOIDAL HEADS (FIG. 1.27; PL. 1.8)
559	Complete, disc-headed decorated in the form of a cross with expanded terminals, defined by four leaf-shaped indentations, two partially perforated, and outlined with punched dots. There is a large perforation for the chain in the left arm of the cross, and two grooves at the top of the shank which has a swelling towards the tip. When found, the chain was attached but is now separate (LIN2) Pin L.69 Head D.14 Th.1 Shank section D.2.5. Chain L.139 Link section D.1mm. (FIG. 1.27) RF 4157, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
560	Complete, discoidal head, decorated on one face only with central cross, and chip-carved interlace filling the quadrants between the arms. The cross and a band around the edge are decorated with small punched dots, and a perforation for a chain is right on the edge on the left arm of the cross. The interlace and dots are mercury-gilded. There is a small collar below the head and the shank has a long tapering tip. Analysis: XRF – alloy is bronze with some lead, head has been mercury-gilded. (LIN2) L.94 Head D.28 Th.1 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.27; PL. 1.8) RF 7835, Context 7817, Phase 6iii.
561	Discoidal head only, with narrow plain border, and plain central equal-armed cross, the quadrants between the arms filled with gilded (not analysed) chip-carved interlace. At the end of one arm of the cross there is a perforation for a chain, and close to this the edge of the disc has a series of V-shaped notches cut in, and in the same area part of one quadrant has been damaged. Two rivet-heads for attachment of the shank survive, one approximately in the centre of the cross, the second inside the interlace in one quadrant; the perforation for the chain would have had a north-west orientation to the shank (LIN2) D.30 Th.2mm. (FIG. 1.27) FX 88, R3, Context 1, Topsoil.
562	Discoidal head only, decorated with a cross motif with scrolled terminals, the whole gilded (not analysed). Two rivet-heads for attachment of the shank survive along one arm of the cross, and there is one perforation for a chain at right angles to the position of the shank on one edge, the other edge appears torn across a second perforation (LIN2) D.37.5 Th.1mm. (FIG. 1.27) RF 50006, Unstratified.
Miscellaneous pins (FIG. 1.27; PLS 1.6–1.7)
GLASS HEAD (FIG. 1.27)
563	Complete apart from part of globular glass head which has been broken away, glass decayed so original colour unknown, two grooves around shank below head, shank section unvaried with tool-marks. Analysis: glass head, tool-marks like “chatter marks” along shank. 000 L.52 Head D.5.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.27) RF 3481, Context 3479, Phase 3bi–3bv.
SEPARATELY MADE GLOBULAR HEAD, (?) OF GLASS
564	Incomplete, part of separately made globular head (material unidentified) still attached, shank incomplete 000 L.22 Head D.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 613, Context 466, Phase 4i–4ii.
ZOO MORPHIC HEADS (FIG. 1.27; PLS 1.6–1.7)
565	Complete, with a flat sub-triangular head with chip-carved decoration on the front face depicting a pair of addorsed beasts with long noses and necks, projecting ears and dangling entwined tongues. There is little room for the bodies which meet at the rumps and the legs are short. There is a collar below the head, and the shank swells towards the tip. The pin is made of copper alloy, the shank and back of the head have been silvered and the front of the head and collar are mercury-gilded. File marks are visible under the gilding on the head. Analysis: XRF – high copper/silver ratio on shank – silver-plated copper alloy pin, with mercury-gilded head. 000 L.71 Head L.19 W.18 Th.1 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.27; PL. 1.6) RF 4163, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
566	Complete apart from the extreme tip of the shank, the terminal in the form of a dog’s head, with round nostrils, and circular eyes set with blue glass, one glass eye missing. A collar separates the head from the shank which has a swelling towards the tip. The whole is gilded. Analysis: mercury gilded pin, strong iron and copper peaks, therefore might be an iron pin or a copper alloy one, blue glass eyes 000 L.45 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.27; PL. 1.7) RF 822, Context 636, Phase 6iii.
Type 00 pins – head type unclear (FIG. 1.27)
567	Head type unclear, possibly unfinished or too damaged to identify, shank slightly swollen. Analysis: XRF indicated solder or preferential corrosion around head end of shank 00 L.54 Shank section D.2mm RF 334, Context 263, Phase 2i–4ii.
568	Head type unclear, shank swollen towards tip. Analysis: pin is made from a quaternary alloy – XRF indicated solder or preferential corrosion at head end of shank 00 L.51Shank section D.2mm RF 420, Context 400, Phase 2i–4ii.
569	Complete apart from tip of shank but very corroded and form unidentifiable 00 L.39 Head D.4 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 2741, Context 2740, Phase 3a–3bi.
570	Complete, apparently globular head but corrosion obscures most of pin, shank section appears unvaried, whole pin gilded. Analysis: XRF – mercury-gilded copper 00 L.49.5 Head D.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 5695, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
571	Fragmentary, both ends very corroded, one end possibly with attached separate head, shape uncertain, lower end of shank also broken 00 L.28.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 5895, Context 5553, Phase 5b.
572	Incomplete, head too corroded to identify, most of shank broken off 00 L.22 Shank section D.2mm RF 7934, Context 6888, Phase 5b–6i.
573	Complete but very corroded, head appears polyhedral but uncertain, shank section unvaried 00 L.74 Head L.9.5 W.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 6636, Context 6471, Phase 6ii.
574	Complete but too much concretion to identify fully. It may have a globular head and shank of section unvaried 00 L.64 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 8486, Context 8461, Phase 6ii.
Type 09 – pin shanks only (FIG. 1.27)
TYPE 090 – SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN
575	Shank fragments (2), both broken at both ends (090) Largest L.25 Shank section D.2mm RF 10341, Context 6304, Phase 3bv.
576	Shank fragments (3) (090) Largest L.18.5 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 5551, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
577	Shank fragment, both ends broken (090) L.34.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 6126, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
578	Shank fragment, both ends broken (090) L.30 Shank section D.2mm RF 6269, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
579	Shank fragment, both ends broken (090) L.28 Shank section D.2mm RF 9383, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
580	Shank fragment, upper end broken off (090) L.10.5 Shank section D.1mm RF 10198, Context 51, Phase 4ii.
581	Shank fragment, both ends broken (090) L.25 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 13756, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
582	Shank fragment, both ends broken (090) L.24.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 6001, Context 5860, Phase 5a.
583	Shank fragments (5), all very corroded (090) Largest L.18 D.2mm RF 5881, Context 5553, Phase 5b.
584	Shank fragment, both ends broken (090) L.14.5 Shank section D.1mm RF 7338, Context 6472, Phase 5b–6i.
585	Shank fragment (090) L.48 Shank section D.2mm RF 5960, Context 5930, Phase 6i.
586	Shank fragment, both ends broken (090) L.18 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 6342, Context 5930, Phase 6i.
587	Shank fragment (090) L.24 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 6872, Context 6798, Phase 6i.
588	Shank fragment, both ends broken (090) L.21.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 3872, Context 3730, Phase 6ii.
589	Shank fragment, tip and lower end only (090) L.24 Section D.1.5mm RF 1844, Context 1832, Phase 6ii–6iii.
590	Shank fragment, both ends broken (090) L.25.5 Section D.1.5mm RF 1169, Context 1154, Phase 6iii.
591	Shank tip fragment (090) L.11.5 Section D.1.5mm RF 2424, Context 2176, Phase 6iii.
592	Shank fragment, both ends broken (090) L.34 Shank section D.2mm RF 3827, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
593	Shank fragment (090) L.38 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 7050, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
594	Possible shank fragment both ends broken, identification uncertain (090) L.44.5 Section D.2mm RF 2578, Unstratified.
595	Shank fragment, both ends broken (090) L.15.5 Section D.1.5mm RF 2589, Unstratified.

FIG. 1.27. Copper alloy pins of Types LIN2 and 000, and a Type 09 shank. Scale 1:1.

TYPE 091 – SHANK SECTION UNVARIED
596	Shank fragment, one end broken, other end probably broken but obscured (091) L.48 Shank section D.2mm RF 6402, Context 5653, Phase 3biv.
597	Shank fragment, tapering to tip (091) L.33 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 6208, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
598	Shank fragment, both ends broken (091) L.47 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 3983, Context 3187, Phase 4i–5b.
599	Shank fragment, traces of ring collar just below break, shank section unvaried. Analysis: white-metal shank – XRF detected high tin level probably accounting for appearance. (091) L.52 Shank section D.2mm RF 5483, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
600	Shank fragment, section unvaried (091) L.29 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 5557, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
601	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, shank section unvaried (091) L.37 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 8235, Context 6886, Phase 5a.
602	Shank fragment, broken at upper end (091) L.46.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 8498, Context 8108, Phase 5a.
603	Shank fragment, broken at upper end (091) L.43 Shank section D.2mm RF 8766, Context 8764, Phase 5a.
604	Shank fragment, upper end broken off (091) L.36 Section D.2mm RF 1884, Context 1728, Phase 5b.
605	Shank fragment, section unvaried (091) L.44 Shank section D.2mm RF 5940, Context 5920, Phase 5b.
606	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, two decorative grooves run around shank (091) L.38.5 Section D.2mm RF 2292, Context 1891, Phase 6ii–6iii.
607	Shank fragment, broken at upper end (091) L.33.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 6711, Context 6499, Phase 6ii–6iii.
608	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, very solid (091) L.77.5 Shank section D.3mm RF 10499, Context 1831, Phase 6ii–6iii.
609	Shank fragment, both ends broken, section unvaried. Analysis: grey deposit around head end – XRF indicated solder or preferential corrosion. (091) L.47 Section D.2mm RF 2577, Unstratified.
610	Shank fragment, broken at upper end, incised grooves close to tip (091) L.40 Shank section D.2mm RF 9932, Unstratified.
611	Incomplete, head appears broken off, shank section unvaried. Analysis: white metal within corrosion around head end – XRF detected a much higher tin content in this region, but low lead level, possibly the result of preferential corrosion (091) L.52 Shank section D.2mm RF 12467, Unstratified.
TYPE 092 – SHANK SWOLLEN (FIG. 1.27)
612	Incomplete, head broken off, shank slightly swollen towards tip (092) L.49 Section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.27) RF 198, Context 70, Phase 5a.
613	Incomplete, lower end of shank only, slightly swollen (092) L.28 Section D.2mm RF 222, Context 70, Phase 5a.
614	Shank fragment, broken at upper end, swelling towards tip (092) L.35 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 13882, Context 6886, Phase 5a.
615	Shank fragment, very slightly swollen towards tip. Analysis: powdery grey deposit around head end – XRF indicated may be solder or preferential corrosion, the alloy has a high tin content. (092) L.51.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 2605, Context 2492, Phase 5b.
616	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, shank swollen towards tip (092) L.32 Shank section D.2mm RF 7046, Context 6472, Phase 5b–6i.
617	Shank fragment, broken at both ends, swelling towards one end (092) L.43 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 7146, Context 7054, Phase 6ii–6iii.
618	Shank fragment, broken at upper end, slight swelling close to tip where there are also two incised lines (092) L.39.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 7954, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
TYPE 093 – SHANK HIPP ED/SQUARE AT TIP
619	Incomplete, shank only, of square section at tip (093) L.46 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 5201, Context 5193, Phase 4ii–5a.
620	Shank fragment, of squarish section, both ends broken (093) L.22 Shank section W.2 Th. 2mm RF 1801, Context 1728, Phase 5b.

Catalogue of the bone pins (FIG. 1.28)

Bone identifications by Sonia O’Connor

TYPE B1 – MADE FROM A STRIP OF LONG-BONE COMPACT TISSUE FROM A MEDIUM-SIZED ANIMAL (FIG. 1.28)
621	Complete, roughly shaped sub-circular head of sub-rectangular section, shank narrowing from centre to both ends, shank of circular section L.54 Head D.3.5 Th.2.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 1118, Context 767, Phase 1b–2.
622	Complete, sub-inverted conical head of irregular section, shank narrowing from centre to both ends, of circular section L.53 Head L.3.5 W.5 Th.3.5 Shank section D.3mm RF 11149, Context 10236, Period 2.
623	Complete, well made inverted conical head of sub-square section, shank tapering to tip, shank of circular section L.50 Head L.4 W.4.5 Th.4 Shank section D.3mm RF 4193, Context 3531, Phase 4i–4ii.
624	Complete, roughly shaped inverted conical head of rectangular section, shank narrowing from centre to both ends, shank of sub-circular section L.53.5 Head L.4 W.5 Th.2 Shank section D.3mm RF 3164, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
625	Complete, well made globular head, shank tapering to tip, shank of circular section L.50 Head D.3.5 shank section D.2.5mm RF 6262, Context 5503, Phase 4ii.
626	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, sub-inverted conical head of irregular section, shank of sub-circular section L.33 Head L.3.5 W.4 Th.3.5 Shank section D.3mm RF 6495, Context 3711, Phase 5a.
627	Incomplete, tip of shank broken off, irregularly shaped head, shank of sub-circular section L.33 Head W.5 Th.2 Shank section D.3mm RF 12341, Context 11379, Phase 5a.
628	Complete, sub-globular head, shank tapering to tip, of circular section L.41 Head D.4 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 13906, Context 11039, Phase 5a.
629	Complete apart from extreme tip, head of irregular shape and section, shank tapering from centre to both ends, shank of circular section L.45 Head L.4.5 W.4.5 Th.4 Shank section D.3mm RF 5453, Context 5373, Phase 5a–5b.
630	Complete apart from extreme tip, inverted conical head of sub-circular section, shank tapering to tip, shank of circular section L.60 Head L.4 D.4 Shank section D.3mm RF 8226, Context 8090, Phase 5a–5b.
631	Complete, sub-inverted conical head of sub-rectangular section, shank tapering to tip, of circular section L.52 Head L.5.5 W.4.5 Th.3.5 shank section D.3mm RF 11432, Context 2562, Phase 5b.
632	Complete, well made sub-globular head, slight swelling just below head, shank tapering to tip, shank of circular section L.53 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.3mm RF 3430, Context 3417, Phase 5b–6i.
633	Complete, well made sub-globular head, shank centrally swollen, shank of circular section L.60 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.28) RF 6360, Context 6490, Phase 5b–6i.
634	Complete, globular head, shank narrowing from centre to both ends, of circular section L.52 Head D.4 Shank section D.3mm. (FIG. 1.28) RF 12061, Context 1680, Phase 5b–6ii.
635	Complete, sub-inverted conical head of plano-convex section, shank narrowing from centre to both ends, shank of circular section L.58 Head L.4.5 W.4 Th.3 Shank section D.3mm. (FIG. 1.28) RF 7323, Context 5871, Phase 6i.
636	Complete, sub-inverted conical head of sub-rectangular section, shank narrowing from centre to both ends, shank of circular section L.63.5 Head L.6.5 W.5.5 Th.3 Shank section D.3mm RF 6834, Context 6798, Phase 6i.
637	Complete, spatulate head of rectangular section, collar beneath, shank of circular section tapering to tip L.49 Head L.4.5 W.6 Th.2 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.28) RF 10977, Context 10961, Phase 6i–6ii.
638	Complete, well made sub-globular head, shank tapering to tip, shank of circular section L.54 Head D.4 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.28) RF 3871, Context 3730, Phase 6ii.
639	Complete apart from extreme tip, roughly shaped sub-circular head of sub-rectangular section, shank narrowing from centre to both ends, shank of sub-circular section L.52.5 Head D.5.5 Th.3 Shank section D.3.5mm RF 2316, Context 1833, Phase 6ii–6iii.
640	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, head of irregular shape and section, shank of circular section L.37 Head L.4.5 W.5 Th.4 Shank section D.3mm RF 6656, Context 6499, Phase 6ii–6iii.
641	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, head of irregular shape and section, shank of circular section L.26 Head L.4 W.4 Th.2.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 10600, Context 1833, Phase 6ii–6iii.
642	Complete apart from extreme tip, roughly shaped inverted conical head of sub-rectangular section, shank narrowing slightly from centre to both ends, shank of sub-circular section L.45 Head L.5 W.5 Th.3 Shank section D.3mm RF 366, Context 535, Phase 6iii.
643	Complete apart from part of head broken off, roughly shaped inverted conical head of sub-rectangular section, shank narrowing from centre to both ends, shank of sub-circular section L.89 Head L.6.5 W.7 Th.5 Shank section D.4.5mm. (FIG. 1.28) RF 819, Context 636, Phase 6iii.
644	Complete apart from extreme tip, roughly shaped inverted conical head of sub-rectangular section, shank narrowing slightly from centre to both ends, shank of sub-circular section. L.51 Head L.4 W.5 Th.3.5 Shank section D.3mm RF 16, Context 1, Topsoil.
645	Complete, roughly shaped inverted conical head of sub-rectangular section, shank narrowing from centre to both ends, shank of sub-circular section L.47 Head L.3 W.4.5 Th.3 Shank section D.3mm RF 3038, Unstratified.
646	Complete, irregularly shaped head of irregular section, shank tapering slightly from centre to both ends, of sub-circular section L.41 Head L.4.5 W.3 Th.3 Shank section D.2mm RF 3760, Unstratified.
647	Complete, sub-globular head, shank tapering to both ends, of circular section L.47 Head D.4 Shank section D.3mm RF 12759, Unstratified.
648	Complete, head of irregular shape and section, shank tapering to both ends, of sub-circular section L.57 Head L.4 W.4.5 Th.3 Shank section D.3mm RF 14067, Unstratified.
649	Complete, sub-globular head, shank tapering to both ends, of sub-circular section L.54 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 50022, Unstratified.
TYPE B1 SHANKS
650	Shank fragment, broken at both ends, of circular section L.30 Shank section D.3.5mm RF 11231, Context 10772, Phase 2–4ii.
651	Shank fragment, broken at both ends, of circular section L.37 Shank section D.3.5mm RF 11036, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
652	Incomplete, shank fragment, head and upper end broken off, shank of circular section L.36.5 Shank section D.3mm RF 6871, Context 6798, Phase 6i.
653	Incomplete, lower part of shank only, of sub-oval section L.53 Shank section W.5 Th.3.5mm RF 14068, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
TYPE B2 – MADE FROM PIG FIBULAE (FIG. 1.28)
654	Complete, but in two fragments, expanded head, top edge rounded, perforation, shank of circular section L.81 Head W.7.5 Th.2 Shank section D.3.5mm RFs 901 & 7646, Context 463, Phase 2–3bv.
655	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, slightly modified expanded head, perforated, shank of sub-oval section L.45 Head W.10.5 Th.3 Shank W.5 Th.3.5mm RF 3821, Context 3605, Phase 3a.
656	Complete, expanded head, one corner trimmed, perforated, shank of sub-oval section L.110.5 Head W.12 Th.5 Shank section W.7 Th.3.5mm. (FIG. 1.28) RF 5511, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
657	Complete, expanded head unmodified apart from perforation, shank of sub-plano-convex section L.99 Head W.12 Th.4 Shank section W.5 Th.4mm. (FIG. 1.28) RF 7433, Context 6803, Phase 5b–6i.
658	Complete apart from shank tip, expanded head unmodified apart from a perforation, shank of sub-oval section L.85.5 Head W.14 Th.5.5 Shank section W.6 Th.4mm RF 13271, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
659	Complete, expanded head, unmodified apart from perforation, shank of sub-oval section L.104 Head W.13 Th.5 Shank section W.8 Th.4mm RF 12552, Unstratified.
66	Complete, well made sub-discoidal expanded head, perforated, shank of oval section, tapering to tip L.88 Head D.10 Th.3.5 Shank section W.4 Th.3mm RF 11797, Unstratified.
TYPE B2 SHANK
661	Shank fragments (2), adjoining, head end broken off, shank of circular section L. (together) 51 Shank section D.4mm RF 10175, Context 6805, Phase 6i–6ii.

