9    Textile Production

Penelope Walton Rogers

with contributions by Geoff Gaunt, Christopher Loveluck, Patrick Ottaway, Ian Panter and Lisa M. Wastling

This chapter examines the extensive evidence for textile production and working at this site: the full scope of the evidence, and its chronological range is set out in the introduction below. Textile-related finds constituted 11.34% of the recorded finds from the site. Because of the large quantities of artefacts recovered relating to this activity, illustration of the finds has had to be selective.

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9.1 Introduction

The textile crafts at Flixborough are represented by objects associated with fibre-processing, spinning, weaving, cutting and stitching. Due to the poor preservation of organic materials at this site, there are no wooden tools present, but there are enough artefacts made from stone, clay, bone and metal, to act as representatives of each of these crafts. Only dyeing – if it was ever practised at Flixborough – has left no material evidence.

Altogether there are 1,104 items connected with textile production (1,134 if iron shears are included), most of which come from between Period 3, Phase 3b and Period 6. The different classes of object existed side-by-side through these phases, so that it may be concluded that raw flax and wool were brought to the site and made up into textiles, and then clothing, throughout the main site periods, from the 8th to the early 11th century. A summary of the objects is presented in FIG. 9.1.

Analysis of the evidence shows that certain aspects of textile production at the site changed with time. The Period 4, Phase 4ii artefacts, for example, indicate some form of specialised production, which continued into Period 5, Phase 5a, but disappeared during Phase 5b. The Period 6 evidence in itself is also particularly informative, as it presents a marked contrast with urban sites of the same date in terms of textile technology, and this in turn must have had social and economic implications. The artefacts will be described here, and the significance of this important body of material is discussed further in Volume 4, Ch. 6.

9.2 Fibre processing

Fragments of a wool-comb, no. 2504 (RF 11777/11778. FIG. 9.2), were recovered from an unstratified deposit. This is the typical Anglo-Saxon form of wool-comb, with a rectangular, iron-bound head and two rows of relatively short iron teeth, 93mm long. The wooden head that the iron would have encased, and the wooden handle are no longer present. Wool-combs of this sort were used in pairs to prepare wool for spinning. Better preserved combs, often in pairs, have been found at a number of Middle and Late Anglo-Saxon sites, the earliest being from 7thcentury Lechlade, Gloucestershire (Ottaway 1992, 538–40; Boyle et al. 1998, 58–9, 156, and 192–3). They probably continued in use until the 13th or 14th century, when they were displaced by the modern long-toothed wool-comb (Walton Rogers 1997, 1720–1, 1727–30).

A further 194 iron spikes were recovered from the excavation, 102 from stratified deposits (FIG. 9.1). Spikes of this sort are often assumed to be teeth from wool-combs, but there is another tool, the flax heckle, which has teeth of a similar nature. Heckles consist of a block of iron spikes set vertically in a wooden mount, and are used to split flax into individual fibres at the final stage of processing, prior to spinning. Their teeth are straight and sharp-tipped, and range from 40 to 200mm in length; they are mostly set into the wooden mount without the aid of an iron base-plate, although there are some exceptions to this rule on the Continent. The spikes from wool-combs are more standardised, at 90–110mm long, with a rounded rectangular cross-section (corrosion can make this look more angular); they have an almost imperceptible curve at the tip, and they sometimes retain remains of the iron base-plate 10–15mm from the base of the spike.

FIG. 9.1. Textile-making equipment from Flixborough by type and phase.

At Flixborough, there is a cluster of especially sharp-tipped spikes, 66–108mm long, from the fill of the ditch in Area G in Period 4, Phase 4ii (Loveluck and Atkinson, Volume 1, Ch. 5; see ADS archive distribution plot for Phase 4ii). Some of these spikes have clearly been embedded in a deep block of wood, and most, if not all, can be confidently identified as flax heckle spikes. This area is away from the main buildings, and supports the historical and archaeological evidence that flax processing was largely carried out in the open air (Walton Rogers 1997, 1796–9). In later phases, flax heckle spikes were found towards the centre of the site, in and around the dumps (Phase 5a, contexts 5139, 5193; Period 6, context 5988), but they rarely occurred in the same deposits as wool-comb teeth.

FIG. 9.2. Parts of an iron wool comb. Scale 1:2.

Spikes confidently identified as wool-comb teeth (90–110mm long, rounded rectangular section, with remains of an iron base-plate), were found in the central dumps in Period 5, phases 5a – contexts 5860, 5885; and 5b – contexts 3081, 3082 and 6344, (see ADS archive distribution plot for phases 5a and 5b). By Period 6, Phase 6iii, however, wool-comb spikes were concentrated in the eastern quadrant of the site, in site areas C and F (Volume 1, FIG. 2.3 and FIG. 7.10; Loveluck and Atkinson, Volume 1, Ch. 7). This reflects the general shift in occupation towards the east during the course of the 10th century (Loveluck and Atkinson, Volume 1, Ch. 7; Loveluck, Volume 4, Ch. 2). Wool-combing, unlike flax processing, was an indoor craft, and wool-combs tend to follow habitation more closely than flax heckles.

9.3 Spinning

Once the wool had been combed and the flax heckled, the fibres would be ready for spinning. The craft of spinning is represented by 62 spindle whorls, made from stone, lead, clay and bone (FIGS 9.3–9.6). Each of these would have been mounted on the end of a wooden spindle and used to give twist to fibres being drawn from a distaff. As already noted, wooden tools such as distaffs and spindles were not preserved at Flixborough.