Catalogue of the silver pins (FIG. 1.29)

NB All shanks are of circular section unless otherwise stated

Type 1 – Globular head (FIG. 1.29)
TYPE 101 GLOBULAR HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED
662	Complete, small, globular head, shank waisted just below head, below this shank section unvaried (101) L.24 Head D.1.5 Shank section D.1mm RF 2761, Context 51, Phase 4ii.
TYPE 102 GLOBULAR HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN
663	Complete, sub-globular head, shank swollen towards tip (102) L.48 Head D.3 Shank section D.2mm RF 12194, Context 12076, Phase 5b.
TYPE 111 GLOBULAR HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED
664	Complete, globular head, ring collar, shank section unvaried (111) L.57 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 4525, Context 2024, Phase 6iii.

FIG. 1.28. Bone pins of Types B1 and B2. Scale 1:1.

TYPE 112 GLOBULAR HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN (FIG. 1.29)
665	Complete, globular head, ring collar, shank swelling towards tip. Analysis: silver pin, mercury-gilded – slight trace of copper detected (112) L.48.5 Head D.4 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.29) RF 1127, Context 767, Phase 1b–2.
666	Complete, globular head, ring collar, shank swells towards tip (112) L.57 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 4725, Context 4716, Phase 5a–6ii.
667	Complete apart from extreme tip, globular head, ring collar, shank swells towards tip. Analysis: debased silver, mercury-gilded 112 L.32.5 Head D.3.5 Shank section D.1.5mm. (FIG. 1.29) RF 622, Context 533, Phase 6ii.
668	Complete apart from extreme tip, in two adjoining fragments, globular head, ring collar, shank swells towards broken end (112) L. (together) 52.5 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 2250, Context 2177, Phase 6iii.
669	Complete, sub-globular head, broad ring collar, shank swells towards tip (112) L.65 Head D.6.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 10849, Unstratified.
670	Complete, globular head, large ring collar, shank swells towards tip (112) L.39 Head D.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 50023, Unstratified.
TYPE 132 GLOBULAR HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN, DECORATION ON HEAD (FIG. 1.29)
671	Complete, globular head with wrythen decoration, collar, shank swells towards tip (132) L.62 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.29) RF 4148, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
Type 2 – polyhedral head
TYPE 212 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SWOLLEN
672	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, triple ring collar, shank swollen towards tip (212) L.59 Head L.3.5 W.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 5451, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
Linked pin (FIG. 1.29)
TYPE LIN 2 – LARGE DISCOIDAL HEAD
673	Large disc head only, originally attached to the shank via one central rivet and a second at the junction with the shank, the second still surviving. The chip-carved decoration depicts a central narrow-armed cross, with simple interlace in the fields between the arms. There is a narrow plain band between the decoration and the disc edge, with two perforations for chains at opposing sides. D.42 Th.2mm. (FIG. 1.29) RF 2068, Context 2016, Phase 6iii.
Other pins (FIG. 1.29; PLS 1.6 and 1.9)
DISCOIDAL HEAD
674	Complete apart from the extreme tip of the shank, discoidal head formed from integral disc with a decorated disc superimposed and attached by a silver rivet at the top of the shank and possible solder on the back of the disc. The decorated disc has chip-carved simple interlace which is gilded and has almost completely split away from its backing. The shank swells slightly towards the tip. Analysis: mainly silver, trace of copper, mercury-gilded. Sheet attached to pin head by silver rivet and possible solder 000 L.48.5 Head D.11 Th.1.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.29) RF 5334, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
ZOO MORPHIC HEADS (FIG. 1.29; PL. 1.6)
675	Complete, with a small mercury-gilded terminal in the form of an animal head, of triangular section, thicker at the back of the head which has a deep notch between the ears, and thinning towards the gaping mouth and upturned snout. The small circular eyes are inset, and there is a collar below the head. The shank has a long tapering tip. Analysis: debased silver, mercury-gilded 000 L.46 Head W.3.5 Th.1.5 Shank section D.1.5mm. (FIG. 1.29) RF 2294, Context 1832, Phase 6ii–6iii.
676	Incomplete, part of head decorated on both sides with chip-carved beast, with small ear, round snout and circular eye. Part of an extended leg rests against the lower edge of the head. The upper part of both sides retains gilding which has worn off elsewhere. The head appears to have broken off at the junction with the shank. Analysis: alloy of silver and copper (silver content high), mercury-gilded 000 L.16.5 W.8.5 Th.1mm. (FIG. 1.29) RF 2631, Context 2184, Phase 6iii.
677	Complete apart from the extreme tip of the shank, with a head depicting a backward-looking beast on both faces. The beast has a long beak, upright ear, a collar, extended leg and a partially cross-hatched wing, the tip of which touches the beak. Gilding covers the head and the top of the shank. The shank swells towards the tip. Analysis: debased silver, mercury-gilded. L.75 Head L.21 W.9 Th.2 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.29; PL. 1.6) RF 324, Context 1, Topsoil.
678	Complete, with a flat head decorated on the front face with a pair of deeply carved confronted beasts. Each has a triangular ear, deeply punched circular eye, and wide gaping mouth which contains the tip of their companion’s tail which winds around their neck. A curving and tapering wing on each side follows the lower edges of the pinhead, and the legs of each with two long claws cross between the wings. Small triangular punched marks speckle the bodies. There is a collar below the head, and the shank swells towards the tip which is bent up. The front of the head and collar is gilded. Analysis: silver, slight trace of copper, mercury-gilded. L.76.5 Head L.21 W.11.5 Th.1 Shank section D.3mm. (FIG. 1.29; PL. 1.6) RF 7240, Unstratified.
SPHERICAL WITH GLASS SETTINGS (FIG. 1.29; PL. 1.9)
679	Head only, shank broken off, spherical with six cylindrical settings, five containing red glass, the sixth remains of the missing shank. All the settings have beaded collars around, two having a second plain collar, and that around the shank having a spirally twisted collar below the beaded collar. The head is gilded. Analysis: remains of shank debased silver, mercury-gilded head 000 D.13.5 Setting D.3.5mm. (FIG. 1.29; PL. 1.9) RF 1241, Context 1183, Phase 6iii.
Other (FIG. 1.29)
680	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken away, with sub-oval openwork terminal with chip-carved curvilinear tendrils, of sub-rectangular section, thinning out slightly to upper end, globular swelling below with ring collar, the whole is gilded. Analysis: debased silver, mercury-gilded 000 L.32 Terminal: L.11.5 W.6.5 Th.1.5 Shank section d.2mm. (FIG. 1.29) RF 1887, Context 1728, Phase 5b.
(?) Pin head (FIG. 1.29)
681	Semi-quadrant shaped, riveted at lower end with two copper alloy rivets to iron shank fragment of sub-rectangular section. The head is decorated with two fields divided axially by central band and defined at edges by narrow bands, both fields decorated with chip-carved interlace of asymmetrical patterns, punched dots along all bands. Analysis: front mercury-gilded, base metal is debased silver with copper alloy. L.28.9, W.20.3, Th. 1 Shank W.4.1, Th.3.4. (FIG. 1.29) RF 12755, Unstratified.
Catalogue of iron pins (FIG. 1.30)
NB All shanks are of circular section unless otherwise stated NB non-pins = RFs11790, 2593, 9835, 9688, 9444, 7916, 7117, 7118, 1956
Type FE01 – lead heads (FIG. 1.30)
TYPE FE011 – LEAD HEAD, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED (FIG. 1.30)
682	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, tin/lead alloy sub-globular head, shank of sub-circular section. Analysis: tin/lead alloy head (FE011) L.39 Head D.7 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 5505, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
683	Complete, sub-globular lead/tin alloy head, shank of circular section with white-metal plating all over. Analysis: lead/tin alloy head, tin/lead plating (FE011) L.50.5 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 5765, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
684	Complete, sub-globular lead/tin alloy head, shank of circular section. Analysis: lead/tin alloy head (FE011) L.61.5 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.30) RF 5192, Context 5193, Phase 4ii–5a.
685	Complete, sub-globular lead head, shank of circular section with white-metal plating all over. Analysis: lead head, tin/lead plating (FE011) L.59 Head D.5.5 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.30) RF 4225, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
686	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, globular lead head, shank of circular section (FE011) L.23 Head D.5.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 6820, Context 6797, Phase 6ii.
687	Incomplete, part of globular lead head broken off, short shank of sub-circular section. Analysis: lead head (FE011) L.35 Head D.8 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 1188, Context 1182, Phase 6iii.
688	Complete, sub-globular lead head, shank of circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: lead head, tin/lead plating (FE011) L.60.5 Head D.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 3826, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
689	Complete apart from extreme tip, globular tin/lead alloy head, shank of circular section, shank with white-metal plating. Analysis: tin/lead alloy head, tin plating on shank (FE011) L.47.5 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 3833, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
690	Complete apart from extreme tip, sub-globular lead/tin alloy head, shank of circular section, white-metal plating on shank. Analysis: lead/tin alloy head, tin/lead plating (FE011) L.46 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 8241, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
691	Incomplete, part of head and lower part of shank broken off, sub-globular lead alloy head, shank of sub-circular section. Analysis: high proportion of tin was identified, and traces of lead. (FE011) L.26 Head D.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 9891, Unstratified.
692	Incomplete, lower end of shank broken off, lead alloy head wrapped around top of shank which is of sub-circular section. Analysis: high proportion of lead and lower amounts of tin. (FE011) L.44.5 Head D.6 Shank section D.3mm RF 11308, Unstratified.
693	Incomplete, part of head and lower part of shank broken off, traces of lead head remain, shank of circular section. Analysis: lead head (FE011) L.31 Shank section D.2mm RF 13432, Unstratified.

FIG. 1.29. Silver pins of Types 1, LIN2 and 000, and a possible pin head. Scale 1:1.

Type FE1 – globular heads (FIG. 1.38)
TYPE FE100 GLOBULAR HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN
694	Sub-globular head fragment only (FE100) D.6mm RF 7830, Context 7817, Phase 6iii.
TYPE FE101 GLOBULAR HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED
695	Complete but in two adjoining fragments, sub-globular head, tapering shank of sub-circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE101) L. (together) 40 Head D.4 Shank section D.1.5mm RF 514, Context 503, Phase 5a–5b.
696	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken away, sub-globular head, shank of circular section (FE101) L.22 Head D.6 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 3229, Context 3217, Phase 5b.
697	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, globular head, shank of circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE101) L.56 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 3426, Context 3417, Phase 5b–6i.
698	Complete, globular head, short shank of circular section (FE101) L.27 Head D.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 1935, Context 1930, Phase 6iii.
699	Incomplete, part of head and lower end of shank broken off, head type unclear but possibly globular, shank of circular section (FE101) L.30.5 Head W.4.5 Shank section D.3mm RF 12044, Context 6469, Phase 6iii.
700	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, sub-globular head, shank of circular section (FE101) L.33 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 6890, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
701	Complete, globular head, shank of circular section (FE101) L.65.5 Head D.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 839, Unstratified.
702	Complete, sub-globular head, groove just below head, shank of circular section (FE101) L.62.5 Head D.4.5 Shank section D.3mm RF 3781, Unstratified.
703	Complete apart from extreme tip, globular head, shank of sub-oval section (FE101) L.65 Head D.4 Shank section W.3.5 Th.2.5mm RF 9498, Unstratified.
704	Incomplete, lower end of shank broken off, sub-globular head, shank of circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE101) L.28 Head D.7 Shank section D.2mm RF 11235, Unstratified.
705	Complete, head appears globular although obscured by corrosion, shank of circular section (FE101) L.54 Head D.3 Shank section D.2mm RF 12548, Unstratified.
TYPE FE103 GLOBULAR HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK OF SQUARE SECTION
706	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken away, globular head, shank of sub-square section (FE103) L.30 Head D.7.5 Shank section W.2mm RF 3771, Unstratified.
TYPE FE111 GLOBULAR HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED (FIG. 1.30)
707	Complete apart from shank tip, globular head, double-ring collar, shank of circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE111) L.45 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.30) RF 2636, Context 2184, Phase 6iii.
708	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, globular head, collar, shank of sub-circular section (FE111) L.22.5 Head D.3 Shank section D.2mm RF 9687, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
709	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, globular head, ring collar, shank of circular section (FE111) L.24 Head D.4 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 7861, Unstratified.
TYPE FE123 GLOBULAR HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK OF SQUARE SECTION, DECORATION ON HEAD (FIG. 1.30)
710	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, globular head, wrythen decoration, two grooves around shank below head, shank of sub-square section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE123) L.31 Head D.5 Shank section W.2mm RF 3097, Context 2860, Phase 2i–4ii.
711	Complete apart from extreme tip of shank, globular head with wrythen decoration, three grooves around shank below head, shank of sub-square section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin (trace of lead) plating (FE123) L.52 Head D.5 Shank section W.2 Th.2mm RF 3150, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
712	Complete, globular head with wrythen decoration, shank of sub-square section, white-metal plating on head and top of shank. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE123) L.60 Head D.4.5 Shank section W..2 Th.2mm. (FIG. 1.30) RF 1697, Context 1459, Phase 6iii.

FIG. 1.30. Iron pins of Types FE01, FE1, FE2, FE3, FE8, and FE000. Scale 1:1.

Type FE2 – polyhedral heads (FIG. 1.30)
TYPE FE201 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED
713	Complete but in two fragments, polyhedral head of square section, sides obscured by corrosion, shank of circular section (FE201) L.(together)69.5 Head W.5.5 Shank section D.3mm RF 3130, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
714	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken away, head possibly polyhedral but heavily obscured by corrosion, shank of circular section (FE201) L.21 Head L.4.5 W.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 7352, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
715	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, shank of sub-circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating all over (FE201) L.64.5 Head L.5.5 W.5 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.30) RF 689, Context 669, Phase 5a–5b.
716	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, shank of sub-circular section (FE201) L.64 Head L.5.5 W.6.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 770, Context 636, Phase 6iii.
717	Complete apart from extreme tip, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on sides and top, triangular corner facets, shank of circular section (FE201) L.47 Head L.6.5 W.5.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 9773, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
718	Complete, head polyhedral of square section, details of top and sides obscured by corrosion, shank of sub-circular section (FE201) L.52.5 Head L.6 W.3.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 7488, Unstratified.
TYPE FE203 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, NO COLLAR, SHANK OF SQUARE SECTION
719	Complete apart from tip of shank, polyhedral head, details of sides and top obscured by corrosion, shank of square section, tin plating all over. Analysis: white-metal plating (FE203) L.38 Head L.6.5 W.5. Shank section W.3mm RF 7349, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
TYPE FE210 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN
720	Incomplete, most of shank broken away, remaining shank split along one side, polyhedral head, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, collar, shank section unclear (FE210) L.27 Head L.7 W.5 Shank section W.3mm RF 12907, Unstratified.
TYPE FE211 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED (FIG. 1.30)
721	Complete apart from extreme tip, polyhedral head, detail of sides and top obscured by corrosion, collar, shank of sub-circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE211) L.55 Head L.4 W.4 Shank section D.2.5 RF 4610, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
722	Complete, polyhedral head, of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, collar integral with head, shank of circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE211) L.75.5 Head L.6 W.5 Shank section D.3mm RF 11010, Context 6472, Phase 5b–6i.
723	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, sub-lozenge shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, ring collar, shank of sub-circular section, white-metal plating on head and grooves around collar. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE211) L.65 Head L.7.5 W.4 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.30) RF 2511, Context 2181, Phase 6iii.
724	Incomplete, most of shank broken off, polyhedral head, obscured by corrosion, but appears to have lozenge-shaped facets, collar, shank of circular section (FE211) L.17 Head L.5.5 W.4 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 13306, Unstratified.
725	Complete apart from extreme tip of shank, polyhedral head of square section, lozenge-shaped facet on top, sub-triangular side facets, triangular corner facets, collar, shank of circular section, appears plated all over (but not analysed) (FE211) L.47 Head L.5.5 W.4 Shank section D.2mm RF 13850, Unstratified.
TYPE FE213 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK OF SQUARE SECTION
726	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, polyhedral head, of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, collar integral with head, shank of square section, white-metal plating on shank. Analysis: lead/tin plating (FE213) L.33 Head L.8 W.3.5 Shank section W.2.5mm RF 7467, Context 6472, Phase 5b–6i.
727	Complete apart from extreme tip, polyhedral head, of square section, lozenge-shaped facets on top and sides, triangular corner facets, collar, shank of square section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin with trace of lead plating (FE213) L.59 Head L.4 W.4.5 Shank section W.3mm RF 7066, Context 7055, Phase 6ii–6iii.
TYPE FE233 POLYHEDRAL HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK OF SQUARE SECTION, DECORATION ON HEAD (FIG. 1.30)
728	Complete, polyhedral head of square section, sides trapezoidal with deep V-section notches cut in from the top, irregular collar, shank of sub-square section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE233) L.60.5 Head L.7 W.4.5 Shank section W.2 Th.2mm. (FIG. 1.30) RF 2526, Context 2501, Phase 0.
729	Complete apart from extreme tip, polyhedral head of square section, sides trapezoidal with deep V-section notches cut in from the top, two ring collars, shank of sub-square section (FE233) L.56 Head L.3 W.4 Shank section W.2.5mm RF 4254, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
Type FE3 – Biconical heads (FIG. 1.30)
TYPE FE300 BICONICAL HEAD, CONICAL TOP, SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN
730	Complete apart from shank tip, biconical head, conical top, possible decoration or band around medial edge, shank section unknown, pin identified from X-ray only (FE300) L.32.5 Head D.8 Across shank W.3mm RF 14083, Unstratified.
731	Complete apart from tip, biconical head, conical top, shank section unknown, pin identified from X-ray only (FE300) L.33 Head D.8 Across shank W.2mm RF 14246, Unstratified.
TYPE FE301 BICONICAL HEAD, CONICAL TOP, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED (FIG. 1.30)
732	Complete, biconical head, conical top, shank of circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead alloy plating (FE301) L.58.5 Head D.6 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 5913, Context 4041, Phase 5a.
733	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken away, biconical head, conical top, shank of circular section (FE301) L.15 Head D.8 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 3305, Context 2718, Phase 5a–6ii.
734	Incomplete and in three fragments, lower part of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, shank of sub-circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE301) L. (together) 40.5 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.3mm RF 2785, Context 2562, Phase 5b.
735	Complete, biconical head, conical top, short shank of circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE301) L.33 Head D.8 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 5763, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
736	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, shank of circular section (FE301) L.34 Head D.5.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 7155, Context 7123, Phase 6iii.
737	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, shank of circular section (FE301) L.24.5 Head D.8.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 7048, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
738	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, shank of circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: lead/tin plating (FE301) L.26.5 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 7870, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
739	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, shank of sub-circular section (FE301) L.45 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 3039, Unstratified.
740	Complete apart from extreme tip, biconical head, conical top, groove around shank just below head, shank of circular section (FE301) L.45 Head D.10 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 7862, Unstratified.
741	Complete apart from extreme tip, biconical head, conical top, shank of circular section (FE301) L.52 Head D.8 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 7871, Unstratified.
742	Incomplete, tip of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, shank of circular section (FE301) L.30.5 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 11938, Unstratified.
743	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, shank of sub-circular section (FE301) L.29.5 Head D.6 Shank section D.2mm RF 12308, Unstratified.
744	Complete, biconical head, conical top, shank of circular section (FE301) L.64 Head D.7 Shank section D.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.30) RF 12695, Unstratified.
745	Incomplete, most of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, shank of sub-circular section (FE301) L.17.5 Head D.7.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 13454, Unstratified.
TYPE FE303 BICONICAL HEAD, CONICAL TOP, SHANK OF SQUARE SECTION
746	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, biconical head, conical top, shank of sub-square section (FE303) L.38 Head D.8 Shank section W.2mm RF 4251, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
747	Incomplete, most of shank broken off, irregularly biconical head, shank of sub-square section, white-metal plating on head. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE303) L.18 Head D.8 Shank section W.2.5mm RF 9250, Unstratified.
748	Complete, biconical head, conical top, shank of sub-square section (FE303) L.33.5 Head D.7 Shank section W.2mm RF 12557, Unstratified.
TYPE FE311 BICONICAL HEAD, CONICAL TOP, COLLAR, SHANK SECTION UNVARIED (FIG. 1.30)
749	Complete apart from extreme tip, biconical head, conical top, collar, shank of circular section, white-metal plating on shank. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE311) L.46 Head D.5 Shank section D.3mm. (FIG. 1.30) RF 10617, Context 3421, Phase 5b–6.
Type FE8 – Inverted conical head (FIG. 1.30)
TYPE FE813 INVERTED CONICAL HEAD, COLLAR, SHANK OF SQUARE SECTION
750	Complete, inverted conical head of oval section, ring collar, shank of sub-square section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin (trace of lead) plating (FE813) L.68 Head L.4.5 W.5 Th.4.5 Shank section W.2.5mm. (FIG. 1.30) RF 2606, Context 2184, Phase 6iii.
Miscellaneous pins (FIG. 1.30)
GLASS HEADS
751	Incomplete, lower end of shank broken off, globular blue glass head, shank of sub-circular section (FE000) L.25.5 Head D.5.5 Shank section D.2mm. (FIG. 1.30) RF 12234, Context 10772, Phase 2–4ii.
752	Incomplete, much of shank broken off, globular pale blue-green glass head, shank of sub-square section (FE000) L.22 Head D.5.5 Shank section W.3mm RF 5123, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
OTHERS (FIG. 1.30)
753	Incomplete, both ends broken, shank of square section, one end flattened and appears originally oval or sub-circular with perforation, broken across perforation, other end cracked and distorted (FE000) L.68 Head W.10.5 Th. 2 Shank section W.4 Th.4.5mm. (FIG. 1.30) RF 11241, Unstratified.
754	Complete apart from extreme tip, narrow conical head, broad groove either side of collar just below head, shank of circular section (FE000) L.60.5 Head L.5 W.3 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 12581, Unstratified.
755	Incomplete, lower part of shank broken off, horizontal discoidal head with two collars beneath, shank of circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: lead/tin plating (FE000) L.37.5 Head D.3 Shank section D.2mm RF 13430, Unstratified.
756	(?) Pin, complete with sub-discoidal head, tapering shank of circular section L.55 Head D.6 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 11790, Context 10399, Phase 3bii.
757	Pin with looped ‘shepherd’s crook’ head. L.48mm RF 1956, Context 1453, Period 6.
Type FE09 – shanks
TYPE FE090 – SHANK FO RM UNKNOWN (SECTION DIMENSIONS UNMEASURABLE)
758	Shank fragment, both ends broken off, shank split along side and section unclear (FE090) L.26.5 RF 13057, Context 10772, Phase 2–4ii.
759	Shank fragment, broken at both ends and along side of shank, section unclear (FE090) L.24 RF 12743, Context 6710, Phase 3biv–3bv.
760	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, shank broken up and section unclear (FE090) L.46 RF 13206, Unstratified.
761.	Shank fragment, broken at both ends, shank section unclear (FE090) L.14 RF 13601, Unstratified.
TYPE FE091 – SHANK SECTION UNVARIED
762	Shank fragment, both ends broken off, shank of sub-circular section (FE091) L.25 Shank section D.3mm RF 13031, Context 10772, Phase 2–4ii.
763	Shank fragment, both ends broken off, shank of sub-circular section (FE091) L.34 Shank section D.2mm RF 13040, Context 10772, Phase 2–4ii.
764	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, of sub-circular section (FE091) L.56 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 10092, Context 6235, Phase 3bv.
765	Shank fragment, upper end broken away, of circular section (FE091) L.37 Shank section D.2mm RF 9422, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
766	Shank fragment only, both ends broken, of circular section (FE091) L.30 Shank section D.2mm RF 6606, Context 6499, Phase 6ii–6iii.
767	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, of circular section (FE091) L.47 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 10411, Context 1841, Phase 6ii–6iii.
768	Shank fragment, broken at both ends, of circular section (FE091) L.31 Shank section D.2mm RF 12150, Context 6499, Phase 6ii–6iii.
769	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, of circular section, white-metal plated all over. Analysis: tin plating (FE091) L.45 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 10491, Context 1836, Phase 6ii–6iii.
770	Shank fragment, of circular section, possibly part of no. 736, RF 7155 (FE091) L.18 Shank section D.2mm RF 7156, Context 7123, Phase 6iii.
771	Shank fragment, upper end broken away, of circular section (FE091) L.46 Shank section D.3mm RF 8975, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
772	Shank fragment, broken at upper end, of circular section (FE091) L.21 Shank section D.2mm RF 11065, Context 1167, Phase 6iii.
773	Shank fragment, broken at upper end, of circular section (FE091) L.20 Shank section D.3mm RF 11166, Context 6469, Phase 6iii.
774	Shank fragment, upper end broken away, shank of sub-circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE091) L.26.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 9455, Unstratified.
775	Shank fragment, upper end broken away, of sub-circular section (FE091) L.32 Shank section D.2mm RF 9671, Unstratified.
776	Incomplete, end of shank broken off, head type unclear, obscured by corrosion and possibly incomplete, shank of circular section (FE091) L.44 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 9905, Unstratified.
777	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, of circular section (FE091) L.43.5 Shank section D.3mm RF 11275, Unstratified.
778	Incomplete, upper end of shank broken off, shank of sub-oval section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE091) L.48.5 Shank section W.2 Th.1mm RF 12417, Unstratified.
779	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, shank of sub-circular section (FE091) L.66 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 12602, Unstratified.
780	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, shank of sub-circular section (FE091) L.59.5 Shank section D.3mm RF 12737, Unstratified.
781	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, shank of sub-circular section (FE091) L.21.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 12747, Unstratified.
782	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, shank of sub-circular section (FE091) L.59.5 Shank section D.3.5mm RF 12855, Unstratified.
783	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, shank of sub-oval section (FE091) L.26 Shank section W.2.5 Th.2mm RF 12982, Unstratified.
784	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, shank of sub-circular section (FE091) L.39 Shank section D.2mm RF 13215, Unstratified.
785	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, shank of sub-circular section (FE091) L.23.5 Shank section D.2mm RF 13218, Unstratified.
786	Shank fragment, both ends broken off, shank of sub-circular section (FE091) L.26 Shank section D.2mm RF 13291, Unstratified.
787	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, shank of sub-circular section (FE091) L.43 Shank section D.3mm RF 13376, Unstratified.
788	Shank fragment, both ends broken off, shank of sub-circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE091) L.38 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 13410, Unstratified.
789	Shank fragment, upper end and tip broken off, shank of sub-circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin plating, trace of lead (FE091) L.57 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 13414, Unstratified.
790	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, shank of sub-circular section (FE091) L.35 Shank section D.2mm RF 13461, Unstratified.
791	Shank tip fragment, upper end broken off, of sub-circular section (FE091) L.12 Shank section D.2mm RF 13474, Unstratified.
792	Shank fragment, broken at both ends, of circular section (FE091) L.30.5 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 13527, Unstratified.
793	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, shank of sub-circular section (FE091) L.37 Shank section D.2mm RF 13547, Unstratified.
794	Shank fragment, upper end broken off, shank of sub-circular section (FE091) L.57 Shank section D.2.5mm RF 13575, Unstratified.
795	Shank fragment, broken at both ends, shank of circular section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE091) L.27 Shank section D.2mm RF 13578, Unstratified.
TYPE FE093 – SHANK OF SQUARE SECTION
796	Shank fragment, upper end broken away, of sub-square section (FE093) L.35 Shank section W.2mm RF 8965, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
797	Incomplete, upper end broken off, shank of square section, white-metal plating all over. Analysis: tin/lead plating (FE093) L.57 Shank section W.2.5mm RF 11011, Context 6472, Phase 5b–6i.

1.9 Tool-marks and finishing details on non-ferrous, surface-coated and inlaid objects, including dress items

by Ian Panter, with contributions by Glynis Edwards^† and Jacqui Watson

Copper alloy

A total of 72 objects were analysed, including a sample of the metal-detected material, to investigate and identify the presence of surface coatings and inlays, as well as technological evidence such as solder and alloy composition, although not all of the copper alloy was submitted for EDXRF analysis. The results are summarised below, and exclude the results of the study of the pins which is discussed above in section 1.8, Appendix 3 (pp.46–7).

Traces of both zinc and lead were often detected within the bronze and brass categories, although in very small quantities, as was silver, although no trace of a surface coating could be observed either visually or by EDXRF. The presence of silver, in these cases, is likely to be a contaminant, and, coupled with the range of alloy compositions observed, probably reflects the re-use and re-working of metal objects.

Of the objects analysed, thirty-one were found to have an applied decoration, and these are listed below:

Occasionally, during the course of investigation, areas of white metal were exposed which may have appeared to be either tinning or silvering. Subsequent analysis showed that the white metal patches represented elevated tin or lead levels within the alloy. Whether this was done deliberately to create a whiter alloy, or whether it has occurred as a result of differential corrosion is open to debate. Clearly, the most common method of surface coating for copper alloy objects was gilding, and the presence of mercury in the analyses suggests that the mercury-gilding method was usually employed. Silver coatings/inlays are rare, although a number of artefacts have been decorated with applied silver sheets.

In particular, two styli (cat. nos 1011 and 1012: RFs 7518 and 11568) are of note, in that they both have silver repoussé-decorated sheets applied to the broad eraser ends, similar to the iron stylus (no. 1013: RF 12268). EDXRF analysis of the grey deposits observed on the back of the silver sheets, as well as on the front surface of the eraser, indicated a much higher tin content, although the lead levels were low. Although both tin and lead were constituents of the copper alloy used to make the styli, it is likely that these deposits are solder.

Silver and gold objects

All the silver objects (excluding coins – see Ch. 13) were analysed, including some of the metal-detected finds, to ascertain the quality of the silver present, that is, whether the silver had been debased by the addition of copper/copper alloys. The results are summarised in the table below:

Alloy composition	Number of objects
Cu	2
Cu/Sn	14
Cu/Sn/Pb	34
Cu/Zn	10
Cu/Sn/Zn/Pb	9
Cu/Pb	1
mainly Pb	2

Of these, 21 objects had been gilded, usually by the mercury process. Furthermore, it was possible to re-classify a few objects as being predominantly silver, as opposed to their original classification as copper alloy objects. Also, one pin (no. 566; RF 822) – originally thought to be iron with a gilded dog head – had high levels of copper present, and it was not possible to ascertain whether the “base” metal was a copper alloy which had become encrusted with masses of iron corrosion.

Surface coating	Number of objects
Gilded/Foil	18
Silvered	1
Inlay: lead	2
Inlay: silver	3
Enamel	7

A ‘finger ingot’ (no. 3289; RF 12198, unstratified) of debased silver possibly represents metal-working material.

One medieval gold brooch (no. 3367; RF 12237) was analysed and found to be predominantly gold, but with traces of silver and copper present.

Other decorative features

Alternative methods employed to decorate objects include carving/engraving, stamping, and punching, which can be observed on the iron, copper and silver objects.

Linear designs incised into the surface and often associated with plating can be seen on many buckles, strap-ends, styli and other fittings, and probably represent the most common form of adornment. One interesting item is a mount (no. 979; RF 14087) which has an incised zoomorphic design which was probably cut into the mould used to cast the object.

Stamped and punched designs are also in evidence: in particular, the styli with applied repoussé sheets which have already been discussed, and other examples can be seen in brooches, lace tags and pins.

Alloy composition	Number of objects
Mainly silver	13
Debased with Cu or CuA	25

One method which appears to be observed only on iron objects is the spiral or “barley twist”, whereby two rods of iron are twisted together. This feature was observed on six objects, although only one (no. 1741; RF 5732) was positively identified as a handle – the others remaining of unknown function.

Effects of fire

A small number of objects exhibited evidence for being burnt. For example, areas on a copper alloy brooch (no. 23; FX 88, R6) have a disrupted “bubbly” appearance, with loss in definition of the decorative detail.

The possible vessel fragments (RF 14014), were seriously distorted and covered in red and green “glassy” corrosion products and “slag-like” material.

Manufacturing technology

Evidence for the processes and tools used in the fabrication of objects survived in a number of cases, especially within the patinated surfaces of the copper alloys, and in particular on a great number of pins. These marks were usually exposed during the process of corrosion removal, but given the excellent state of preservation of much of the material, they were visible without the aid of any mechanical intervention. This is an important point, as the surviving tool-marks can be considered as just that, rather than something that may have occurred from the activities of mechanical intervention.

The most common tool-mark would appear to be that from a file, used either in the shaping of an object, or to roughen or key a surface ready for application of a surface coating. For example, a medieval iron belt hasp (no. 3390; RF 10990) exhibited keying marks beneath the plating, as does a looped strip of ironworking debris (no. 3002; RF 7010), whilst on a copper alloy buckle (no. 121; RF 12522), although possible keying marks were preserved on the plate, no plating could be detected either visually or by EDXRF analysis. This may be an example of an unfinished object, indicating that fabrication and plating were occurring at Flixborough. During the course of corrosion removal from the iron file (no. 3092; RF 4877), tiny flecks of copper were visible, and subsequently detected using EDXRF. Whether this file had been used during the fabrication of a number of objects from the site is open to debate. Further evidence for metal-working comes from the presence of lead splashes on four iron objects: a shoe or belt buckle (no. 3387; RF 9010), a U-shaped staple (no. 1279; RF 11155), an awl (no. 2492; RF 9654) as well as a S-shaped hook (no. 1783; 4085), where dots of lead were observed and detected.

Investigation of an iron strip (RF 8115) revealed that one end was still divided and had traces of coppering within it – perhaps the object was unfinished?

Although the majority of tool-marks appear on the copper alloys, there are a few examples preserved on the iron. For example, a knife (no. 2110, RF 3851) had faint striations running across the blade, probably from a file, although it is feasible that the marks may have been produced during the use of the blade.

Manufacturing flaws are visible within several of the copper alloy objects. A tag (no. 98; RF 6439) had a crescentic split in the back, as well as an area of white metal, as if there were impurities in the alloy, or the sheet had not been rolled out correctly. A patch of lead concentration on the eraser end of a stylus (no. 1005; RF 4762) may be indicative of a similar mishap, or may be the remains of solder, suggesting that a decorative sheet had been applied as with styli RFs 7518, 11568 and 12268 (nos 1011–13, discussed above).

The most common methods for joining two metals would appear to be the use of rivets, of solder and or welding, and one example of a possible scarf joint is visible on an iron handle (no. 1745; RF 7855). In this case, this might reflect a repair, using scarf joins to insert a new section.

Evidence for welding tends to be reflected in differential corrosion. Examination of a knife (no. 2174; RF 12303) revealed the presence of a distinct groove marking the junction of the blade and back, probably caused by a welding fault giving rise to deep-seated corrosion. A similar situation is seen in another knife (no. 2050; RF 12255), where a long split has developed from the tip, and presumably following the junction of the blade edge and back. The X-radiographic images of a number of the axes and adzes from the tool hoard also illustrate forging details.

Evidence for soldering is often notoriously difficult to confirm using techniques such as EDXRF, especially on copper alloys, as the solder constituents (tin and lead) are often components of the base metal alloy. In these instances, identification is very much dependent upon the character and position of the deposits as well as their relationship with the object. Examples from Flixborough include a domed mount (no. 975; RF 12802) and a disc-shaped mount (no. 977; RF 12803), both unstratified. Both base metals were bronze and each had a white crystalline deposit which had a lead-tin composition. Given the location and form of the material, it is likely that the deposits were solder, rather than areas of excessive corrosion.

Investigation of the copper alloy pins, especially the ones where the head was missing, revealed patches of either white metal or a dull grey/white crystalline deposit around where the head would have been. Unfortunately, because of the alloy composition, it was not possible to detect for certain the presence of a solder using EDXRF. In many cases, higher levels of both lead and tin were detected, but whether this was due to solder or simply the affects of differential corrosion, is difficult to determine. As lower levels of tin and lead were detected elsewhere on the shanks, then a plating could be ruled out. A similar situation exists with the styli described above, where crystalline deposits survived on the reverse side of the applied silver mounts and on corresponding areas of the erasers. Unfortunately, because the styli were leaded copper/tin alloys, it was impossible to differentiate between lead and tin from the solder and that from the alloy, although higher tin levels were detected in these particular zones.

Detection of solder on ironwork is less fraught, but, apart from the iron stylus (described above), only one other example was recorded.

A barrel padlock bolt (no. 1818; RF 11419) had traces of a grey/silvery deposit sandwiched between two iron “plates”.

The use of rivets, both iron and copper alloy were recorded, and examples include a bell (no. 1020; RF 138), a fitting (no. 1516; RF 181), a disc-headed pin (no. 673; RF 2068) with both iron and copper rivets, and a possible copper alloy hinge (no. 1974; RF 2597) with remains of a thin iron sheet attached using iron rivets.

Objects such as strap-ends and buckle plates that had rivets were investigated to ascertain whether organic remains such as leather and textile had been preserved by mineralisation. Glynis Edwards and Jacqui Watson comment that six buckles have traces of leather from belts, and that no. 172 (RF 9284) had clear remains of the belt loops on both sides at the back. There is not enough evidence to determine whether the buckles were lost or discarded with the complete belts, or whether parts of the belts were cut off for other use.

Appendix 4. EXDRF analysis of selected gilded copper alloy and silver objects

by Jennifer Jones

A total of forty-one copper alloy and silver objects were found to have traces of gilding. These were surface analysed using EDXRF. Twenty-five are pins (13 copper alloy and 12 silver), and 16 are non-pins (seven copper alloy and nine silver).

By the early centuries AD, the most commonly-used method of gilding was the gold amalgam method, now usually referred to as fire gilding. An amalgam of gold and mercury was formed by dropping gold leaf or fragments of gold into hot mercury, and when this mixture cooled it was spread with a brush onto the carefully cleaned object. Heating the object to a dull red heat drove off the mercury and left the gold firmly attached to the underlying alloy. The object was then ready for burnishing (Untracht 1975). This method of gilding can be applied to both silver and copper alloys, as long as the latter do not contain too much lead, and also to pure copper or silver artefacts. It can be used over the whole object surface, or just in selected areas.