Stone spindle whorls (FIG. 9.3)

Of the 48 stone whorls, 47 are hemispherical, or near-hemispherical, a type which was prevalent in the Humber region of Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire from the 7th to the 10th centuries (Walton Rogers 1997, 1736–41). This form of whorl has one flat face at the top (Form A1, FIG. 9.3. Nos 2515, 2517, 2521, 2523, 2525, and 2536–7; RFs 3512, 4001, 5498, 5830, 6000, 11518, 11543) or one large flat face at the top and one small flat face at the bottom (Form A2, FIG. 9.3. Nos 2545–6; RFs 10174, 11051). The whorls of this type from Period 6 are from the ‘dark soil’ refuse deposits above the earlier dumps, and have the typically small spindle hole, 6–9mm diameter, of Early and Middle Anglo-Saxon whorls. On typological grounds, it seems likely that these Period 6 whorls are residual, and the Phase 5b (late 9th century) whorls are therefore the latest confidently dated stone whorls from Flixborough. A single stone whorl, no. 2553 (RF 6290) from Phase 3bv–4ii, is an early example of the cylindrical/doughnut-shaped whorl, Form B, which was already in use in Yorkshire by the 8th century, but was not common until the later 10th century (Walton Rogers 1997, 1736–9).

The stone whorls are made from the types of limestone, chalk, siltstone and mudstone which can be found in the Yorkshire-Lincolnshire region, and some of the raw materials may have been collected quite close to the Flixborough site (see Gaunt below).

A review of stone spindle whorls from British sites down to the 14th century has shown that most whorls reflect the geology of the region in which they have been found (Walton Rogers 2000, 2531, Table 251). There is, therefore, a certain amount of overlap in raw materials, between Flixborough and 8th- to 11th-century York, 50 km to the north-west (Gaunt in Walton Rogers 1993, 1268; Gaunt in Walton Rogers 1997, 1736). This does not mean that there was any specialist production centre – the wide variation in shape and technology of production shows otherwise – merely outcrops of similar rocks in different parts of the region and perhaps also common collecting grounds for raw materials.

Almost all of the Flixborough stone whorls are lathe-turned, which contrasts with York, where three-quarters of the Anglo-Saxon whorls were either cut with a knife or ground to shape. Only two of the Flixborough whorls have an incised-line decoration (no. 2517; RF 4001, Period 2; and no. 2546; RF 11051, Phase 5a; FIG. 9.3), which is much less than the 15% of decorated stone whorls at York (Walton Rogers 1993, fig. 625; 1997, fig. 808) and 25% at Flaxengate, Lincoln (Mann 1982, figs 21–2). Altogether, the Flixborough whorls are more standardised and uniform than other Anglo-Saxon collections in the region.

The Flixborough whorls are also especially small. The 38 Form A1 whorls weigh only 7–33g, most being between 10g and 20g. The other stone whorls are a similar range of weight, although there are two heavier Form A2 whorls, one 48g (no. 2545; RF 10174), from Period 5b and another 37g (no. 2542; RF 5049), unstratified. In York, Form A whorls weighed 9–63g, the heavy, medium and light whorls being used together in the same phases. At Flaxengate, the stone whorls weighed 6–42g, most being 20–30g (Mann 1982, 22–57). In the Early Anglo-Saxon settlement at Mucking, Essex, stone whorls were few, but the potsherd and clay whorls weighed 14–60g, most being 25–45g (Hamerow 1993, 65). The significance of the lightweight whorls in Periods 4 and 5a at Flixborough will be discussed further in Volume 4, Ch. 6.

FIG. 9.3. Stone spindle whorls. Scale 1:1.

FIG. 9.4. Lead spindle whorls. Scale 1:1.

A note on the geology of the stone spindle whorls by Geoff Gaunt

THE LIMESTONE SPINDLE WHORLS

The 13 spindle whorls with a lithology exemplified by that of no. 2507 (RF 795) are made from fine-grained silty, and in some whorls slightly quartzitic or ‘sandy’, limestone. In no. 2519 (RF 4401) and a few other whorls the calcitic grains are seen to be mainly microbioclastic, i.e. consisting of finely comminuted fossil fragments. Microscopic flattish voids parallel to the grain layers are characteristic of the texture.

Seven spindle whorls exemplified by no. 2508 (RF 902) have an almost identical lithology to no. 2507 (RF 795) et al. except for being slightly coarser-grained (but still finegrained in absolute terms), less silty and apparently devoid of quartz ‘sand’. Three more spindle whorls exemplified by no. 2513 (RF 2756) are also almost identical except that their grain-size range extends slightly into the medium grade; they appear not to be silty and have hardly any microscopic voids.

The constituents and textures of the three lithologies exemplified by nos 2507–8 and 2513 (RFs 795, 902 and 2756) are so precisely similar that they suggest a common depositional environment and probably, therefore, a common provenance for all of the relevant 23 spindle whorls.

There are two possible local provenances. One comprises thin limestones in the upper part of the Scunthorpe Mudstones, but below the Frodingham Ironstone (Gaunt et al. 1992, 32–4). These limestones crop out on the west-facing scarp slope east of the site of the Flixborough excavations, locally less than 1km away. Other thin, but more coarsely bioclastic, limestones in the same sequence are considered to be the source of some of the padstones and sills from the buildings. The other possible local provenance is the Cleatham limestone, a thin basal layer within the Raventhorpe Beds, which comprise the lowest part of the Lincolnshire Limestone (Gaunt et al. 1992, 46–8). This thin limestone crops out irregularly on top of the Lincoln Edge, being nearest to the Flixborough site around Roxby, 4 to 6km to the north-east.