EDXRF analysis of gilded objects should be able to reveal the use of fire gilding, by detecting mercury not completely driven off in the manufacturing process. Of the 41 gilded objects, mercury was detected by surface EDXRF analysis in 32 cases. It was not detected in five copper/copper alloys (three pins and two non-pins), or in four silver/silver alloys (two pins and two non-pins). The reason for this could be that where the gold layer is very thin or discontinuous, as is often the case, mercury was not detected at the exact site of analysis, or it could indicate the use of a different gilding method.

Leaf gilding and diffusion gilding techniques were also known at this time. Leaf gilding involves the attachment of gold leaf, too thin to be handled, to the object’s surface by means of an adhesive. In diffusion gilding, the gold leaf was bonded to the underlying surface (usually silver or copper) by gentle heating (Oddy 1993). Both these methods may have been less commonly used than fire gilding by this period, but where mercury has not been detected, the use of diffusion or leaf gilding should not be discounted.

The results of the EXDRF analysis of the great square-headed brooch (no. 23; FX 88 R6) have already been discussed (see section 1.1, p.4).

1.10 Combs

by Martin Foreman, with identifications of osseous materials by Sonia O’Connor and T. P. O’Connor

Introduction

This report considers c.80 fragments derived from approximately 70 composite combs, recovered from contexts dated to between the late 7th and mid-10th centuries. They include double-sided, single-sided and handled forms. The combs are described according to terminology set out by MacGregor (1985, 75), with tooth-spacing or value (TV) calculated following Riddler (1994). The osseous materials were identified by Sonia O’Connor, and occasionally by Terry O’Connor. Comparative study with other sites was based primarily on published material; Bob Carr, Arthur MacGregor and Ian Riddler kindly provided information about many unpublished combs to broaden the scope of review.

Double-sided combs are represented by seven disassembled fragments of limited diagnostic value; 22 similar fragments which are more informative as to the size, form or decoration of the combs; and 13 assembled comb fragments. Symmetrical single-sided combs provide nine detached comb elements; five assembled fragments, and a complete comb. Handled combs and fragments possibly derived from handled combs include five disassembled elements; three assembled fragments; and a substantially complete comb broken only at the time of its discovery. Other fragments, from either symmetrical or handled types, include seven end-plate, tooth-plate or side-plate fragments; and one small assembled fragment. Two flat mounts may be from the side-plates of composite combs of horn and bone. Another six items derive from combs of uncertain form; they include detached teeth and other small fragments.

The combs from Flixborough have previously been considered alongside those from the Anglian cemetery at Castledyke South, Barton-upon-Humber, North Lincolnshire (Foreman 1998; Foreman in prep.). The Roman affinity of Early Anglo-Saxon double-sided combs was suggested, differing from narrower and more elongated combs of later date. This development was perhaps conveyed through the introduction of single-sided forms. A regional tendency towards ‘edge-pinning’ of end-plates was identified, in contrast to common practice elsewhere (MacGregor 1985, 75). At Castledyke, double-sided combs outnumbered single-sided forms by about 3 to 1. At Flixborough, double-sided combs outnumbered single-sided forms by less than 2 to 1. Overall, this ratio resembles that reported from Middle Saxon Hamwic, Southampton. It contrasts with Middle Saxon Fishergate, York, where there were 3 single-sided combs for every 1 double-sided comb (Rogers 1993a), and more markedly still with Brandon, Suffolk (R. Carr, pers. comm.), and Thwing, East Riding of Yorkshire (T. Manby, pers. comm.): at Brandon there is only one double-sided comb, and at Thwing none. The Brandon assemblage comes as a re-deposited collection from ‘dark earths’. Combs from Thwing are considered as Middle Saxon in date, though they are comparable to material from 10th- and 11th-century contexts at Coppergate, York, where single-sided combs predominate (A. MacGregor, pers. comm.; MacGregor et al. 1999).

The absence of comb-making debris may suggest that, in so far as its excavated areas are concerned, Flixborough functioned as a centre of consumption: these combs were manufactured elsewhere. The majority of comb fragments (c.85% of which were stratified finds) come from deposits dated by pottery to between the 9th century and the mid-10th century. They accompany metalwork, the majority of which is datable to the 8th and 9th centuries on the basis of current chronologies (Webster and Backhouse 1991). It is uncertain whether the combs accompany the metalwork as part of a residual and reworked assemblage, or whether they demonstrate shifts in rubbish disposal strategies and artefact deposition. A later emphasis on organic, and – in the case of antler – specifically woodland, resources may also be detectable. Antler combs, therefore, complement the studies of the consumption of timber and other faunal resources at Flixborough, which became more conspicuous during the later occupation of the site (Loveluck 2001; Dobney Volume 4, Ch. 5; Loveluck Volume 4, Chs 3, 4 and 9). These points enhance the importance of the combs from Flixborough, to the understanding of the site and its context, as well as to the study of the artefacts themselves.

Typological grouping of combs

Phasing information and context interpretations were added to catalogue entries for combs. The screening out of contexts interpreted as ‘dumps’ or ‘dark soils’ left only c.25 objects to provide a starting-point for a typological review, though two more from dump contexts were so near-complete as to suggest that their deposit may have been primary. This exercise showed similar material scattered between the earliest and latest phases represented. The next stage of review, therefore, drew all stratified material from all contexts together, tracing the currency of forms, material and tooth-value. This confirmed the mixing of artefacts, with scant discernible development in construction, fineness of tooth-spacing etc. Joins between fragments were usually within the same contexts. The presence of bone comb components in earlier and later phases, and the predominance of antler in the mid-to-late-9th-century Phases 4ii–5b, may hint at the more homogeneous nature of material in 9th-century contexts, and marked residuality in 10th-century deposits.

The typological ordering of the combs was attempted with reference to stratigraphic phasing, and to phase-dates supplied by pottery. Given significant residuality, in dumps in particular, ‘spot-dates’ offered by coins were also considered, as suggesting a feasible terminus post quem for residual elements incorporated in such contexts.

Wider double-sided combs

The double-sided combs appear at first sight to form an assemblage of consistent character. They have squared end-plates, some with slightly rounded corners, others more angular, and all with generous uncut and undecorated fields. These features suggest a date-range in the Middle Saxon period (Riddler 1994, 111). The teeth on end-plates are usually graduated in length, and similarly spaced on both sides of most combs. Side-plate terminals are straight-ended. Decoration is modest, and the avoidance of ring-and-dot for all except a distinct sub-group of single-sided combs is a particular feature of the assemblage from Flixborough. The execution of linear schemes is typically fine.

The earliest double-sided combs appear to have been the widest (c.36–49mm), and their side-plates were corres-pondingly broader as well. Tooth-plates were usually 9–13mm long (along the comb), shorter than those used for most other combs. The width and length of some detached end-plates and tooth-plates from double-sided combs has prompted their speculative assignment to this group. Tooth-spacing is between 5 and 7 per cm, with tooth values of 6/6 the most common. The preferred material was antler. Decoration usually comprises vertical lines, sometimes dividing blank fields, and is typically sparse. The sparse decoration of double-sided combs towards their ends is a feature of 7th-to-8th-century Frankish material; other examples are completely undecorated (Koch 1982, Taf. 15, gr. 36; Taf. 30, gr. 25; Taf. 39, gr. 76; Taf. 40, gr. 87; Taf. 43, gr. 97). Modest linear decoration, or none at all, is a widespread characteristic of Middle Saxon combs, as from Walton, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire (Farley 1976, figs 20, 25 and 26); from Hamwic – Cook Street – Southampton (Riddler 1992, 8); Shakenoak, Oxfordshire (Brodribb et al. 1972, figs 56–8); Sutton Courtenay, Berkshire (Leeds 1923, pls 28–9) and elsewhere.

Perhaps the (stratigraphically) earliest comb, no. 798 (RF 763, FIG. 1.31) is also among the plainest from the site. It is scantily decorated by two surviving pairs of finely incised vertical lines, set towards the end of the comb. It is possible that an attempt was made to restrict tooth-cutting scars to one side of the comb. Tooth-spacing was slightly differentiated on the two sides of the comb: six per cm on one side, seven on the other. The end-plate was apparently rounded at the corners, and apparently pinned close to its inner edge – though recorded on-site, these features did not survive the excavation of the object. It came from posthole fill 463, ascribed to between Phases 2 and 5a – late-7th- to mid- to late-9th-century, but with residual material present. Its extremely simple decoration is similar to that of single-sided comb nos 842–3 (RF 5546/6015), from Phase 4ii dump 5503, dated to the mid 9th century. Plain combs figure among 7th-century finds from Castledyke (Foreman 1998, 287–8). Limited bands of decoration occur on a side-plate from Brandon, SF 2040 (R. Carr, pers. comm.), and are also an occasional feature of abraded comb fragments from Hamwic, with sets of four finely inscribed lines, SOU 1.7; and from Buttermarket, Ipswich, with sets of three lines (Ian Riddler, pers. comm.; Riddler et al. forthcoming).

Side-plate fragments nos 799–800 (RFs 10575/10590 and 180) are completely plain pieces, bearing the same tooth-spacing on both sides. Both are residual, deriving from a Phase 6ii–6iii dark soil and from topsoil. Unstratified no. 801 (FX 88, R103), from a fairly wide comb, retains traces of vertical linear decoration at one end of the side-plate. Fragment no. 802 (RF 7909) is from a detached and unstratified side-plate, and bears scars suggesting six teeth per cm on one side of the comb, and seven on the other.

Of the detached fragments grouped speculatively with these combs on account of their width, two end-plates are of some interest. They come from Phase 4ii dump 3758, dated to the mid 9th century but with a residual presence including a sceat of c.730–40. Both pieces have angular corners. One, no. 803 (RF 5705), bears an exceptionally generous blank field, and was apparently edge-pinned. Tooth-plates no. 804 (RF 6293), from the same context; and no. 805 (RF 11393) from Phase 5a dump 11039, could both derive from the same comb as no. 803. End-plate no. 806 (RF 3777, FIG. 1.31) has a rivet more centrally placed, and the surface shows that it was formerly held between flat-ended side-plates which narrowed towards the end of the comb. This implies cigar-shaped terminals, again a common feature of Middle Saxon combs, as from Maidenhead, SFs 1290 and 1321; Barton Court Farm, Oxfordshire; Hamwic (Ian Riddler, pers. comm.) and elsewhere. A further end-plate with rounded corners but without graduation in tooth-length, no. 807 (RF 10157), bears a rivet-hole close to its inner edge. It comes from Phase 5a dump 6491, dated to the mid-to-late 9th century. Tooth-plate no. 809 (RF 6874) was unusually (50mm) wide, which tends to relate it to Early Anglo-Saxon combs rather than others from Flixborough (cf. Foreman 1998, and in prep.). Most other tooth-plates from wider combs occur in dumps from Phase 5a, but not later.

The dating available for these comb fragments at Flixborough is loose. The earliest possible date would be late 7th-century, for comb no. 798 (RF 763), and its similarity to Early Anglo-Saxon material from Castledyke could support an early date. These double-sided combs resemble others from sealed Middle Saxon contexts elsewhere. The condition of other fragments could allow all to be residual; the earliest context they occurred in was of early-to-mid-8th-century date.

Narrower double-sided combs

A larger number of double-sided combs appear more delicate and elongated than those considered above. These often bear decoration on only one side of the comb. This decoration remains modest in its form and extent, frequently comprising no more than deep tooth-cutting scars. For more ornate pieces, diagonal hatched or paired-line motifs were favoured, often appearing so regular as to suggest the use of a double-bladed saw. Tooth-spacing was fine, usually between six and seven teeth per cm, and usually the same on both sides of the comb. Tooth-plates were usually 14–17mm long – in this aspect of construction, resembling some of the symmetrical single-sided combs from Flixborough. Longer and narrower double-sided combs were less damaged than others, suggesting the soils in which they lay had been subjected to less disturbance after their deposition.

Though found in Phase 6i trench fill 5930, near-complete comb nos 811–12 (RF 5939/5938; FIG. 1.31) may derive from underlying dumps of mid-9th-century Phase 4ii; both the trench fills and underlying dumps produced comb fragments of closely comparable size. If this origin for the comb is accepted, nos 811–12 (RF 5939/5938) could have been the (stratigraphically) earliest of the assembled narrow double-sided combs. It comprises twelve tooth-plates and an end-plate, the tooth-plates being narrower towards the ends of the comb and wider in its central part. The side-plates are between 8 and 12mm in width. Though not central, the pinning of the end-plate has begun to drift away from its edge. Tooth-cutting scars appear on both sides. Comb no. 813 (RF 7925) appears very similar, and features tooth-plates arranged in a similar fashion to those of comb nos 811–12. It came from Phase 5b–6i dump 6888, dated to the late 9th to early/mid 10th century. The surviving end-plate appeared to have been pinned close to its edge. Prominent tooth-cutting scars were carefully restricted to one side of otherwise undecorated side-plates. The elongated form recurs amongst combs from Middle Saxon Hamwic, though the Flixborough combs may feature more tooth-plates than are usual among these (Ian Riddler, pers. comm.). Narrow double-sided combs are thought to date to the Middle Saxon or the Mid-to-Late Saxon period at Buttermarket, Ipswich (Riddler et al. forthcoming).

Fragment no. 814 (RF 6982; FIG. 1.31) has atypically thick tooth-plates (5mm). The comb again features short tooth-plates towards the ends, flanking longer central tooth-plates. The end-plate is pinned fairly centrally. Tooth-cutting scars are restricted to one side-plate, but vertical lines appear at the terminals of both the narrow side-plates, combining with diagonal lines on the plainer side to produce a very restricted hatched zone. It is in fairly good condition, coming from Phase 6iii dark soil 6300, together with both residual and contemporary material. The limited decoration of the terminals recalls some of the combs, and their Middle Saxon parallels, cited above. Rogers (1993a, 1398) ascribes the restriction of tooth-cutting scars to one side of a double-sided comb from Fishergate to its repair (ibid., fig. 683 no. 5739); it is there dated to the later 8th century (ibid., table 76). The restriction of decoration to a single display face was a fashion of the 8th and 9th centuries (Riddler et al. forthcoming). It has been linked with Frisian craftsmanship or trade by MacGregor (1985, 91) and Tempel (1972, 57). This issue deserves to be more fully explored (MacGregor et al. 1999, 1938); the trait is clearly related to the material culture of the North Sea littoral, though its association with named groups identified from documentary sources is warmly contested (Lebecq 1990; Riddler 1990).

Bone comb fragment no. 815 (RF 11792) comes from ditch-fill 10772, a context only broadly dated to Phase 4ii. Tooth-spacing – six per cm – was equal on both sides. Its squared end-plates are lightly rounded at their corners. Decoration is a more prominent feature of this comb than of those considered above, and comprises closely-spaced vertical lines along a surviving length of 39mm – it is uncertain how far along the comb this extended. Though its width alone might prompt its inclusion among earlier material, it shares the more graceful form of later combs from Flixborough. The curved end-plate and dense decoration recur on a comb from Christ Church College, Canterbury, SF 22 (Ian Riddler, pers. comm.), while the decoration is also common on single-sided comb fragments from Ipswich Buttermarket (Riddler et al. forthcoming).

Fragment no. 816 (RF 5808; FIG. 1.31) comes from a Phase 5b dump, 5553, dated to between the late 9th and early 10th centuries, although residual finds are also present, including 7th-century hanging bowl escutcheon no. 980 (RF 5717; Youngs, Ch. 2.3 this volume). The end-plate is edge-pinned, and the terminals of the side-plates are decorated with restricted zones of vertical lines. Double-sided combs from York include examples of this decoration (e.g. Waterman 1959, 88, pl. 18 no. 11). At Coppergate, similar decoration of side-plate terminals appears on single-sided comb fragments from contexts dated from c.975 onwards, most of which may there be residual (MacGregor et al. 1999, fig. 885 no. 7563, fig. 887 no. 7591, fig. 892 nos 7654 and 7666). Similar decoration is more narrowly restricted to the side-plate terminals of Middle Saxon double-sided combs from Dorney, Maidenhead, SFs 2623, 1290, 2216 and 2244; from Christ Church College, Canterbury, SF 22; and from Hamwic, on both double-sided and single-sided combs, as with SOU 24.891 and SOU 8.74 (Riddler 2002; Ian Riddler, pers. comm.). It recurs on single-sided and handled combs from Ipswich for which 8th- or 9th-century dates are suggested, and it is thought to have been widely used in the 7th and 8th centuries, and perhaps later (Riddler et al. forthcoming).

FIG. 1.31. Bone and antler combs. Scale 1:1.

Narrow side-plate fragment no. 817 (RF 8053; FIG. 1.31) bears cross-hatched paired-line decoration, and is from a dark soil, mid–late 10th-century-context 1833, from Phase 6iii. Fragment no. 818 (RF 7260) is similar, with diagonal paired-line decoration rather than cross-hatch on one side-plate. Examples of this simple decoration from Hamwic have been cited above. It recurs as zoned decoration on a minority of the single-sided combs from Ipswich (Riddler et al. forthcoming); and more frequently among single-sided combs from 10th-century contexts at Coppergate, York, where it is often placed centrally on side-plates (MacGregor et al. 1999, fig. 884, nos. 7535, 7543, 7547, 7551).

Fragment no. 819 (RF 6864; FIG. 1.31) is one end of a double-sided comb (cf. Rogers 1993a, no. 5569). It comes from Phase 6ii dump 6797, dated to the mid 10th century. The comb bears a zone of fine, hatched decoration at the surviving end, limited by a band of incised vertical lines. These, and tooth-cutting scars, occur on only one side of the comb. The decorative scheme recurs on a double-sided comb from Exeter Street, London, while its density is a characteristic of some single-sided Middle Saxon combs from Ipswich and Brandon (Riddler et al. forthcoming; Brandon SFs 2038 and 3827, R. Carr, pers. comm.). Like no. 819 (RF 6864), the latter bears decoration on only one side-plate. The dense cross-hatch recurs on several combs from Coppergate, York, derived from contexts dated from the mid 9th to the later 10th centuries (MacGregor et al. 1999, fig. 883 no. 7532; fig. 889, no. 7614; fig. 890, no. 6781). Irregular scratches on one side of no. 819’s end-plate are described by the conservator as ‘graffiti’. Their position, radiating from where side-plate lapped the end-plate, might associate them with mending. Though lightly cut, they disfigure an otherwise finely-worked comb. The pinning of the end-plate is well clear of its edge, distinguishing this comb from some other double-sided combs from Flixborough.

Of disassembled fragments from narrower combs, the (stratigraphically) earliest are tooth-plates, nos 820 (RF 3806) from mid 9th-century Phase 4ii, and 821 (RF 5220), from a dump of Phase 4ii–5a, of the mid to late 9th century. Side-plate fragment no. 822 (RF 5814) was undecorated save for tooth-cutting scars, and came from Phase 5b dump 5553, dated to between the late 9th and early 10th centuries. Tooth-plate no. 823 (RF 5359) comes from Phase 6ii dump context 3891, of the mid 10th century. Squared end-plate no. 830 (RF 6910), with teeth evenly graduated in length as is typical of most Middle Saxon double-sided combs, comes from late dark soil 6300, along with tooth-plate no. 824 (RF 7059). Tooth-plate no. 825 (RF 10562), comes from a Phase 6ii–6iii dark soil of the mid 10th century or later, 7055. The provenance of detached elements from narrow double-sided combs is therefore similar to that of the assembled fragments.