Considered together, the lithologies of the 23 spindle whorls reviewed here are most closely comparable to those in the thin limestones in the upper part of the Scunthorpe Mudstones, although that of the three whorls exemplified by no. 2513 (RF 2756) is admittedly equally comparable to mainly fine-grained oolith-free varieties of the Cleatham limestone occurring near its northern limit of outcrop west of Winterton. If, however, all the 23 limestone whorls considered here are from the same provenance, then on lithological grounds, and also those of proximity, the upper part of the Scunthorpe Mudstones is the more likely of the two possible local sources.

THE CHALK SPINDLE WHORLS

Of 19 spindle whorls made from chalk (nos 2527 and 2531, RFs 6282 and 6335, being from the same whorl), seven of them are from fine-grained varieties that imply a provenance in the circa 26m-thick Ferriby Chalk Formation in the lowest part of the >250m-thick Chalk Group, and another four have a very fine to fine-grained texture suggestive of the same provenance. The remaining eight spindle whorls have entirely very fine-grained textures and could have provenances in almost any part of the Chalk Group, which crops out widely in the Lincolnshire and Yorkshire Wolds (Gaunt et al. 1992, 77).

The manufacture of spindle whorls from chalk erratics is unlikely because such erratics (except recently formed beach pebbles) are degraded by weathering and ground-water, and would be insufficiently robust or durable for this purpose. In the nearest chalk-bearing deposits to the site of the Flixborough excavations, those occurring between Winteringham and Winterton, the degradation is such that ‘the number of chalk pebbles decreases markedly upwards in the top 1m, and they are virtually absent at the surface’ (Gaunt et al. 1992, 119).

FIG. 9.5. Bone and antler spindle whorls. Scale 1:1.

It is likely, therefore, that the spindle whorls were made from chalk obtained directly from outcrops by excavating through the weathering zone into ‘fresh’ rock, a task more easily accomplished on steep slopes than flattish ground. Perhaps the relative abundance of spindle whorls made from Ferribly Chalk (despite this sequence comprising only about 10 percent of the entire Chalk Group) relates to the fact that the Ferriby Chalk crops out on the steep scarp slopes of the Wolds. Moreover, chalk does not readily occur in natural exposures except on sea cliffs, but the Ferriby Chalk is exposed naturally along South Ferriby Cliff, and may well have been similarly exposed on the landslip scars between Horkstow and Saxby All Saints. Whatever the provenances, the distances from the Flixborough site suggest a degree of specialist extraction.

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Spindle whorls in other materials

The remaining fourteen spindle whorls consist of three bone, four clay and seven lead. The second bone example, no. 2561 (RF 1989, from phases 5b–6i), has been lathe-turned to the same A1 shape as the stone whorls, and has the curious feature of a lead sleeve lining the spindle hole (FIG. 9.4). Another, no. 2561 (RF 5745 from Phase 5b), has been lathe-turned to A2 shape (FIG. 9.5) and is made from antler pedicle, which is the part of the deer’s skull from which the antler rises (all bone identification by S. O’Connor). This cutting of bone to shape for spindle whorls is quite common in the Early and Middle Anglo-Saxon period (e.g. Brodribb et al. 1972, 122, 124; Hamerow 1993, 65; Eagles and Evison 1970, 45), but in the 10th and 11th centuries cattle femur heads, which have a naturally domed surface, began to be used instead (Woodland 1990, 217; Walton Rogers 1997, 1743). There is one example of this later type from Flixborough, no. 2560 (RF 1555) from Phase 6iii (FIG. 9.5).

FIG. 9.6. Fired clay and ceramic spindle whorls. Scale 1:1.

Two of the clay whorls have also been shaped into A1 forms: no. 2565, RF 3044, Phase 5a–5b; and no. 2563, RF 6892, Phase 6iii–7 (no. 2563, RF 6892 is shown in FIG. 9.6); a third is doughnut-shaped form B (no. 2564, RF 14126, unstratified; FIG. 9.6). They therefore reflect the shapes of the stone whorls. The fourth clay whorl, RF 10374 from Phase 3biii, is of the rounded biconical, Form C; a type which is rare in this region. Clay whorls are more common in areas where there are no easily accessible outcrops of rock, such as the Thames basin (Walton Rogers 2000), and at Mucking, situated on Essex clay, where there were nine flattened-globular and rounded-biconical clay whorls (Hamerow 1993, 65). This, then, could be a rare example of a whorl from outside the region.

Six of the seven lead whorls have been cast in a mould, with a former for the spindle hole, but the seventh, no. 2559 (RF 12449), has been cut by hand. Most have been made in the same Form A1 and A2 shapes as the stone whorls, which suggests that they originated in Middle or Late Anglo-Saxon levels, although five are from unstratified deposits and one is from upper levels of the site (no. 2555; RF 333, Period 7). There was evidence for the manufacture of lead whorls in the same shapes at 10th-century Coppergate (Walton Rogers 1997, 1799). A single lead whorl, no. 2558 (RF 12448), also unstratified, is biconical, with a decoration of raised dots (FIG. 9.4). This type is sometimes attributed to the Roman period (Wheeler 1958, 50, Pl. III), but the pattern of raised dots is much more common in lead whorls from post-medieval sites (Oakley and Hall 1979, 287, Ivens et al. 1995, 359).

Several of the stratified spindle whorls are distributed close to buildings and two are from occupation deposits from inside buildings (no. 2517, RF 4001, Building 20, Period 2; and no. 2550, RF 5419, Building 7, Period 6, Phase 6i), exactly as they were at Coppergate (Walton Rogers 1997, fig. 841); the rest are all from the central dumps. Spindle spinning is an easily portable craft, and spindle and distaff were sometimes carried out into the fields in later times. At Flixborough and at Coppergate, however, the evidence suggests that spinning was largely practised indoors, or at any rate close to buildings.

9.4 Weaving

Weaving at Flixborough is represented by pin-beaters and loom-weights. The loom-weights indicate the use of the warp-weighted loom, in which the loom frame is leant against a wall, and the warp (the vertical threads) suspended from the top beam and tensioned with weights at the bottom (Walton Rogers 1997, fig. 812). Double-ended pin-beaters are used with this loom as an all-purpose hand tool, to pick out misplaced threads, to strum across the warp to even out tension, and to push the weft (horizontal threads) loosely into position. Iron sword-beaters were also used with this loom, to beat up the weft, but they seem to have been regarded as valuable objects, and are more often found deliberately placed in Early Anglo-Saxon women’s burials (e.g. Walton Rogers 1998), rather than lost or discarded in areas of habitation such as this.

Pin-beaters (FIG. 9.7; PL. 9.2)

There are two complete pin-beaters and fragments of eleven more (a selection is shown in FIG. 9.7). All are made from animal long-bones (identified by S. O’Connor). The complete ones are of the double-ended form, which has a point at either end and a round cross-section; and the incomplete ones appear to be mainly of the same type. The double-ended pin-beater is firmly associated with the warp-weighted loom and, significantly, the six pin-beaters from phases 4ii to 6iii (FIG. 9.1) all come from deposits which have also yielded loom-weights (contexts 3758, 6472, 3451 and 6300). Three pin-beaters have a band of incised lines around the girth (nos 2568 and 2570–1; RFs 2226, 3577, 7246, FIG. 9.7; PL. 9.2), and where the surface is well preserved it has a high polish from use. These incised bands are often called ‘decoration’, although experience with the warp-weighted loom suggests that they are in fact intended to help the hand keep a grip on the polished surface.

Bone pin-beaters are well known from Anglo-Saxon sites, but the Flixborough ones are particularly long and slender. The two complete pin-beaters, nos 2573 and 2575 (RFs 12158 and 14042; FIG. 9.7), are 110mm long, and three of the incomplete ones were probably originally closer to 170mm in length. Diameters are mainly 6.0–8.0mm, except in the late examples, from Phases 6iii and 7 where they are 8.0–10.0mm. Anglo-Saxon pin-beaters recorded so far have been 80–160mm long and 8–12 mm diameter, but the shorter, sturdier types are the most common. At Århus, Denmark, there is a more slender example, 136mm long, 6mm wide, from the same ceramic phase as a cutoff piece of linen warp (Andersen et al. 1971), and it is possible that these slim pin-beaters should be associated with linen production. The appearance of the thicker pin-beaters at Flixborough coincides with an increase in the weight of loom-weights between Period 5, Phase 5b and the end of Period 6, and probably also with an increase in the production of wool cloth in these later periods of occupation.

Loom-weights (FIGS 9.8–9.11)

There were 756 separate finds of loom-weights, but, since many of these were collections of fragments, they have been summarised by weight for FIG. 9.8. There are only 12 complete loom weights (see FIGS 9.10–9.12 for the majority of these), but confident estimates of original dimensions and weights could be obtained from a further 230 almost complete examples, and the discussion of size and weight, below, is based on these 242 weights.

The weights are all hand-made from an estuarine clay which was probably collected from the Trent Valley close to Flixborough (Vince, petrological analysis, ADS archive). The evidence of an un-worked bar of clay, no. 2572 (RF 9997), in association with half-finished (no. 2751; RF 9996) and unfired (no. 2750; RF 9982) weights in context 6885, Phase 4ii, adjacent to a dump containing partially fired loom-weights and a pin-beater (context 3758), suggests that weights were being made on the site, not far from where they were used. Further half-made and nonfired weights were found in another central dump, context 8108, Phase 5a. Non-fired (or perhaps under-fired) weights were also found in deposits from Period 5, Phase 5b and Period 6, but in these cases, it is possible that they represent loom-weights used ‘in the green’ (unfired), as seems to have been the case with many of the weights from the Anglo-Saxon villages at West Stow, Suffolk (West 1985 II, 138), and Mucking, Essex (Hamerow 1993, 68).

To make each weight, the clay has been worked into a round shape and then the central hole has been pushed through, so that there is often a flange around the hole on one side. They occur in a variety of shapes, ranging from flat quoit-shaped to near-spherical. Anglo-Saxon loom-weights are often divided into ‘annular’, in which the hole is wider than the thickness of the ring; ‘intermediate’, in which the hole is narrower; and ‘bun-shaped’, in which the hole is small. Broadly speaking, annular is regarded as Early, intermediate as Middle, and bun-shaped as Late Anglo-Saxon (Hurst 1959, 23–25, reconsidered by Holden 1976, 310–11; and Hedges 1980, 87–93). At Flixborough, the weights are all bun-shaped and intermediate, as is to be expected of a Middle and Late Anglo-Saxon site, but the two types clearly existed side-by-side through all phases. There seems to be a better correlation between shape and weight, rather than between shape and date; the bun-shaped weights being mostly heavier than the intermediate ones. As a result, the number of bun-shaped weights rises and falls with the average weight in each phase (FIG. 9.8).