Narrower double-sided combs with thin side-plates

For double-sided combs, the development towards narrower forms appears to have culminated with a group which were furnished with exceptionally narrow (less than 10mm wide) straight side-plates. Comb fragment no. 826 (RF 5124; FIG. 1.32) showed the edge-pinning of its surviving end-plate. Tooth-cutting scars were restricted to one narrow straight-ended side-plate, which bore somewhat haphazard diagonal and vertical decoration resembling that of no. 814 (RF 6982) at its end, and a blank central field. Crucially for an assembled piece, it came from a late-9th-to-mid-10th-century occupation deposit of Phase 5b-6i, 4195. The restriction of decoration to one side might place the comb in the company of 8th- and 9th-century material, as considered above. The cross-hatching of diagonal and vertical lines was avoided. The decorative motif finds parallels in the zoned diagonal decoration on Middle Saxon combs from Dorney, Maidenhead, SFs 2043 and 2769 (Riddler 2002, 39–41 and 47); in some abraded fragments from Hamwic, such as SFs SOU 15.65-66, SOU 15.46 and SOU 23.152 (Ian Riddler, pers. comm.); and on a minority of single-sided combs from Ipswich (Riddler et al. forthcoming). Combs from Ipswich display the alternation of diagonal and vertical decoration, and of decorated and blank zones, on a range of material dated to between the 7th and 9th centuries.

Undecorated fragment no. 827 (RF 1852), from a narrow comb (c.31mm), includes a single, thin side-plate with tooth-cutting scars. An accompanying tooth-plate bears more extensive tooth-cutting scars on one side, which may suggest that final finishing was executed from only one side of the assembled comb. This may point to it having been a further comb with decorative cut-marks on one side only. It came from a dark soil, 1832, of Phase 6ii–6iii. Fragment no. 828 (RF 7015), from a Phase 6iii–7 dump, bears prominent tooth-cutting scars on its narrow side-plates. Comb fragment no. 829 (RF 7042; FIG. 1.32) came from mid-to-late-10th-century dark soil 6300, accompanying both residual 9th-century and later material. The small size of both comb fragments suggests that they, too, may be residual. No. 829 bears cross-hatched diagonal line decoration on one side-plate, and teeth uniformly spaced at six teeth per cm. The width of the comb, tooth-spacing and hatched decoration resemble that of combs from Dorney, Maidenhead (Riddler 2002, 39–41); and from Sandtun, near West Hythe in Kent (Riddler 2001, 229–231). Of the detached tooth-plates, no. 831 (RF 12157), which is 36mm wide, comes from the fill of a foundation trench of building 9, from Phase 3biv–v, dating from the later 8th or early 9th century.

Isolated fragments from narrow double-sided combs first appeared in contexts dating from the 8th century at Flixborough. Assembled combs first appeared as re-deposited finds from dumps dated to the mid 9th century. One occurred in an occupation deposit, and others in dumps, of the late 9th to mid 10th century; the rest were presumably residual finds in later dark soils. From wide-ranging study, Ian Riddler has suggested that narrower double-sided combs were favoured from c.750 onwards. At Flixborough, the narrower double-sided combs respect decorative conventions common to Middle Saxon types. However, many of these simple motifs are similarly recorded from contexts of later date. Even if allowance is made both for a lifetime’s careful use of such combs before their disposal, and for heavy residuality, from the contexts of their final deposition at Flixborough it would still be difficult to propose their arrival much before the beginning of the 9th century.

Double-sided combs – other disassembled fragments

End-plate no. 832 (RF 3469) come from Phase 3a, of the early-to-mid 8th century. It lacks graduated teeth and has markedly curved ‘corners’, distinguishing it from other Flixborough end-plates. Burnt tooth-plates nos 833–4 (RFs 11512 and 11527) and abraded tooth-plate fragment no. 835 (RF 13272) come from Phase 4ii dump 3758, of the mid-9th century. Abraded tooth-plate no. 836 (RF 5669), from near the end of a comb with teeth of graduated length, came from the Phase 5a dump 5139.

Further fragments from dumps or dark soils of Phases 6i, 6ii and 6iii–7 may all be residual to judge from their abraded condition. Phase 6ii dump context 3891 produced heavily abraded fragments nos 837–8 and 810 (RFs 4708, 5364 and 5900). Of these, nos 837–8 were fairly narrow, a feature tending to associate these with the later double-sided combs from Flixborough. They share this characteristic with no. 824 (RF 7059), from a Phase 6iii dark earth.

Symmetrical single-sided combs

Two types of single-sided combs were recognised: symmetrical Middle Saxon forms, and handled combs which may span the Middle Saxon and Anglo-Scandinavian periods. Some smaller fragments might be ascribed to either type.

The symmetrical single-sided combs had tooth-plates or end-plates protruding beyond the back of the comb, to varying degrees. At Flixborough, the teeth of such combs often occupy less than half the width of the tooth-plate or end-plate, with 5–7 teeth per cm. These characteristics are shared by related groups, dated to between the 7th and 9th centuries, known as ‘crested’ and ‘winged’ combs. Further combs of this period are furnished with two pairs of side-plates; and tooth-plates and end-plates from such combs may similarly bear wide uncut zones (Riddler et al. forthcoming). The material used for such combs at Flixborough was always antler. Tooth-plates are most frequently 15–17mm long, but may be longer or shorter.

The pronounced protrusion of tooth-plates is a feature of crested combs from the Frisian terp mounds, dated to between the 7th and the 9th centuries (Roes 1963, 21–2, pl. 25). This is also a feature, along with projecting end-plates, of ‘Viking’ combs of the 8th and 9th centuries from north-eastern Germany and the Baltic littoral (Hermann 1982, 139–41). An English example comes from Middle Saxon Southampton (Hinton 1980, fig. 15, no. 1). In less exaggerated form, a crest also appears on a comb bearing a Christian Anglo-Saxon runic inscription from Whitby (White 1984, 38, fig. 2, no. 7), and on a comb from a 10th-century context at Flaxengate, Lincoln (Mann 1982, 4–5, fig. 3, no. 3). Protruding end-plates from Fishergate, York (Rogers 1993a, fig. 679, nos 5701–8) were current from the first half of the 8th century (ibid. no. 5710), with others dated to the first half of the 9th century (ibid., nos 5701–2), or broadly to the 8th or 9th centuries (ibid., no. 5703). At Ipswich, these traits occur in 9th-century or later contexts (Riddler et al. forthcoming). At Coppergate, a fragment from a 10th to 11th-century context is presumably residual (MacGregor et al. 1999, fig. 891, no. 7636).

End-plate no. 839 (RF 4759; FIG. 1.32) has a curved back. It comes from Phase 3b post-hole fill 4702, dated to between the mid 8th and early 9th centuries. The descending curvature of the back suggests this is a piece of a winged ‘hog-backed’ comb (MacGregor 1985, 87, fig. 49e). Fragmentary no. 840 (RF 14336) resembles it, and comes from a Phase 4ii dump. A Frisian affinity has been suggested for pieces of this form (MacGregor 1978, fig. 29 no. 5; Roes 1965, pls 28–9, nos 216–17). It is a feature of a single-sided comb from a mid-to-late 9th-to-early-10th-century context at Coppergate, York (MacGregor et al. 1999, fig. 833, no. 7527). Decorated fragments from a comb of uncertain form, no. 841 (RF 10171; FIG. 1.32), from the same context, also bear an interlocked triangular motif combined with vertical linear decoration. This occurs on winged combs in Frisia (cf. Roes 1963, 19–20, pl. 22, nos 1 and 5), and on a single-sided comb from Thetford whose end-plates are lost (Rogerson and Dallas 1984, 167, fig. 186, no. 5). The motif recurs too, however, in later contexts, at Coppergate, York (MacGregor et al. 1999, fig. 889 no. 7624) and Ipswich (Riddler et al. forthcoming).

Antler comb fragments nos 842-3 (RFs 5546/6015) come from the mid 9th-century, Phase 4ii dump 5503. Simple decoration comprises grouped vertical lines. The protuberance of tooth-plates from the back of the comb is only slight. Unstratified tooth-plate no. 844 (RF 12460), which is possibly of antler, has coarsely spaced teeth (approximately 4 per cm), a chamfered back, and teeth possibly graduated in length, and might be a further element of the same comb. The very limited decoration is similar to that used for the wider, and probably earlier, double-sided combs from Flixborough. The bevelling of the back of the tooth-plates could suggest that they projected from the back of the comb, as a low crest. It may alternatively show provision for engagement with an upper set of side-plates. Upper side-plates from a comb of this style may be represented by no. 845 (RFs 8210/14340; FIG. 1.32), which comprises a pair of plano-convex antler plates pinned flush together at either end by a pair of iron rivets, and off-centre by a single rivet. One plate retains a flat-ended terminal. Finely incised horizontal and vertical lines define a blank central field. While following the conventions of composite comb construction, the side-plates lack both tooth-cutting scars and space for tooth-plates, features which prompt the identification offered here. The two components were recovered separately from the fill 5988 of a foundation trench of building 7, from Phase 6i. It is possible that they originated in underlying 9th-century dumps from Phases 4ii and 5a. At Brandon, Suffolk, comb plate SF 2040 bears a single off-centre rivet and closely parallels this form and decoration. Both Brandon (SF 3597 – R. Carr pers. comm.) and Ipswich (Riddler et al. forthcoming) provide examples of assembled combs with extra pairs of side-plates. The type is thought to be exclusively Early and Middle Saxon on those sites (ibid.).

FIG. 1.32. Bone and antler combs. Scale 1:1.

Comb fragment no. 846 (RF 9571; FIG. 1.33) bears hatched decoration restricted to the terminals of one other-wise undecorated side-plate; vertical incised lines limit these, and occur on the central field of the other side-plate. Tooth-plates protrude from the back of the comb. It is from Phase 4ii dump 5503. Tooth-plate no. 847 (RF 11134), from the same context, could also derive from this comb, and again bears a chamfered back. Hatched decoration restricted to one side of single-sided combs was favoured at Brandon, Suffolk, as part of an assemblage including combs with extra side-plates (SFs 2038, 3724 and 3827; R. Carr, pers. comm.). The hatched decoration of terminals on the plainer side recalls that employed on a winged comb decorated on one side only, from Abbots Worthy, Hampshire, of the later 7th or 8th century (Riddler 1991, 46, fig. 36, no. 26). Hatched decoration combined with groups of vertical lines, as on one side of no. 846 (RF 9571), figures among early combs from Lund (Blomqvist 1942, 135, Bild 2–3), and as a widespread feature of Anglo-Scandinavian material. Its part-assembled survival could suggest initial discard sometime in the first half of the 9th century, prior to re-deposition during the middle decades of that century.

End-plate no. 848 (RF 4270; FIG. 1.33) was probably residual in Phase 6ii dump 3891. The top of the end-plate is slightly indented next to a circular perforation at the back of the end-plate, of 2.7mm diameter. The perforation could be for suspension, or its diameter might alternatively suggest it to be a rivet-hole where a second pair of side-plates was attached. At all events, this is another example of a plate whose blank field is more extensive than the teeth. The indentation at the back of the end-plate recurs at Fishergate, York, from contexts of the early 8th and early 9th centuries (Rogers 1993a, nos 5701 and 5708). Unstratified fragments nos 849–50 (RFs 14131 – FIG. 1.33 – and 14224) are probably again from combs with, respectively, a pronounced crest with a serrated top edge, and extra side-plates. The serrated back of tooth-plates again occurs at Fishergate in a context of the early 8th century (ibid., no. 5710).

A compass-drawn circle on no. 848 (RF 4270), and the serrated back of tooth-plate no. 849 (RF 14131; FIG. 1.33), are decorative features relating them to a final group of distinctive single-sided combs: complete comb no. 851 (RF 6139; FIG. 1.33; PL. 1.18), end-fragment no. 853 (RF 1646), and end-plate fragment no. 852 (RF 6289; FIG. 1.33). The projection of tooth-plates at the back of the comb is only slight, but markedly protruding end-plates remain a distinctive feature. These are of rounded form, a motif restated by circular projections rising from their backs. The end-plates are pinned close to their edges, a common feature of combs from North Lincolnshire (Foreman, in prep.). These combs bear compass-drawn decoration or perforation of the end-plates, ‘plaited’ or ‘cabled’ decoration, and serrated backs. The curvilinear form of the end-plates is reflected by a comb-end from Ipswich, Buttermarket, SF 3330; while a winged comb bearing a large double ring-and-dot on its end-plate, SF 5003, comes from the same site. A serrated back appears as a feature of a further winged comb from Buttermarket (Riddler et al. forthcoming). Comb no. 851 (RF 6139; FIG. 1.33; PL. 1.18) comes from the mid 9th-century Phase 4ii dump 5503, along with end-plate no. 852 (RF 6289), showing that at least two fine combs of this type are represented. Association with two sceats struck between AD 700 and 730 might place them as residual 8th-century finds, but no. 851 is in very good condition. Perforated fragment no. 853 (RF 1646) comes from a Phase 6iii dark soil, 1440, where it has a better chance of being residual.

The style may derive from a Merovingian model, or at any rate from continental contact, though a close individual parallel has not been identified (I. Ulbricht pers. comm.; cf. Foreman 1998; van Es 1978, fig. 2; Roes 1963 especially pl. 23, no. 2 and pl. 25 nos 1–3; Périn 1980, fig. 52 no. 8). The projection of plates from the back of combs occurs on a single-sided comb from a Frankish grave at Berghausen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, in an assemblage otherwise dominated by double-sided forms (Koch 1982, Taf. 34, gr. 60). A 7th- to later 8th-century date has been suggested for the winged combs, to which the distinctive end-plates relate these pieces (Lethbridge 1931, 65, fig. 34; Riddler 1991, 46; MacGregor 1985, 87), while finds from Ipswich extend the currency of forms derived from the winged comb into the 9th century (Riddler et al. forthcoming).

Cabled decoration has been noted locally at Castledyke in 7th- and later 7th-century contexts (Foreman 1998, 287–8, grave 129, fig. 93). It appears at Wharram Percy’s South Manor, on the back of tooth-plates (MacGregor 2000, 148–9, no. 27). It recurs, on a single-sided comb resembling that from Castledyke grave 129, in a mid to late 9th-century context at Coppergate, York (MacGregor et al. 1999, no. 7526). The motif also figures on an early casket mount from Coppergate, in a context of the later 9th century (ibid., no. 7712). Castledyke also presents examples of compass-drawn decoration combined with cabled or serrated motifs (Foreman 1998, fig. 117, grave 206). A serrated comb back has practical advantages in improving grip. It occurs in late 7th-century Grave 83 at Burwell (Lethbridge 1931, loc. cit.), and on a 7th-century winged comb from Burial 12, Garton, Green Lane Crossing (J. R. Mortimer 1905, fig. 671; C. Loveluck, pers. comm.). This simple technique is also known on Viking-Age combs from Dublin (Class D – M. Dunlevy, pers. comm.); and on an example from Hedeby, where it adorns a comb so heavily glossed and smoothed by wear that its status as an antique or heirloom must be considered (I. Ulbricht pers. comm.). Vertical decoration of grouped lines also has a long currency (e.g. Lethbridge 1931, loc. cit.; Waterman 1959, pl. 18, no. 4, and fig. 16, no. 2; MacGregor et al. 1999, no. 7572).

The symmetrical single-sided combs from Flixborough display a broad affinity with East Anglian material of Middle Saxon date. The mangled state of most of the combs of originally crested, winged or double-side-plate forms leaves their precise types uncertain, and could argue that all originated in 8th-century contexts, and were residual in later deposits. The exception is perhaps no. 846 (RF 9571), whose decoration follows a display-side convention which appears at Flixborough only from the early-mid 9th century. The good state of comb no. 851 (RF 6139; FIG. 1.33; PL. 1.18) in a dump dated to the mid 9th century could represent the discard of an outworn 8th-century item. However, the construction of the comb relates it to contemporary craft convention: the length of its tooth-plates resembles that of narrower double-sided combs from Flixborough, which are thought to date from the 9th century. The teeth on the single-sided combs are similarly finely spaced, at 6–7 teeth per cm.

Single-sided combs – handled forms

Nine handled combs were identified, together with other fragments perhaps to be associated with this form. They include detached handles. They feature the use of antler, sheep and larger mammal bones (the majority probably derived from cattle). The combs include examples of both ‘northern’ construction – with composite handles made by the rivetting of side-plates, with or without blank tooth-plates between them; and of ‘southern’ construction – with one-piece handles of bone or antler into which tooth-plates were slotted (M. L. Alexander 1987; Riddler 1990; 1998). Their decoration includes circumferential inscribed lines on handles, and vertical and diagonal lines, some cross-hatched. Most of the handled combs from Flixborough were unstratified finds; however, pottery and vertical stratigraphy provide termini post quos for the final deposition contexts of the remainder, to between the late 9th and mid 10th centuries. The primary deposition of handled combs at Fishergate is held to have been between the early 8th and early 9th centuries (Rogers 1993a, 1485, 1490). At Coppergate, they come from contexts dated to between the mid 9th and mid 11th centuries (MacGregor et al. 1999, 1934, fig. 895). At Thwing (East Yorkshire), they accompany Middle Saxon material dated by 8th- and 9th-century coins (Terry Manby, pers. comm.; Hull and East Riding Museum accession no. KINCM.2005.686). The use of bone for elements of five of the handled combs at Flixborough tends to place the group as a whole in an Anglo-Saxon tradition of comb-making (Riddler 1990).

Handled combs of ‘northern’ construction (FIGS 1.33–1.34)

Handled antler comb no. 854 (RF 5418; FIG. 1.33) bears decoration on one side-plate only, figuring alternating vertical lines and saltires. The side-plates and a blank plate form the handle, making this a ‘northern’ handled comb. It is small for this class of comb, and its fine execution is shown both by its decoration and the tooth-spacing: 7 teeth per cm. It comes from Phase 5b–6i occupation deposit 4195, which is dated to between the late 9th and the early-to-mid 10th century. Its quality of finish, small size, narrow side-plates, and the restriction of paired-line decoration to one side-plate are all attributes shared with a number of double-sided combs from 9th-century and later contexts at Flixborough. The combination of small size with fine execution is similarly a feature of the sole example of a ‘northern’ handled comb from North Elmham, Norfolk, a site more frequently producing ‘southern’ types from later phases (Wade-Martins 1980, fig. 259, no. 5). The decorative scheme is similar to that of a single-sided comb from Thwing, where it is described as ‘a zone of incised saltire decoration cut with a double saw’, limited, as here, by a set of vertical lines (Arthur MacGregor, pers. comm.).

Antler fragment no. 855 (RF 7513) comes from a Phase 5b–6i dump, 6472. It figures decoration of grouped vertical lines, circumferential at its flat-ended butt. A rivet-hole and a thick plano-convex profile suggest this to be a fragment of another handled comb. The decorative scheme appears on a ‘northern’ handled comb fragment from York, though the end of the Flixborough handle is not so elaborate (Waterman 1959, 89–90, fig. 17 no. 2); and on handled combs of both ‘northern’ and ‘southern’ types from Coppergate, York (MacGregor et al. 1999, fig. 895 nos 7683–4, fig. 896 nos 6788–9). The simple groups of vertical lines also recur on a ‘northern’ handle from Thwing (Thwing RF 172).