Many weights have a groove emerging from the central hole, where a thin cord has probably suspended the weight – although it is curious that some of these grooves seem to have been made before firing. Sixty-three weights also have impressed marks (cf. FIGS 9.9–9.11). These first appear in Phase 3b (7 examples), but are largely a Period 4 (44 examples) phenomenon, especially Phase 4ii (40 examples). The Phase 4ii marks include a large circle (at least 16 examples), a small circle (at least 6 examples), four dots in a square (seven examples), a double row of dots (two examples), and single deep, round marks evenly spaced around the weight (five examples); there is also a single example of a small impressed square from Phase 4ii–5a. Six weights with these designs also occur in Phase 5b and Period 6 deposits, almost certainly residually, as one example with a small circle from Phase 6iii (no. 2832; RF 3832, context 3989) fits a fragment from Phase 4ii (no. 2648; RF 3859, context 3758). In these later periods, however, some new marks appear. There are two examples of a ‘+’ mark enclosed in a circle, one from Phase 5b and the other from Period 6; and one example of a reversed, curled ‘S’ on a large weight from Period 6, Phase 6ii–6iii (no. 2812, FIG. 9.11).

Circular loom-weights were used by most of the Germanic peoples in northwest Europe, and those with impressed marks are best represented at trading centres with a well-to-do population, such as Dorestad (Roes 1965, 70), Haithabu (Graham-Campbell 1980, 21), Ribe (Bender Jørgensen 1991, 67ff) and Birka (Andersson, pers. comm.). They seem less common in England, although a large, undated bun-shaped weight from Binton, Warwickshire, has a mark which Mytum suggests has been made with a cattle-branding iron. This could well be true of the reversed curled ‘S’ from Period 6 at Flixborough, but the earlier Flixborough marks have more in common with the stamped decoration on Early Anglo-Saxon pottery (Hamerow 1993, 45–52): these marks seem to have been made with carved antler tines, such as those found at West Stow (West 1985 II, 125). The purpose of the marks is not entirely clear. They may have been a potter’s mark, an owner’s mark or an indicator of a set of standard weight. At Flixborough, the different marks in Period 4 are jumbled together in the dumps, so that there is no reason to suggest that they indicate different workshops.

FIG. 9.7. Pin-beaters. Scale 1:1.

FIG. 9.8. Total weight of loom-weights by context and phase.

FIG. 9.9. The comparative weights of the Flixborough loom-weights recovered from Phase 3b, Period 4 and Period 6.

Perhaps the most significant feature of the Flixborough loom-weights is the way in which their weight changes through the different periods (FIG. 9.9). Anglo-Saxon loom-weights most commonly weigh 150–500g, although the full range of recorded weights is 100–1460g. At Flixborough, the weights were especially light in Period 4, and heavier in Period 6. The average weights for the main phases are 337g for Period 3, Phase 3b; 236g for Period 4; 329g for Period 5; and 416g for Period 6; and if the residual material in Period 6 (weights with Phase 4ii-type impressed marks, found in Period 6 deposits directly above the Period 4 central dumps) is removed, the average weight for Period 6 is closer to 500g. The Period 4 weights are broadly speaking 120–350g and 70–110mm diameter, but their main cluster is around 200g and 80mm diameter. It is these small, standardised weights that most commonly have the impressed marks. A comparison can be made with the Early Anglo-Saxon village at Mucking, Essex, where weights were between 150g and 1000g, and 80–130mm diameter (Hamerow 1993 I, 67); and the farmstead at Middle Anglo-Saxon Old Erringham, Shoreham, West Sussex, where weights were between 532 and 1,396g, and 109 and 150mm diameter (Holden 1976, 315). Combined with the long slender pin-beaters and small spindle whorls, the Flixborough weights suggest some form of specialised production – possibly of finer, more lightweight fabrics – in Period 4.

FIG. 9.10. Loom-weights. Scale 1:2.

In Period 3, Phase 3b and Period 4 most of the weights seem to have been deposited in the central dumps. In Period 5 (phases 5a–5b), however, there is a cluster of especially thin and flat weights, 180–220g, around Building 36/37, in contexts 256, 275, 503 and 515 (also context 3107 Phase 5a and, residually, 3427 Phase 5b–6). As there had been no previous dumping of loom-weights in that area, these are likely to represent a ‘set’ of loom-weights used in that building. They form a separate group from the heavier weights, which had started to appear in Period 5, Phase 5b, and which, by Period 6, Phase 6ii, were distributed over the eastern half of the site, along with the thicker pin-beaters (Loveluck and Atkinson, Volume 1, Ch. 7, FIG. 7.10; and ADS archive distribution plot for Phase 6ii–6iii).

FIG. 9.11. Loom-weights. Scale 1:2.

FIG. 9.12. Loom-weights. Scale 1:2.

The arrival of heavier weights with new impressed marks, in a different part of the site, in Period 6 provides clear evidence that the warp-weighted loom continued in use in this area into the second half of the 10th century. In contrast, in towns such as Winchester and York, the warp-weighted loom can be shown to have disappeared by about AD 900, and to have been replaced by the two-beam vertical loom (Keene 1990, 203–8; Walton Rogers 1997, 1799–1801). Outside Winchester, however, in the hamlet of Sparkford, the warp-weighted loom remained in use as late as the 11th century (Collis 1978). The Flixborough evidence confirms the late use of this loom in rural parts. The 10th-century changes in textile production are too complex to debate here (see instead, Volume 4, Ch. 6; Walton Rogers 1997 and 2001), but as far as Flixborough is concerned, it is important to note that the signs of specialised production visible in Period 4, Phase 4ii had disappeared by Period 6 and, in terms of weaving technology, the settlement had become something of a backwater, using an old style of loom and probably producing rather coarser types of cloth than formerly.