Further ‘northern’ handled comb fragments share a less carefully executed level of decoration than appears on no. 854 (RF 5418), and indeed are more crudely decorated than most other combs from Flixborough. The less carefully finished combs cannot be proved to follow the display-side convention of restricted decoration, and may post-date it. The casual linear decoration is paralleled by that of ‘northern’ handled combs from Coppergate, York, from contexts dated to between the mid 9th and mid 11th centuries, probably from the early part of this date-range (MacGregor et al. 1999, 1934, fig. 895, nos 7683, 7684; fig. 896, nos 6788, 6789, 9790). Unstratified no. 856 (RF 14075; FIG. 1.34) has antler side-plates retaining (?cattle) bone tooth-plates. The haphazard scheme of alternating saltires and groups of vertical lines on one side also appears on a quasi-symmetrical comb from Antwerp (Stad Antwerpen Volkskundemuseum 1982–83, no. 520); on a handle of ‘northern’ construction from 11th–12th-century Fishergate, York (Rogers 1993a, no. 5570); and on a double-sided comb from Hamwic, Southampton (SF SOU24.891, Ian Riddler, pers. comm.). The crude chevron decoration of the other side appears from 10th-century and later contexts at Coppergate (MacGregor et al. 1999, table 169). Unstratified side-plate fragment no. 857 (RF 12445) bears groups of vertical lines. It would, if derived from a handled comb, necessarily be of ‘northern’-type construction as it is made from a rib, which could not furnish a solid handle. Countersunk rivet-holes, of unusually large diameter (4mm), are a distinctive feature of this piece. The large rivet-holes may associate it with detached tooth-plate fragment no. 858 (RF 10945) from Phase 6iii dump 1457, which has a 3.8mm diameter rivet-hole. The context is dated to the mid-to-late 10th or early 11th century.

FIG. 1.33. Bone and antler combs. Scale 1:1.

Two further unstratified fragments are speculatively identified as from handled combs. Both are decorated on one side only. Antler comb fragment no. 859 (RF 14040; FIG. 1.34) bears cross-hatching at top and bottom of a side-plate, leaving a central field empty except for rivets. This decoration appears on combs found in the Frisian terps and at Dorestad (Roes 1963, pl. 21, no. 2; Roes 1965, pl. 28, no. 214, pl. 29 no. 218), on a double-sided comb from Hamwic (Ian Riddler, pers. comm.); and on a plaque of bone from Fishergate (Rogers 1993a, no. 5609). Dense and restricted hatching also occurs on a ‘northern’ handled comb from Thwing, though on both sides (Thwing RF 52); on the upper side-plates of another from Coppergate (MacGregor et al. 1999, fig. 896, no. 6789); and on several other single-sided combs from contexts at that site dated to the 9th and 10th centuries (ibid., figs 883–4, 886). Antler comb fragment no. 860 (RF 14130) bears vertical incised lines as decoration on one side-plate, grouped in threes and distinctively finely executed.

At Thwing, East Riding of Yorkshire, three or four ‘northern’ handled combs come from 8th or 9th-century contexts (Manby 1984; Arthur MacGregor, pers. comm.). Another from Whitby comes from a collection of unhelpfully varied date (Peers and Radford 1943, 70–1, fig. 20, no. 1; cf. fig. 21). Comparable combs from Fishergate, York, come from 9th-century or later contexts (Rogers 1993a, nos 5569–70). The small, fine and near-complete ‘northern’ handled comb no. 854 (RF 5418; FIG. 1.33), from a Flixborough occupation deposit of the late 9th or early 10th century, provides the best available dating here. If its similarity to narrower forms of double-sided combs is accepted, this could support a 9th-century date. The cruder finish of some other ‘northern’ combs suggests that these form a distinct group. Whether the latter are of Middle Saxon or Anglo-Scandinavian date remains uncertain. At Fishergate, these designs appear in 8th and 9th-century contexts (Rogers 1993a, figs 679–80), though in reviewing Coppergate material MacGregor (et al. 1999, table 169, 1938) saw the decorative repertoire of cross-hatched and saltire decoration as prevalent in later contexts – those dated to the late 10th century and beyond.

Handled combs of ‘southern’ construction (FIG. 1.34)

Two handle fragments from combs of ‘southern’ construction were found. This type of comb is typically of an 8th- or 9th-century date, and is held to have been a specifically Anglo-Saxon form, many being manufactured at Hamwic (Riddler 1990). In both cases, traces of a slot to accommodate tooth-plates permit the identification of these objects as comb-handles (cf. Trimpe Burger 1966, Afb. 6). Finely-finished sheep-bone handle no. 861 (RF 5326; FIG. 1.34) was unstratified. The handle must be from a small comb, comparable in size to no. 854 (RF 5418). The horizontal, billeted decoration between vertical bands provides extra texture. This zoned and varied decoration adorns pieces from Middle Saxon Ipswich, such as handle IAS 4001 0522, or double side-plate comb no. 1064 (Riddler et al. forthcoming). Bands of this horizontal decoration are rare, and associated with stylistically early combs at Coppergate (MacGregor et al. 1999, fig. 883 no. 7527, fig. 888 no. 7589); no other examples are known from Flixborough, so this comb may have been an import here. A further bone handle fragment, no. 862 (RF 2267), is also poorly provenanced, perhaps having subsided into the Phase 5a, mid-to-late-9th-century-occupation deposit 72. This is from a more casually decorated comb. A ‘southern’ handled comb from Riby Crossroads, Lincolnshire, was stratified in a late element of a ditch complex where the pottery sequence dated the close of occupation to the mid 9th century (Foreman 1994, 273–6, fig. 21, no. 1). The Flixborough fragment bore similar casually executed decoration, likewise a feature of bone and antler handled combs of both ‘northern’ and ‘southern’ types from Coppergate, York (MacGregor et al. 1999, figs 895–6).

Other single-sided comb fragments (FIG. 1.34)

These could derive from either handled or symmetrical combs. They are too small to qualify as elements from the crested, winged or double side-plate types of comb considered above. If from symmetrical combs, these detached fragments could present the only evidence for the narrower forms of single-sided comb attributed to the Anglo-Scandinavian period. However, they include examples in both antler and bone – a mixture of materials which might suggest an earlier date.

Squared end-plates from single-sided combs were found only as detached pieces. Tooth spacing is fine: 6 or 7 teeth per cm. Bone end-plate no. 863 (RF 5916), unusually, has teeth of an even length. In this feature, it resembles the tooth-plate set nearest the handle end of comb no. 854 (RF 5418). It comes from the fill of the foundation trench – 5871 – of building 7, but could originate from mid to late 9th-century deposits of Phases 4ii and 5a. If so, this would make it the (stratigraphically) earliest of the group. A similar end-plate appears on an assembled single-sided comb from Ipswich (Riddler et al. forthcoming). Antler end-plate no. 864 (RF 5722; FIG. 1.34) has teeth graduated in length, and came from Phase 5b–6i pit-fill 5555, dated to between the late 9th and early-to-mid 10th centuries. Similar bone end-plate no. 865 (RF 7287) was incorporated in a contemporary dump, 6803. These, too, could come from either small handled combs, or symmetrical combs.

FIG. 1.34. Bone and antler combs. Scale 1:1.

Comb terminal no. 866 (RF 14341) came from another trench-fill. Its material is yet to be identified, though the plano-convex side-plates would suggest these at least to be antler. An antler comb of ‘hog-backed’ form from Lurk Lane, Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire, bears similar end-plates; it was dated to the mid 9th century by a styca hoard (Foreman 1991, fig. 128 no. 1115). Similar combs from Scandinavian and later Anglo-Scandinavian contexts tend to bear more markedly flared end-plates (Andersen et al. 1971, 147–8; Mann 1982, nos 1–3, 5; MacGregor et al. 1999, figs 883–92; Ayers and Murphy 1983, 20, fig. 19 no. 4). The marginal position of rivet-holes recalls the locally-reported edge-pinning of end-plates (Foreman, in prep.). However, this also occurs among Wiberg’s Type E2 single-sided combs from Mindets tomt, Oslo, which included squared examples, both with and without teeth of graduated length, and dated from the 12th century or earlier (Wiberg 1977, 202–5, 253, figs 6–9).

Fragment no. 868 (RF 7774) is decorated with paired incised lines, cross-hatched. It comes from pit-fill 221, between Phases 2i and 4ii, a period which spans the late 7th to the mid 9th centuries. Paired-line ornament was a feature of combs at Flixborough for which a 9th-century date has been suggested above. The decoration spreads across the entire extent of the side-plates – in this, resembling some single-sided combs from Ipswich (see above; Riddler et al. forthcoming). It was subsequently favoured by Viking comb-makers at Hedeby (Ulbricht 1978, Taf. 29); it is also common among the Frisian terp finds (Roes 1963); and continues to figure on combs held to represent typical 10th-to 11th-century material from York (MacGregor 1995, fig. 160, no. 14.5). Side-plate fragment no. 869 (RF 11577) is decorated with a precisely executed dense cross-hatch of vertical and diagonal lines. It came from the mid-10th-century dump 3891 – among heavily fragmented redeposited material in the case of the combs. Again, the motif occurs at Ipswich (Riddler et al. forthcoming), Hedeby (Ulbricht 1978, Taf. 30, no. 3), and elsewhere.

Bone side-plates, possibly from composite horn and bone combs

Unstratified bone side-plate terminal fragment no. 872 (RF 50021), and perhaps side-plate fragment no. 875 (RF 12521), which bear tooth-cutting scars; and perforated strip or mount no. 871 (RF 341) may all be from composite combs of bone and horn (MacGregor 1985, 95–6). The type is common from Late Saxon or Anglo-Scandinavian urban contexts. Its rarity here is significant (Ian Riddler, pers. comm.), hinting at either an earlier date, or the disengagement of the Flixborough site from urban markets during its later history. Bone strips bearing a central rivet come from Thetford, together with Anglo-Scandinavian combs (Rogerson and Dallas 1984, 167, fig. 188); from 10th- and 11th-century contexts at Flaxengate, Lincoln (Mann 1982, 8); from Coppergate, where they became prominent in the 10th century (MacGregor et al. 1999, 1952–3, fig. 912, table 175); and from Winchester, where they appear in the 9th century, but became common in the 11th century (Biddle 1990, vol. 2, 678–90, table 82). These have been identified as side-plates from composite combs whose teeth were of horn.