9.5 Cutting and stitching

After weaving, the cloth would be washed and pressed. It would then be ready for cutting and stitching into garments and soft furnishings.

Remains of 30 pairs of iron shears suitable for cutting cloth and yarn have been recovered from the site: 18 pairs, or fragments of pairs, in stratified deposits from Period 1, Phase 1b to Period 7, and 12 unstratified.

Shears (FIG. 9.13; PLS 9.3–9.4)

by Patrick Ottaway and Penelope Walton Rogers

All the shears appear to be, or to have been, very similar in form. The bows are slightly looped and there are no examples of the simple U-shaped bow common in the early Anglo-Saxon period. Viewed from the side the bows either have straight sides and widen gradually to the top (e.g. no. 2877; RF 9952), or are more distinctly formed and have convex sides (e.g. no. 2859; RF 325 – Period 7; PL. 9.3).

Three bows have internal nibs at the base: no. 2861 (RF 1864; phases 6ii–iii), on which they are particularly pronounced, and no. 2871 (RF 5482; Phase 4ii) and no. 2882 (RF 12147; Phase 6ii–iii). All the blades are very similar in form, having a straight back which curves in to the tip; this corresponds to knife blade back form C (see Ottaway, Ch. 5, above). The only exception is no. 2866 (RF 3587; phases 1b–2), a single blade which has an angle-back. The shoulders between blade and stem are in roughly equal measure horizontal, sloping, and concave. There are also four examples of stepped shoulders: nos 2871, 2873, and 2886–7 (RF 5482; Phase 4ii; RF 5660; Phase 4ii; RF 12333, unstratified; and RF 12627; unstratified), which are otherwise uncommon, although two Anglo-Scandinavian examples were recorded at York (Ottaway 1992, fig. 219, 2689–90). Other features to note include a moulded collar at the junction of bow and stem on the now fragmentary no. 2860 (RF 416; Phase 4ii) and short projecting ‘ears’ at the same place on no. 2868 (RF 4111, Phase 4ii). This latter feature has no parallel in England, but can be found on a pair of shears from the Viking ship from Oseberg, Norway (Grieg 1928, fig. 118). The surviving stem of no. 2890 (RF 13503, unstratified) has three grooves around it below the bow, and two in the centre. This is again a rare feature, but similar grooves can be seen on a 9th- to 10th-century pair of shears from York (22 Piccadilly sf352) and also on a pair from Hedeby (Westphalen 1993, Taf. 28, 3).

FIG. 9.13. Iron shears. Scale 1:2.

The overall length of the complete shears is from 100mm to 205mm, and the blades are from 43 × 9.5mm (no. 2891, RF 13510) to >150 ×15mm (no. 2867, RF 3749). At least one pair, no. 2875 (RF 6004), from a central dump in Phase 5a, represents the sort of shears with long shanks and short blades (overall length 144mm, blades 44 × 9mm), which are sometimes found in Anglo-Saxon women’s burials, suspended from the belt. These were probably used for small domestic tasks, such as snipping thread during sewing. Only the larger bladed examples would be suitable for cutting cloth.

Needles

by Penelope Walton Rogers, with investigative conservation by Ian Panter

Altogether there are 68 iron needles, seven copper alloy and six bone (FIG. 9.1), although it will be shown that some of the bone ones may be garment pins rather than sewing needles. The iron needles range from 25 to 47mm in length, and are 1.3 to 3.8mm thick. Investigation of those where the eye has been preserved, carried out by Ian Panter, has shown that at least 13 iron needles have round eyes and over 20 have long eyes. The round eyes appear to have been punched, as have two unusual needles with triangular (no. 2927; RF 8989) and rectangular (no. 2928; RF 9049) eyes. The long eyes have in a few cases been made by splitting the shank into a Y shape, and then re-joining it above the eye (nos 2932–3, 2939 and 2941; RFs 11475, 11772, 13622, 13656). Most, however, have an oval eye punched into a long groove. The latter may have been made with two punches, one long to form the groove, and one round to perforate the needle, as described by Rollins for the more recent manufacture of needles (Rollins 1981, 8–9). Alternatively, they may have been made in a similar manner to the copper alloy needles described below. Most of the iron needles are rounded in cross-section, but some of the longer ones are more angular – usually triangular – in section (see below).

The seven copper alloy needles are alike in general appearance and method of manufacture. The complete examples are 43–58mm long, and 1.3–2.0mm thick. They are round in cross-section, but flatter towards the head. The eyes have a long tapering groove on either side, in which there is a punched oval eye. Examination of the grooves at ×10 magnification reveals longitudinal scratches, which suggest the grooves were made by drawing out the end of the needle with a strong pair of pincers, before punching through the eye. The six stratified copper-alloy needles come from phases 3b to 5a (FIG. 9.1), but it is possible that they are a discrete early to mid 9th-century type, as an example from Phase 5a, no. 2897 (RF 8497), comes from an area with much re-deposited Period 4 material.

The bone objects resembling needles are 63–93mm long, and 4.5–7.5mm thick. The shanks are round to oval in section, but the heads are slightly flatter. The eyes are oval in the early examples, and circular in those from Period 5, Phase 5b and Period 6. Needles such as these would function well as darning needles, for repairs to the coarser types of wool cloth, but the wear pattern, where visible, does not support this view. There is a modest amount of polish on nos 2900, 2901 and 2903 (RFs 766, 6037 and 6089), but this is not around the eye, where needles receive most wear, and in 766 it is clearly concentrated on the tip. This contrasts with three small bone needles from Coppergate, York, which had a very high degree of polish all over, with obvious signs of wear around the eye. It is possible that the Flixborough bone ‘needles’ are in fact garment pins of the sort which have a thong loop threaded through the eye, the loop being passed over the tip of the pin when in use. A pin of this sort, still with remains of the leather thong in the eye, was found crossways at the throat of a woman in a 7th-century burial at Castledyke, North Lincolnshire, and had probably been used to fasten the woman’s cloak (Grave 137, Drinkall and Foreman 1998, 75, 276, 290).

Even the objects confidently identified as sewing needles may not necessarily have been used on textiles. A group of longer iron needles with angular (mostly triangular) cross-sections were found in the same ditch as the flaxprocessing spikes (nos 2929, 2975 and unnumbered: RF 415, RF 2811, RF 9325 in Phase 4ii and RF 10539 in Phase 6iii). A needle with a sharpened, chamfered tip, no. 2966 (RF 9289), was also found in the ditch and there is another, no. 2926 (RF 8931), unstratified. Cordwainers (leatherworkers) use needles with triangular sections, and they frequently sharpen their needles with small hones. They also use needles which are curved lengthways, of which there is one unstratified example, no. 2935 (RF 12595). It may be suggested that leather goods were being stitched on the site, in an area separate from the buildings in which textile-making took place. In contrast, the simpler forms of iron needle, with round cross-sections, were mainly recovered from the central dumps, along with the copper alloy needles, bone needles/pins and other textile tools.

The Flixborough collection of needles and needle-like objects is comparable with the material from Late Anglo-Saxon Winchester (Biddle and Elmhirst 1990) and Anglo-Scandinavian York (Walton Rogers 1997, 1781–5). In these towns, iron needles were more numerous than copper alloy until the Anglo-Norman period, when copper alloy started to come to the fore; bone needles (and garment pins) occurred up until the end of the Anglo-Saxon period, and then tapered off rapidly after the Conquest. Among the metal needles, round eyes and long eyes were used contemporaneously, the round eyes becoming more common in later periods. When lengths and thicknesses of needles are compared, it becomes clear that the Flixborough collection, including the leatherworking needles, falls towards the finer end of the scale. The iron needles from Anglo-Scandinavian Coppergate, York, for example, were 23–73mm × 1.0–5.0mm, compared with 25–47mm × 1.3-3.8mm for Flixborough; the copper alloy from Coppergate were mainly 50–80mm × 2.0mm, compared with 43–58mm × 1.3–2.0mm at Flixborough. Here, once again, the Flixborough material indicates finer, more delicate work.

FIG. 9.14. Copper alloy, bone and iron needles. Scale 1:1.

Rubbing stones (FIG. 9.15)

by Lisa M. Wastling

Six stones were recovered from Flixborough which, although polished, do not fit into the hones or accepted slick-stone categories. The stratified examples were all recovered from 9th- to 10th-century deposits. These types of tools may be under-represented in the archaeological record, as they are difficult to categorise, and can be overlooked during excavation.

Three are of chalk, all bar-shaped, and of small size. There are a number of very similar objects to these at Flaxengate, Lincoln, found in 11th–12th century levels (Mann 1982, fig. 45, 415–19, 423). No. 2983 (RF 6267) appears to be a reused fragment of a larger wedge-sectioned rubber, which has split along the bedding plane of the chalk, and subsequently has been smoothed along these planes. No. 2988 (RF 342) has been worn obliquely at both ends, in a similar way to two examples at Lincoln (ibid., 65). The limestone example, no. 2986 (RF 5290), has a plano-convex section, similar to that of slick-stones, though the wear patterns and material are incompatible with textile finishing.

Although nos 2987 and 2984 (RFs 244 and 3162) do not possess the usual circular plano-convex form of the glass slick stones and some stone examples, both appear to bear comparable wear marks, when examined at ×20 magnification. Their fine-grained, hard lithology would also seem to be consistent with this function. Though these are not of the usual form, they may still have been of use for finishing or the flattening of seams.

All of these stones are likely to have been used in the finishing of materials, probably of leather and textiles, in the case of nos 2987 and 2984 (RFs 244 and 3162).

9.6 Summary

The evidence of the artefacts presented above demonstrates that a full range of textile crafts was in action at Flixborough from the mid 8th to the early 11th century. Flax was prepared, wool combed, yarn spun, cloth woven and garments stitched throughout this period of time. The tools used for these processes – the two-row wool-comb, the suspended spindle with hemispherical spindle whorl, the warp-weighted loom with circular clay loom-weights and double-ended pin-beaters – are all typically Anglo-Saxon, and many of the textiles found in Anglian cemeteries of the region, or on later Anglo-Saxon habitation sites, could have been made with them. The tools themselves are made from raw materials available within the region, and the loom-weights, for example, seem to have been made in the immediate vicinity of the looms with which they were used.

FIG. 9.15. Rubbing stones. Scale 1:2.