Catalogue

Wider double-sided combs, and related pieces

798	Double-sided composite comb fragment (FIG. 1.31). Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: ?Six tooth-plates and one end-plate fragment held between side-plates of a flattened plano-convex profile by six iron rivets (one lost). A detached end-plate was recorded as square-ended with graduated teeth, only a fragment now survives. Seven teeth per cm on one side, and six per cm on the other. Abraded. Assembly: Rivet spacing (from end-plate, centre to centre) 13.8mm, c.23.0mm, 19.0mm, 19.0mm, 21.3mm, usually set at junction of tooth-plates. Side-plates notched with angled cuts from cutting of teeth after assembly, though more prominently on one side. Polished overall. Decoration: Two pairs of vertical incised lines at end of that side-plate bearing more prominent tooth-cutting scars, and a further two pairs slightly more widely spaced. One of these lines is part-obliterated by rivet, and setting-out lines show equivocation over their placement. The other, plainer, side-plate bears paired double lines, apparently close to the ends of the comb. Size: Overall L.c.115.0mm (both ends lost), Max. W.39.0mm, Th.c.8.5mm. Side-plate W. 13.3mm. L. of end-plate c.13.0mm. L. of tooth-plates: 8.7mm, 9.3mm, 13.3mm, 13.0mm, 9.0mm, 11.5mm. RF 763, Context 463, Phase 2–3Bv. [Post-hole fill].
799	Double-sided composite comb, joining side-plate fragments. Material: Antler tine. Form: Straight, plano-convex profile. Angled cuts from cutting of teeth suggests c. seven teeth per cm on both sides. Assembly: Rivet spacing (centre to centre) 24.5mm, c.22.5mm. Size: L.49.2mm, Max. W.16.4mm, Max. Th.3.7mm. RF 10575/10590, Context 1835, Phase 6ii–6iii [Dark soil.]
800	Double-sided composite comb, side-plate fragment. Material: Antler tine. Form: Plano-convex, two rivet-holes at ends, D.3.5mm, tooth-cutting scars indicate c. six teeth per cm on both sides. Assembly: Rivet holes 25.0mm apart. Size: L.27.8mm, Max. W.13.6mm, Max. Th.3.9mm. RF 180, Context 189, Phase 7+ [Topsoil.]
801	Double-sided composite comb fragments. Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: Five tooth-plates and fragments, c. six teeth per cm on both sides. Four straight side-plate fragments of plano-convex profile. Polished overall. Assembly: Side-plates broken at rivet positions (D.c.3.3mm), rivet spacing on fragments c.25.0mm, c.26.0mm, c.25.0mm, c.25.0mm. Three tooth-plates bear rust spots at edges. Side-plates bear narrow angled cuts from cutting of teeth. Decoration: Group of four finely incised lines close to terminal, cut by rivet-hole. Size: Side-plate fragments (in two pairs): L.c. 58.0mm and c.60.0mm, Max. W.13.7mm. L. of tooth-plates 13.4mm, 12.6mm, 15.5mm, c.13.0mm+, 9.6mm+, Max. W.c.47mm, Max. Th. 2.9mm. FX88 R103, Unstratified.
802	Double-sided composite comb, side-plate fragment. Material: Antler ?beam. Form: Flattened plano-convex profile. Two rivet positions (D 2.5mm) indicate c. seven teeth per cm on one side and six on the other. Assembly: Angled cuts from tooth-cutting, rivet spacing c.18.5mm (centre to centre). Size: L.24.4mm, Max. W.13.9mm, Max. Th.3.1mm. RF 7909, Unstratified.
803	Double-sided composite comb, end-plate fragment. Material: Probably red deer antler beam. Form: Squared end with fairly angular corners and teeth graduated in length, c. six teeth per cm on one side, ?coarser on the other – they start further in. Possibly from same comb as RFs 6293 and 11393 (nos 804–5). Size: L.29.0mm, Max. W.40.8mm, Th.2.7mm. RF 5705, Context 3758, Phase 4ii. [Dump].
804	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate. Material: (?) Antler beam? Form: c. six teeth per cm on both sides. A rivet-hole (D.2.7mm) on one edge. Possibly from same comb as RFs 5705 and 11393 (nos 803 and 805). Size: L.13.4mm, W.40.5mm, Max. Th.2.3mm. RF 6293, Context 3758, Phase 4ii. [Dump].
805	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate. Material: Antler beam. Form: Six teeth per cm on one side, c.6.5 teeth per cm on the other. A rivet-hole (D 2.8mm) at one edge. Possibly from same comb as RFs 5705 and 6293 (nos 803–4). Size: L.14.4mm, Max. W.41.3mm, Max. Th.2.9mm. RF 11393, Context 11039, Phase 5A. [Dump].
806.	Double-sided composite comb, end-plate (FIG. 1.31) Material: Antler beam. Form: Squared end-plate with angular corners and teeth graduated in length, c. six teeth per cm on one side and seven per cm on the other. An iron rivet runs through the end-plate, just off-centre. Size: L.29.7mm, Max. W.42.3mm, Max. Th.2.1mm. RF 3777, Context 3758, Phase 4ii. [Dump].
807	Double-sided composite comb, end-plate fragment. Material: Antler beam. Form: Rectangular, with rounded corners. Tooth spacing of c. five per cm on both sides; teeth graduated in length on one side, the equivalent part of the other side is lost due to breakage at a rivet-hole (D. 2.0mm) near one edge. Size: L.19.9mm, Max. W.44.0mm, Max. Th.2.3mm. RF 10157, Context 6491, Phase 5A. [Dump].
808	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate. Material: Large mammal long-bone. Form: Six teeth per cm on both sides. Rivet-hole (D.2.2mm) at one edge of plate. Size: L.17.0mm, Max. W.45.4mm, Max. Th.2.5mm. RF 3710, Context 3711, Phase 5A. [Dump – oven related]
809	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate. Material: ?Antler beam? Form: Five teeth per cm on both sides. Rivet position (D. 1.9mm) on one side. Beading from wear on one side of the teeth, on one side. Assembly: Flattened area at centre may suggest rubbing down of teeth after assembly, and hints at side-plate W of c.14.0mm. Size: L.16.9mm, Max. W.49.7mm, Max. Th.3.2mm. RF 6874, Context 6798, Phase 6i. [Dump]
810	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate fragment. Material: Antler beam. Form: Tooth-plate, scar from rivet at one edge (D.2.8mm). c. Five teeth per cm on one side, c. six per cm on the other. Abraded, teeth lost. Size: L.16.0mm, Max. W.20.6mm, Max. Th.3.0mm. RF 5900, Context 3891, Phase 6ii. [Dump]
Narrower double-sided combs, and related pieces
811	Double-sided composite comb fragment (FIG. 1.31) Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: Eleven tooth-plates and one end-plate fragment held between straight side-plates of plano-convex profile by eight iron rivets. The side-plates are slightly bow-sided, widening by c. 2mm, at the mid-point of the comb. Seven teeth per cm on both sides. Teeth are graduated in length at end-plate. Joins to no. 812 (RF 5938). Assembly: Rivet spacing (from end-plate, centre to centre): 13.0mm, 13.0mm, 20.0mm, 18.0mm, 20.0mm, 21.0mm, 22.0mm, usually set at junction of tooth-plates. Side-plates notched with angled cuts from cutting of teeth after assembly. Polished overall. Size: Overall L c. 155.0mm (one end lost), Max. W. 34.2mm, Max. Th.11.6mm. Side-plate Max. W.12.0mm. L. of end-plate: 14.0mm+. L of tooth-plates 11.0mm, c.12.0mm, 12.0mm, 14.5mm, 16.6mm, 12.0mm, 8.0mm+, 9.6mm, 13.0mm, 11.4mm, 12.5mm. RF 5939, Context 5930, Phase 6i. [Trench fill]
812	Double-sided composite comb fragment (joins to no. 811, see FIG. 1.31) Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: One side-plate fragment of plano-convex profile and one tooth-plate, six teeth per cm on one side and seven on the other. Joins to no. 811 (RF 5939). Assembly: Side-plate fragment bears two rivet-holes, spacing c.12.0mm, and angled cuts from cutting of teeth after assembly. Size: Side-plate fragment L.c.15.0mm, Max. W.c.8.0mm. Tooth-plate L.12.9mm, Max. W.30.6mm. RF 5938, Context 5930, Phase 6i. [Trench fill]
813	Double-sided composite comb fragment. Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: One end-plate, with squared corners and teeth, slightly graduated in length, and seven tooth-plates held between straight side-plates of a slightly flattened plano-convex profile by six iron rivets (three lost). Light beading from wear on teeth on both sides. Six teeth per cm. Assembly: Rivet spacing (?from end-plate, centre to centre) 18.6mm, 24.2mm, 36.1mm, 24.8mm, 17.6mm. Rivets pass through junction of tooth-plates in all cases except one, where it runs through centre of plate. Size: Overall L.c.142.0mm, Max. W.35.5mm, Th.c. 9.6mm. Side-plate W.c.10.3mm. L. of end-plate: 14.6mm+; L. of tooth-plates 7.0mm+, 10.2mm, 13.7mm, 18.7mm, 19.2mm, 17.3mm, 16.0mm. RF 7925, Context 6888, Phase 5B–6i. [Dump]
814	Double-sided composite comb fragments (FIG. 1.31) Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: One end-plate fragment with teeth of graduated length and four tooth-plates held between straight plano-convex side-plates by four iron rivets. Seven teeth per cm on both sides. Assembly: Tooth-plates are abnormally thick; c.4.8mm. Rivet spacing (from end-plate, centre to centre): c.20.0mm, 27.8mm, 18.6mm, 11.5mm. Rivet passes through end-plate close to inner edge, others at junction of tooth-plates. Decoration: Tooth-cutting scars on one side-plate. A terminal of side-plate (on plainer side of comb) bears a pair of vertically incised lines, limited by a zone of zigzag incised lines, cross-hatched only where direction of cut changes. A comparable motif, of three vertical incised lines, occurs at the other end of comb, though it is here uncertain whether this is at or close to the side-plate terminal. This decoration appears on both side-plates. Size: Overall L.c.84.0mm, Max. W.34.7mm, Max. Th.13.7mm. Side-plate W.10.0mm. L. of end-plate fragment: 13.0mm, L. of tooth-plates: 13.0mm, 15.2mm, 13.6mm, 18.8mm. RF 6982, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7. [Dark soil/Occupation]
815	Double-sided composite comb fragment. Material: (?) Cattle long-bone and rib. Form: Square end-plate with rounded corners and teeth of graduated length held between slightly tapering side-plates of flattened plano-convex profile by two iron rivets (one lost). c. Six teeth per cm on both sides. Slight beading from wear on one side. Assembly: Rivet-hole (D. 3.0mm) 1.5mm from inner edge of end-plate. Rivet spacing (centre to centre) 16.2mm. Angled cuts on side-plates from cutting of teeth after assembly. Decoration: Vertically incised lines extend from flat-ended terminal along entire surviving length of side-plates. Size: Overall L.38.7mm, Max. W.41.4mm. Side-plate Max. W.11.4mm. L. of end-plate: 22.4mm, Max. Th.2.5mm. RF 11792, Context 10772, Phase 2–5A. [Ditch fill]
816	Double-sided composite comb fragment (FIG. 1.31) Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: Square end-plate held between two side-plate fragments (terminals only) by an iron rivet. Teeth graduated in length, c. six teeth per cm on one side and c. seven on the other. Also a detached and abraded tooth-plate, c. seven teeth per cm on both sides. Decoration: Nine finely incised vertical lines on terminals, beyond rivet. Size: Overall L.c.31.0mm, Max. Th.c.10.0mm. End-plate L.18.3mm, Max. W.35.7mm, Max. Th.2.7mm. Side-plate Max. W.10.0mm. L. of tooth-plate 12.3mm. RF 5808, Context 5553, Phase 5B. [Dump]
817	Double-sided composite comb, side-plate fragments (FIG. 1.31). Material: Antler tine. Form: Two joining fragments from the flat-ended terminal of a side-plate, with iron rivet between them, and another fragment apparently from the opposite side-plate. Tooth cutting scars suggest eight teeth per cm on one side, and c. six teeth per cm on the other. Assembly: Rivet spacing (centre to centre) 9.0mm. Decoration: A pair of vertical incised lines survives at the broken end of the terminal fragment. These limit a field of cross-hatched diagonally incised paired lines which extend as far as the flat end of the terminal. Size: L.c.26.0mm. Max. W.c.10.0mm, Max. Th. of side-plate 3.0mm. RF 8053, Context 1833, Phase 6iii. [Dark soil]
818	Double-sided composite comb fragment. Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: ?End-plate fragment with teeth of graduated length held between plano-convex side-plates by two iron rivets. Six teeth per cm on both sides. One side-plate bears a flat-cut terminal. Assembly: Rivet spacing (centre to centre) 12.4mm, with rivets set at junction of plates. Occasional cuts from tooth-cutting on one side-plate only, on the decorated side. Decoration: Diagonal paired incised lines on one side-plate. Size: Overall L.22.5mm, Max. W.28.2mm, Max. Th.9.2mm. Side-plate W.10.1mm. L. of ?end-plate fragment: 19.0mm, Max. Th.2.2mm. RF 7260, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7. [Dark soil/Occupation]
819.	Double-sided composite comb fragment (FIG. 1.31). Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: Rectangular end-plate with rounded corners and three tooth-plates held between straight, slightly tapering plano-convex side-plates by three iron rivets. Side-plates widen by c.1.0mm as they extend away from end-plate. Teeth graduated in length at end-plate. Tooth spacing c. six per cm on both sides. Although the comb appears to be broken at the opposite end from the surviving end-plate, here what should be the outer edge of one “broken” side-plate appears polished or smoothed by wear. Assembly: Rivet spacing (from end-plate, centre to centre): 18.2mm, 20.8mm. Rivets pass through end-plate c.3.0mm from its inner edge and close to tooth-plate edges. Side-plate (on decorated side only) notched by angled cuts arising from cutting of teeth after assembly. Radiating scratches on one side of end-plate may have served to assist setting out for assembly, or may be casual graffito. Decoration: Terminal of side-plate bears finely incised cross-hatch on one side only, limited by a group of six vertically incised lines. This decoration is apparently interrupted by tooth cutting scars. Use: Transverse wear has produced light beading of teeth on the decorated side, and on the other side of the end-plate. Size: Overall L.79.0mm, Max. W.39.0mm. Max. W. of side-plate c.12.0mm. L. of end-plate: 28.5mm, Max. Th.3.1mm. L. of tooth-plates: 14.0mm, 15.8mm, 16.5mm. RF 6864, Context 6797, Phase 6ii. [Dump]
820	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate fragment. Material: Antler beam. Form: Seven teeth per cm on one side and six on the other. Abraded. Size: L.21.2mm, Max. W.33.9mm, Max. Th.3.2mm. RF 3806, Context 3758, Phase 4ii. [Dump]
821	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate. Material: Antler beam. Form: c. Five teeth per cm on both sides. A rivet-hole (D.2.8mm) on one edge of the plate. Teeth on both sides beaded by wear. Size: L.11.7mm, Max. W.34.6mm, Max. Th.2.2mm. RF 5220, Context 5193, Phase 4ii–5A. [Dump]
822.	Double-sided composite comb, side-plate fragment. Material: Antler tine. Form: Plano-convex profile, with a rivet scar at each end. Prominent scars from tooth-cutting indicate seven teeth per cm on both sides. Assembly: Rivet spacing c.24.0mm (centre to centre). Size: L.27.8mm, Max. W.11.3mm, Max. Th.3.2mm. RF 5814, Context 5553, Phase 5B. [Dump]
823	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate fragment. Material: (?) Antler beam? Form: Plate with six teeth per cm on both sides. Rivet-hole at one edge (D.c.3.0mm). Size: L.21.0mm, Max. W.33.9mm, Max. Th.3.2mm. RF 5359, Context 3891, Phase 6ii. [Dump]
824	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate fragment. Material: Antler beam. Form: c. five teeth per cm on both sides. Abraded. Size: L.21.8mm, Max. W.33.0mm, Max. Th.2.7mm. RF 7059, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7. [Dark soil/Occupation]
825	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate. Material: Antler. Form: Six teeth per cm on both sides. A rivet-hole (D.2.6mm) at one edge. Assembly: Uncut central zone appears c.1.5mm wider on one side, suggesting an attempt to restrict tooth-cutting scars to one side of the comb. Size: L.9.8mm, Max. W.37.2mm, Max. Th.2.3mm. RF 10562, Context 7055, Phase 6ii–6iii. [Dark soil]
Narrower double-sided combs with thin side-plates
826	Double-sided composite comb fragment (FIG. 1.32). Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: Squared end-plate and two tooth-plates held by two iron rivets (now lost) between side-plates of plano-convex profile. Teeth graduated in length in end-plate. Six teeth per cm on each side. Assembly: Rivet spacing c.33.0mm. Angled cuts from tooth cutting appear on one side-plate only. Decoration: One side only: Seventeen diagonal and five near-vertical lines inscribed on one side-plate, in an ?abortive attempt? at cross-hatched decoration. The diagonal scoring runs for c.31.0mm from the terminal, with near-vertical scoring intersecting at its limit. Size: Overall L.c.56.0mm, Max. W.37.7mm, Max. Th.c.11. omm. Side-plate W.8.4mm. End-plate L.c.21.5mm, tooth-plates L. 5.5mm, c.15.8mm. RF 5124, Context 4195, Phase 5B–6i. [Occupation].
827	Double-sided composite comb fragments. Material: (?) Antler beam and tine? Form: Tooth-plate and side-plate fragment. c. Seven teeth per cm on both sides. Assembly: Rivet-hole, D. 2.6mm, on one edge of tooth-plate. Rivet spacing on side-plate 29.8mm (centre to centre). Angled cuts on side-plate from cutting of teeth after assembly. Uncut zone on tooth-plate is c.10.0mm wide on one side and 7.2mm wide on the other, ?suggesting tooth-cutting was finished from one side only. Size: Side-plate L.33.8mm, W.7.8mm. Tooth-plate L.13.2mm, Max. W.30.6mm, Max. Th.2.3mm. RF 1852, Context 1832, Phase: 6ii–6iii. [Dark soil]
828	Double-sided composite comb fragment. Material: Antler beam. Form: Three tooth-plates held between straight plano-convex side-plates by two (surviving) iron rivets. Six teeth per cm on both sides. Heavily abraded outer surfaces, and broken. Assembly: Prominent angled cuts from cutting of teeth on side-plates. Two tooth-plates bear rivet holes (D. 2.6mm) suggesting rivets were set at the junction of tooth-plates. Size: Overall L.c.49.0mm, Max. W.c.36.0mm. W. of side-plate 8.7mm. L. of tooth-plates: 10.7mm, 10.0mm, 12.2mm, Th.2.2mm. RF 7015, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7. [Dark soil/Occupation]
829	Double-sided composite comb fragment (FIG. 1.32). Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: Squared end-plate held between straight side-plates of plano-convex profile by an iron rivet. Teeth graduated in length towards end of plate, c. six teeth per cm on both sides. Assembly: Rivet spacing c.20.0mm (centre to centre). Angled cuts from cutting of teeth after assembly, appearing on decorated side-plate (though equivalent element of opposed side-plate is lost). Decoration: Finely incised cross-hatch of single and paired lines runs along one side-plate only, possibly executed after assembly. Size: Overall L.42.4mm, Max. W.33.7mm, Max. Th.9.4mm. End-plate L.23.0mm, Max. Th.2.3mm. Side-plate W.8.1mm. RF 7042, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7. [Dark soil/Occupation]
830	Double-sided composite comb, end-plate fragment. Material: Bone, (?) long-bone. Form: Square end-plate with angular corners, teeth graduated in length. Six teeth per cm on one side and five per cm on the other. Assembly: The central uncut zone is wider on one side than on the other, suggesting that the finishing of tooth-cutting may have been intended to leave scars on only one side of the comb. Size: L.27.0mm, Max. W.33.7mm, Max. Th.2.8mm. RF 6910, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7. [Dark soil/Occupation]
831	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate fragment. Material: Antler beam. Form: c. Six teeth per cm on both sides. A rivet-hole (D. 2.0mm) at one edge. Assembly: Uncut zone appears wider by c. 1.0mm on one side, possibly from finishing of tooth-cutting from one side only. Size: L.7.3mm, Max. W.36.0mm, Max. Th.2.3mm. RF 12157, Context 10765, Phase 3a. [Trench fill].
Double-sided combs – disassembled fragments of lesser diagnostic value
832	Double-sided composite comb, end-plate fragment. Material: Large mammal, from near end of long-bone shaft. Form: Plate with curved corner and five teeth per cm on one side and c. six per cm on the other. Heavily abraded. Size: L.22.0mm+, Max. W.25.1mm, Max. Th.3.3mm. RF 3469, Context 2784, Phase 3a. [Occupation deposit]
833	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate. Material: Antler beam. Form: c. ten teeth per cm on one side and c. eight teeth per cm on the other, but burnt and twisted. Rivet-hole (D. 2.0mm) at one edge. Size: L.6.2mm, Max. W.32.3mm, Max. Th.2.4mm, but original dimensions have probably been altered by burning. RF 11512, Context 3758, Phase 4ii. [Dump]
834	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate fragment. Material: Antler beam. Form: c. Nine teeth per cm on one side and c. eight teeth per cm on the other, but burnt and twisted. Rivet-hole (D.1.8mm) at one edge. Size: L.5.6mm, Max. W.32.8mm, Max. Th.2.0mm, but original dimensions have probably been altered by burning. RF 11527, Context 3758, Phase 4ii. [Dump]
835	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate fragment. Material: Antler beam. Form: c. Eight teeth per cm on both sides, but burnt. Size: L.10.0mm, Max. W.16.0mm, Th.2.4mm, but original dimensions have probably been altered by burning. RF 13272, Context 3758, Phase 4ii. [Dump]
836	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate fragment. Material: (?) Antler beam? Form: Teeth slightly graduated in length. Six teeth per cm on both sides. Rivet-hole at one edge (D.c.2.0mm). Abraded. Size: L.12.0mm+, Max. W.30.0mm, Max. Th.2.5mm. RF 5669, Context 5139, Phase 5A. [Dump]
837	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate fragment. Material: (?) Bone, long-bone? Form: c. seven teeth per cm on both sides. Rivet-hole (D.2.4mm) at one edge. Abraded. Size: L.15.5mm, Max. W.25.7mm, Max. Th.2.3mm. RF 4708, Context 3891, Phase 6ii. [Dump]
838	Double-sided composite comb, tooth-plate fragment. Material: Bone, long-bone. Form: Plate with c. six teeth per cm on both sides, rivet-hole at one edge (D. 3.0mm). Abraded, most of teeth lost. Size: L.15.2mm, Max. W.14.8mm, Th.3.5mm. RF 5364, Context 3891, Phase 6ii. [Dump]
Symmetrical single-sided combs
839	Single-sided composite comb, end-plate (FIG. 1.32) Material: Antler beam. Form: End-plate curved at back, one rivet runs through plate 2.2mm from inner edge. Teeth graduated in length towards end of plate, six teeth per cm. Size: L.18.0mm, Max. W.32.6mm, Max Th.2.5mm. RF 4759, Context 4702, Phase 3bi–3B. [Post-hole fill]
840	(?) Single-sided composite comb, end-plate fragment. Material: Antler beam. Form: Straight-ended plate curving at back, bearing teeth of graduated length, seven per cm. A rust spot on inner edge marks rivet position, where plate has broken. Size: Max. L.17.8mm+, Max. W.c.41.0mm, Max. Th.2.1mm. RF 14336, Context 5503, Phase: 4ii. [Dump]
841	Side-plate fragments from a composite comb (FIG. 1.32). Material: Antler tine. Form: Four side-plate fragments, one small and undecorated one bearing tooth-cutting scars indicating six teeth per cm. Abraded, broken, with white material in decorative cuts ?from the soil. Assembly: Two or three possible rivet scars (one of D.2.3mm) on largest fragment, possibly spaced c.12.5mm, c.11.5mm (centre to centre). Decoration: Largest fragment only is described: two zones of six and nine finely inscribed vertical lines are separated by a blank field. The latter group then gives way to diagonal lines, possibly arranged in juxtaposed triangular zones. The next largest fragment may feature a continuation of this motif. Size: Fragments a–d. a: L.42.0mm, Max. W.10.4mm; b: L.26.4mm, Max. W.6.0mm; c: L.10.9mm, Max. W.8.2mm; d: L.6.4mm; Max. Th.(a) 3.7mm. RF 10171, Context 4702, Phase 3bi–3B. [Post-hole fill]
842	Single-sided composite comb fragments. Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: Three tooth-plates and one tooth-plate fragment, held to a side-plate fragment by an iron rivet. Five teeth per cm. May be from the same comb as nos 843 (RF 6015) and 844 (RF 12460). Assembly: Three tooth-plates bear notches from riveting, rivet spacing possibly c.37.0mm. Side-plate bears angled cuts from cutting of teeth after assembly. Decoration: Each tooth-plate bears an angled back, subsequently smoothed, suggesting slight protrusion from the back of the comb. Three groups of three fine vertically incised lines occur towards one end of side-plate. Size: Overall L c.66.0mm, Max. W.32.8mm. Side-plate Max. W.17.3mm. Tooth-plates L: 9.4mm+, 11.9mm, 23.2mm, 17.3mm; Th.c.3.3mm. RF 5546, Context 5503, Phase 4ii. [Dump]
843	Single-sided composite comb, side-plate fragment. Material: Antler (?) beam. Form: Plano-convex profile; angled cuts from cutting of teeth suggest c.5 teeth per cm. May be from the same comb as no. 842 (RF 5546). Rust spot at one end. Decoration: Two groups of four vertically incised fine lines towards narrower end of fragment. Size: L.32.6mm, Max. W.16.7mm, Max. Th.3.9mm RF 6015, Context 5503, Phase 4ii. [Dump]
844	Single-sided composite comb, tooth-plate. Material: (?) Antler (?) beam. Form: Four teeth per cm, beaded by wear, and possibly slightly graduated in length. Trace of a rivet-hole (D.c.2.1mm) at one edge. Back of plate lightly chamfered/rounded. May be from same comb as no. 842 (RF 5546). Size: L.8.8mm, Max. W.29.5mm, Max. Th.2.7mm. RF 12460, Unstratified.
845	Composite antler object – ?upper side-plate (FIG. 1.32). Material: Antler tine. Form: Two curving plates of plano-convex profile joined flush to each other by two iron rivets at each end (one lost), and by an off-centre rivet. The object has a distinctive smoothly curved hog-backed form. Though it resembles a single-sided comb in its construction, the flush setting of side-plates leaves no room for intervening tooth-plates; nor do any tooth-cutting scars appear. Assembly: Rivet-spacing (from more complete end, centre-to-centre): 21.0mm, 41.0mm, 65.0mm, 12.0mm. Decoration: Plates bear fine triple longitudinally incised lines towards their upper and lower edges, limited towards terminal by six groups of four vertically incised lines, enclosing a blank central field. Polished overall. Broken at rivet positions – fresh breaks – into seven fragments. Size: L.c.147.0mm (one terminal lost), Max W. of plates 19.6mm, Max. Th.c.10mm. RF 8210/14340, Context 5988, Phase: 6i. [Trench fill]
846	Single-sided composite comb fragments (FIG. 1.32) Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: One end-plate fragment with teeth graduated in length and four tooth-plates with projecting backs held between bowed side-plates of flattened plano-convex profile (one broader than the other) by six iron rivets (and another lost or replaced in antiquity, leaving hole of D.2.3mm). Seven teeth per cm. Possibly included no. 847 (RF 11134). Assembly: Rivet spacing (from end-plate, centre to centre): 5.0mm, 12.4mm, c.24.0mm, c.29.0mm, 16.6mm, 21.3mm (to empty hole – the side-plate fragment which was perhaps attached here suggest c.15.0mm, with empty hole beyond this). Rivets pass through junction of tooth-plates, but two pass through end-plate, one close to its edge. Re-assembly might also be suggested by the double pinning of end-plate, by the different decoration of side-plates, by lateral bowing of comb, and by the empty rivet-hole. Angled cuts from tooth cutting after assembly appear on one side-plate only – the more decorated one. The projecting backs of tooth-plates are smoothed down, also after assembly. Decoration: Two distinct schemes appear, as follows: that side-plate without tooth cutting scars bears decoration only at its flat-ended terminals. Here, three or four incised vertical lines define a field occupied by paired diagonally incised cross-hatched lines. The central field is blank. The other, more fragmentary, side-plate bears vertically incised lines in groups of three, and occasionally four, closely spaced. Towards one terminal (lost) a diagonal cross-hatched motif begins. A similar interruption of the vertical decoration occurs on another fragment, on which it apparently represents cross-hatched decoration in a position which approaches the centre of the side-plate. Size: Overall L.c.130.0mm, Max. W.24.0mm. Plainer side-plate Max. W.16.9mm, Th.4.3mm. More decorated (though less survives) side-plate Max. W.15.3mm, Th.3.2mm. L. of end-plate c.10.0mm+, L. of tooth-plates: 10.0mm, 14.6mm, (one or two missing), 13.5mm, 16.3mm. RF 9571, Context 5503, Phase 4ii. [Dump].
847	Single-sided composite comb, tooth-plate fragment. Material: Antler beam. Form: c. Seven teeth per cm. Staining from iron rivet at one edge. Chamfered back may indicate projection of plate from back of comb by c.5.0mm, and uncut flattened zone suggests side-plate of W.c.17.0mm. Possibly part of no. 846 (RF 9571). Size: L.16.3mm, Max. W.23.4mm, Max. Th.2.8mm. RF 11134, Context 5503, Phase 4ii. [Dump]
848	Single-sided composite comb fragment (FIG. 1.33). Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: Angled end-plate with a slight indentation close to its back edge held to the terminal of a side-plate of plano-convex profile by an iron rivet. Teeth are graduated in length towards the end of the plate, seven teeth per cm. A circular perforation (D.2.7mm) runs through the back of the end-plate. Assembly: Rivet passes through end-plate, positioned centrally, c.1.5mm from its inner edge. Raised zone on end-plate suggests finishing – ?rubbing down – of back of comb after assembly. Decoration: End-plate bears a wide compass-drawn ring-and-dot (D.14.2mm) on one side, executed after assembly. Side-plate terminal bears group of five fine vertically incised lines beyond rivet, and two lines from a ?cross-hatched motif at rivet position. Size: End-plate L.25.6mm, Max. W.39.4mm, Max. Th.3.2mm. Side-plate Max. W.c.11.5mm (from traces on end-plate). RF 4270, Context 3891, Phase 6ii. [Dump]
849	Single-sided composite comb, tooth-plate fragment (FIG. 1.33) Material: Antler beam. Form: Tooth-plate with gently curved back, six teeth per cm. A rivet-hole (D.2.0mm) is set at one edge, just above the teeth (which are lost). Abraded. Decoration: A zone is defined by a single longitudinally incised line close to the back edge of the plate, and is occupied by angled cuts forming a plaited motif along its back. Size: L.19.0mm, Max. W.34.9mm. RF 14131, Unstratified.
850	Single-sided composite comb fragment. Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: Tooth-plate with projecting angled back held to fragment of a plano-convex side-plate by one iron rivet. Six teeth per cm. Teeth lightly beaded by wear. Assembly: Rivet positioned at edge of tooth-plate. Decoration: Three longitudinal lines occur on side-plate, above rivet position. Size: L.17.4mm, Max. W.40.0mm. RF 14224, Unstratified.
851	Single-sided composite comb (FIG. 1.33; PL. 1.18). Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: Seven tooth-plates and two end-plates with rounded projections at their backs, held between lightly bowed side-plates of plano-convex profile by six iron rivets. Seven teeth per cm. Teeth are graduated in length at the end-plates, which are of different sizes. Central teeth survive better than those towards the ends of the comb. Assembly: Rivet spacing (centre to centre): 23.0mm, 28.0mm, 22.0mm, 22.0mm, 20.0mm; rivets pass through end-plates close to their inner edges, three out of the other four pass through tooth-plates at their junction. Side-plates notched by cutting of teeth after assembly; this appearing mainly on one side. Decoration: Bilateral decoration as follows: compass-drawn triple ring-and-dot adorns the projecting elements at back of each end-plate. A plaited motif formed by angled cuts between two incised lines runs from the ring-and-dot down the back edge of the end-plates. The side-plates bear central fields defined by paired incised longitudinal lines. These fields are subdivided by 16 groups of four vertically incised lines on one side-plate, and by 14 groups on the other, set at c.5.0mm intervals. Angled cuts appear on the back of tooth-plates, c.8 cuts per cm, continuing along end-plates up to the position of the decorative projection. Size: Overall L. 164.0mm, Max. W. (at larger end-plate) 35.7mm, at centre of comb: 30.9mm. Side-plate Max. W. 10.3mm. L. of larger end-plate 29.0mm; L. of tooth-plates: 17.7mm, 13.0mm, 15.3mm, 14.9mm, 16.8mm, 15.3mm, 16.4mm; L. of smaller end-plate 23.9mm. RF 6139, Context 5503, Phase 4ii. [Dump]
852	Single-sided composite comb, end-plate fragment. (FIG. 1.33) Material: Antler beam. Form: Rounded, with circular projection at back (D.c.10.8mm). Teeth graduated in length, c. six teeth per cm. A rivet-hole (D.1.9mm) at one edge. Decoration: Compass-drawn triple ring and dot (D.7.8mm) on projection. Paired incised lines with angled cuts form a plaited motif rising along the outer edge of the end-plate. This scheme appears on both sides. Assembly: Setting-out lines for tooth-cutting appear on both sides. Flattened zone hints at tapered terminals of side-plates, of Max. W c.11.0mm, masking other elements during rubbing down after assembly. Size: L.27.0mm+, Max. W.32.5mm, Max. Th.2.4mm. RF 6289, Context 5503, Phase 4ii. [Dump]
853	Single-sided composite comb fragment. Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: Curved end-plate held to the terminal of a side-plate of plano-convex profile by an iron rivet. Teeth slightly graduated towards end, seven teeth per cm. Assembly: Rivet set c.6.3mm from inner edge of plate, but rust-staining at break may suggest another rivet at edge, now lost. Decoration: A (?) decorative perforation at the back of end-plate (D 5.2mm), possibly undercut with some difficulty after assembly; this occupies a rounded projection at inner top edge of end-plate. Finely incised vertical lines in groups of three on the side-plates lie at, and either side of, rivet position. These were cut before assembly. Size: End-plate L.33.7mm, Max. W.32.7mm, Max. Th.2.7mm. Side-plate Max. W.c.11.0mm (from traces on end-plate). RF 1646, Context 1440, Phase: 6iii. [Dark soil]
Handled combs
854	Single-sided asymmetrical handled composite comb fragments (FIG. 1.33). Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: One blank plate (at handle), two end-plates (that at handle end is straight, that at the other end curved) and four tooth-plates held by ?six iron rivets between side-plates of plano-convex profile. Teeth graduated in length at end-plates, seven teeth per cm. Assembly: Rivet spacing (from handle end, centre to centre) 31.8mm, 18.6mm, c.21.0mm, c.18.0mm, c.9.0mm; rivets usually placed at junction of tooth-plates. Angled cuts on one side-plate (on the decorated side only) from cutting of teeth after assembly. Decoration: Four finely inscribed circumferential lines at butt of handle, cut after assembly. A cross-hatch of paired incised lines runs along one side-plate. Size: Overall L.c.140.0mm, Max. W.28.5mm, Th.10.5mm. Handle L.c.41.0mm, Max. D.10.4mm. Blank plate at handle L.c.41.0mm, squared end-plate L 10.7mm, L. of tooth-plates c.4.0mm+, 11.9mm, 12.2mm, 11.3mm, 6.5mm+, curved end-plate L 13mm+. RF 5418, Context 4195, Phase 5B–6I [Occupation].
855	Handle fragment ?from a handled comb. Material: Antler tine. Form: Fragment from butt of flat-ended handle, of formerly plano-convex section. An iron-stained transverse rivet hole (D.c.2.5mm) lies towards one end. Polished, now abraded. Decoration: Three cicumferential lines at butt, and groups of five and four (?) saw-cut lines between this and rivet-hole, positioned nearer upper and lower edges (which is which remains uncertain). Size: L.32.7mm. Max. W.c. 13mm+, Max. Th.9.2mm. RF 7513, Context 6472, Phase 5B–6i. [Dump]
856	Single-sided comb fragment, probably from a handled comb (FIG. 1.34). Material: Side plates of red deer antler; tooth-plates of (?) cattle long-bone. Form: Two end-plate fragments and three tooth-plates held between straight tapered plano-convex side-plates by four iron rivets (one lost), c. seven teeth per cm. Assembly: Rivet spacing (from narrow end, centre to centre): 26.7mm, 37.3mm, c.8.0mm. Two rivets pass through end-plates and the others at the junction of tooth-plates. Angled cuts on side-plate arise from the cutting of teeth after assembly. Decoration: One side-plate bears six groups of between three and six vertical incised lines, defining three fields bearing cross-hatched sets of diagonally incised lines, or saltires. Rivets are set in the remaining blank fields. On the other side-plate the narrow terminal bears a set of four vertically incised lines. A further four groups of diagonal cuts are angled to form a chevron near the back of the comb, and continue along its remaining extent. Size: L.85.0mm, Max. W.20.0mm. L. of end-plate (narrow end) 13.00mm+; L. of tooth-plates: 21.0mm, 22.6mm, 17.4mm; L. of other end-plate: 5.00mm+. RF 14075, Unstratified.
857	Single-sided composite comb, side-plate fragment, possibly from a handled comb. Material: (?) Cattle rib. Form: Straight, with flattened sub-rectangular profile, and two slightly countersunk rivet holes (Max. D.4.0mm), narrowing to (?) terminal at one end. Five teeth per cm. Assembly: Rivet spacing (centre to centre) 36.7mm. Angled cuts from cutting of teeth along one edge. Decoration: Groups of five and four crudely incised vertical lines, in most cases corresponding to tooth-cutting scars, with rivet holes passing clear of these. Size: L.66.3mm, Max. W.14.3mm, Max. Th.2.2mm. RF 12445, Unstratified.
858	Single-sided comb, tooth-plate fragment. Material: Long-bone. Form: c. Four teeth per cm. Rivet hole (D.3.8mm) at one edge. Size: L.11.5mm, Max. W.17.3mm, Max. Th.3.5mm. RF 10945, Context 1457, Phase: 6iii. [Dark soil]
859	Single-sided comb fragment, possibly from a handled comb (FIG. 1.34) Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: Two tooth-plates held between slightly bowed plano-convex side-plates by three iron rivets (one lost). Comb appears to taper by c.1.0mm along its surviving length. Six teeth per cm. Assembly: Rivet spacing (centre to centre): 17.8mm, 18.7mm. Occasional angled cuts from cutting of teeth appear on side-plates, possibly unintentionally. Decoration: Occurs on one side-plate only. Comprises single incised diagonal lines cross-hatching along upper and lower zones of side-plate, leaving a blank central field where rivets are set. An incised longitudinal line at top of the lower zone may be a setting out line, decoration, or damage. Size: Overall L.48.0mm, Max. W.15.5mm, Max. Th .1.2mm. Side-plate Max. W.9.6mm. L. of tooth-plates: 18.6mm, 18.0mm. RF 14040, Unstratified.
860	Single-sided comb fragment, possibly from a handled comb. Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: Three tooth-plates held between plano-convex side-plates by two iron rivets (one lost). Five teeth per cm. Assembly: Rivet spacing (centre to centre): 22.0mm. Rivets pass through junction of tooth-plates. Angled cuts on side-plates from cutting of teeth after assembly. Decoration: Finely incised vertical lines, grouped in threes, appear on one side-plate. Rivets are positioned clear of these decorated zones. Size: L.40.0mm, Max. W.14.6mm, L. of tooth-plates: 11.6mm, 10.4mm, 11.9mm. RF 14130, Unstratified.
861	Handle, probably from an asymmetrical handled composite comb (FIG. 1.34). Material: Sheep metatarsal. Form: Single piece of hollow bone flattened at one end and broken at the other. Assembly: Two small cuts at broken end indicate the cutting of a slot. If this piece derived from a comb, the slot would have accommodated tooth-plates (now lost). Decoration: Six groups of four finely incised lines run circumferentially round the shaft, with paired lines at the butt. Fields between these groups are alternately blank or filled with longitudinally incised lines, producing bands of billeted decoration. Size: Max. L.54.2mm, Max. D. at butt 18.3mm, at broken end 12.4mm. RF 5326, Unstratified.
862	Handle fragment, possibly from an asymmetrical handled single-sided composite comb. Material: Medium-sized mammal long-bone. Form: Curved fragments with flattened slot (W.1.9mm) cut at one end, and decoration from this point. If this piece derived from a comb, the slot would have accommodated tooth-plates (now lost). Decoration: Ten inscribed circumferential lines run part-way round the fragment, beginning at the end of the slot. Size: L.c.28.5, Max. W.18.0mm, Max. Th.7.0mm. RF 2267, Context 72, Phase 5A. [Occupation deposit]
Other single-sided combs
863	Single-sided composite comb, end-plate fragment. Material: Large mammal long-bone. Form: Squared end-plate fragment with (?) originally angular corners, teeth barely graduated in length, six teeth per cm. Possible rivet scar close to inner edge. Size: L.17.9mm, Max. W.23.7mm, Max. Th.2.0mm. RF 5916, Context 5871, Phase 6i. [Trench fill]
864	Single-sided composite comb, end-plate fragment (FIG. 1.34) Material: Antler beam. Form: Square-ended fragment with angular corners and teeth graduated in length. Seven teeth per cm. Assembly: No rivet present, though slight rust-trace on broken inner edge. Back very slightly chamfered, and end smoothed. Size: L.17.9mm+ (part lost), Max. W.21.7mm, Max. Th.2.0mm. RF 5722, Context 5555, Phase 5B–6i. [Pit fill]
865	Single-sided composite comb, end-plate fragment. Material: (?) Bone, (?) long-bone. Form: Squared, with angular corners, teeth graduated in length, c. six teeth per cm. A rivet-hole (D. 2.0mm) at a break at the inner edge. Assembly: On one side the zone formerly masked by side-plate is discernible, W. c.10.5mm, and a chamfered form has been imparted to back of plate and at tooth points, indicating trimming after assembly. Size: L.17.7mm, Max. W.29.9mm, Max. Th.2.7mm. RF 7287, Context 6803, Phase: 5B–6i. [Dump]
866	Single-sided composite comb fragment. Material: Antler (non-specialist identification, by MF). Form: Squared end-plate fragment with angular corner at back, slightly rounded on lower corner, and teeth graduated in length, c. five teeth per cm, held between straight-ended side-plate terminal fragments of plano-convex profile by an iron rivet. Broken at rivet position. Size: Overall L.10.4mm, Max. W.29.6mm, Max. Th.9.2mm. Tooth-plate Max. Th.3.8mm. RF 14341, Context 5988, Phase 6i. [Trench fill]
867	Single-sided composite comb, tooth-plate. Material: Antler beam. Form: c. five teeth per cm. Possible rivet scar (D. c.2.5mm) at one side. Size: L.13.9mm, Max. W.28.4mm, Max. Th.2.1mm. FX88 R27, Context 4, Phase 0. [ Trench F, natural]
868	Single-sided composite comb fragment. Material: Antler beam and tine. Form: Tooth-plate held between bowed plano-convex side-plate fragments by an iron rivet – another rivet possibly lost. Five teeth per cm. Abraded, teeth lost. Assembly: Rivet spacing (centre to centre) ?20.0mm. Angled cuts from tooth cutting on side-plates. Decoration: Cross-hatched paired diagonally incised lines on both side-plates, with occasional extra ?accidental lines. Fine decoration, but perhaps a little casually executed. Size: Overall L 29.9mm, Max. (side-plate) W.16.3mm, Th.12.1mm. Tooth-plate L.11.9mm, Th.2.7mm. RF 7774, Context 221, Phase: 2i–4ii. [Pit fill]
869	(?) Single-sided composite comb, side-plate fragment. Material: Antler tine. Form: Plano-convex profile, with traces of rivets at each end, c. five teeth per cm. Assembly: Rivet spacing (presumed centre to centre): c.17.0mm. Angled cuts from cutting of teeth after assembly appear along one edge. Decoration: Closely-spaced vertical lines crossed by diagonals to form a finely executed cross-hatch. Size: L.18.0mm, Max. W.16.2mm, Max. Th.4.0mm. RF 11577, Context 3891, Phase 6ii. [Dump]
870	?Single-sided composite comb, tooth-plate fragment. Material: Antler beam. Form: Fragment with iron rivet. Tooth-cutting scars suggest c. six teeth per cm. Assembly: Rivet passes through plate. Size: L.7.9mm+, Max. W.9.0mm. Tooth-plate Th.3.0mm. Rivet L.c.9.5mm. RF 1896, Context 1888, Phase 6ii–6iii. [Dark soil]
Composite combs of bone and horn
871	(?) Single-sided composite horn and bone comb, side-plate fragment? Material: (?) Cattle, split rib. Form: Straight-sided flat (?) sawn strip, bearing a rivet hole (D.2.2mm) and broken at ?another. Widens between a straight end and the break. Polished or smoothed by wear. Size: L.31.7mm, Max. W.1.6mm, Th.1.7mm. RF 341, Unstratified.
872	Single-sided composite comb, side-plate fragment. Material: ?Cattle rib. Form: Flat-ended terminal of a straight-sided side-plate. Rivet (L.10.0mm) passes through plate, 5.5mm from its end. Tooth-cutting scars suggest six teeth per cm. Decoration: Group of three vertical lines beyond rivet. Size: L.18.4mm, Max. W.11.5mm, Th.2.7mm. RF 50021, Unstratified.
Composite combs of uncertain type
873	Composite comb tooth. Material: (?) Bone. Form: Triangular, with diagonal saw marks. Size: L.14.6mm, Max. W.2.3mm. RF 486, Context 277, Phase 5A–5B. [Pit fill]
874	Composite comb tooth. Material: Long-bone. Form: Thin tooth, triangular at end. Size: L.12.6mm, Max. W.1.6mm. RF 11124, Context 5988, Phase 6i. [Trench fill]
875	Composite comb, side-plate fragment. Material: ?Cattle rib. Form: Identified by tooth-cutting scars along one edge of fragment. Five teeth per cm. Two possible rivet-holes (D.c.2.0mm). Assembly: Rivet spacing (centre to centre) c.22.0mm. Angled cuts from tooth-cutting after assembly. Size: L.34.0mm, Max. W.7.7mm, Th.2.3mm. RF 12521, Unstratified.
876	Composite comb fragment. Material: Antler tine. Form: Side-plate terminal and rivet, with detached ?tooth-plate fragment. Size: L.8.0mm, Max. W.11.0mm, Th.4.6mm. RF 995, Unstratified.
877	(?) side-plate terminal fragment from a composite comb. P. Walton Rogers offers alternative identification, as a fragment from a decorated Anglo-Saxon pin beater. Material: Long-bone; burnt white, to c.750–850 degrees centigrade. Form: Fragment of originally (?) plano-convex profile. Broken at both ends and along one other edge. Decoration: Zone of close-spaced diagonal decoration limited by paired incised vertical lines at narrower end; wider part undecorated. Size: L.c.15.0mm, Max. W.10.0mm, Max. Th.8.5mm. RF 13200, Unstratified.
878	(?) Long comb tooth. Material: Bone; Sonia O’Connor holds it to be almost unmodified. If not, this might derive from a single-piece comb (cf. Roes 1963, pl. 33, nos 4–5). RF 3400, Context 3331, Phase: 3Bi–3B. [Occupation]