The small, lightweight nature of many of the Flixborough textile tools has been repeatedly emphasised above, and it has been suggested that this indicates the production of fine qualities of cloth and clothing, as would be appropriate for a high-status settlement. Signs of this specialised production had already begun to appear in Period 3, Phase 3b, but are clearest in Period 4. The evidence from the boundary ditch was especially associated with flax production in Period 4, although wool was also being processed at this time. By Period 6, however, there is a marked increase in the weights of loom-weights, the thickness of pin-beaters and perhaps also the weights of spindle whorls. How quickly this change came about is not clear. Light weights were still present in Phases 5a–5b, at the same time as heavier ones, and it is possible that the process was a gradual one, which was only accomplished by Period 6 (although Loveluck regards the light weights as residual: Loveluck and Atkinson, Volume 1, Ch. 6; Loveluck Volume 4, Chs 2 and 6). By Phase 6ii, the focus of the settlement has shifted to the east, towards North Conesby (Loveluck, Volume 4, Ch. 2), and some of the heavier tools can be seen following this shift. Wool-combing is especially well represented in these later phases. The implications of this evidence are discussed further in Volume 4, Ch. 6.

Selective catalogue

Compiled by Penelope Walton Rogers, Chris Loveluck, Patrick Ottaway, Lisa M. Wastling and Geoff Gaunt

Fibre processing (FIG. 9.2)

The 194 individual spikes from the processing of flax and wool are listed in the ADS archive. Only the fragmentary wool-comb is presented here.

2504	Fragmentary wool-comb. Six spikes set in an iron baseplate; spikes in two rows. Two further spikes loose. Corroded rectangular sections. The two main fragments are illustrated. L.93mm. (FIG. 9.2). RF 11777/11778. Unstratified.
Spindle whorls (FIGS 9.3–9.6)
STONE: (47)
Form A1
2505	Whorl Complete, hemispherical, neatly made, surface abraded, encircling grooves on flat face. Form A1. Chalk, greyish-white, fine-grained, with sparse minute fossil fragments. Ferriby Chalk. D.31mm, Th.14mm, Hole D.7mm, Wt.19g. RF 193, Context 195, Phase 5a–5b.
2506	Whorl Incomplete hemispherical, encircling grooves top and sides, lathe-turned. Form A1. Chalk, brownish-white, very fine-grained. Chalk Group. D.28mm, Th.15mm, Hole D.8mm, Estimated Wt.17g. RF 343, Unstratified.
2507	Whorl Fragment (half), hemispherical, encircling grooves on sides only, lathe-turned. Form A1. Limestone, medium grey, fine-grained. Upper part of Scunthorpe Mudstones or, less likely, Cleatham Limestone. D.34mm, Th.12mm, Hole D.8–9mm, Estimated Wt.17g. RF 795, Unstratified.
2508	Whorl Fragment (half), hemispherical, lathe-turned grooves top and sides. Form A1. Limestone, pale grey, fine-grained. Upper part of Scunthorpe Mudstones or, less likely, Cleatham Limestone. D.32mm, Th.16mm, Hole D.8mm, Estimated Wt.20g. RF 902, Context 463, Phase 2–3bv.
2509	Whorl Incomplete, shallow hemispherical, encircling grooves top and sides, surface abraded. Form A1. Chalk, yellowish-white, fine-grained. Ferriby Chalk. D.33mm, Th.12mm, Hole D.8–10mm, Estimated Wt.18g. RF 951, Context 463, Phase 2–3bv.
2510	Whorl Complete, hemispherical, deep encircling grooves top and sides (almost rilled). Form A1. Limestone, pale brownish-grey, otherwise apparently as no. 2507 (RF 795). D.39mm, Th.26mm, Hole D.7–10mm, Wt.32g. RF 979, Unstratified.
2511	Whorl Complete, shallow hemispherical, top slightly convex, lathe-turned grooves top and sides. Form A1. Limestone, apparently as no. 2507 (RF 795). D.28mm, Th.10mm, Hole D.6–7mm, Wt.9g. RF 1856, Context 1836, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2512	Whorl Fragment, hemispherical encircling grooves on sides. Form A1. Limestone, dark grey, very fine-grained. Scunthorpe Mudstones or Coleby Mudstones. D.22mm, Th.15mm, Hole D.7mm. RF 1916, Context 1832, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2513	Whorl Complete, hemispherical, surface abraded. Form A1. Limestone, pale yellowish-brown, fine to slightly medium grained. Upper part of Scunthorpe Mudstones or Cleatham Limestone. D.32mm, Th.12mm, Hole D.8mm, Wt.15g. RF 2756, Unstratified.
2514	Whorl Incomplete, hemispherical, Form A1. Chalk Group. D.23mm, Th.9mm, Hole D.7mm, Wt.7g. RF 2760, Context 4, Topsoil.
2515	Whorl Complete, flattened hemispherical, lathe-turned grooves on top, remains of others on sides. Form A1. Chalk, apparently greyish-white, very fine-grained. Chalk Group. D.39mm, Th.15mm, Hole D.8–9mm, Wt. 33g. (FIG. 9.3) RF 3512, Context 3483, Phase 3biv–3bv.
2516	Whorl Complete, hemispherical, lathe-turned grooves top and sides. Form A1. Limestone, apparently as no. 2507 (RF 795). D.35mm, Th.13mm, Hole D.7–8mm, Wt.20g. RF 3793, Unstratified.
2517	Whorl Incomplete, shallow hemispherical, slight convex top, horizontal ladder decoration, lathe-turned. Form A1. Siltstone, pale brown, with sparse very fine-grained quartz. Upper part of Scunthorpe Mudstones or basal part of Coleby Mudstones. D.23mm, Th.8mm, Hole D.8mm, Estimated Wt.7g. (FIG. 9.3) RF 4001, Context 3346, Period 2.
2518	Whorl Incomplete, hemispherical, lathe-turned grooves top and sides. Form A1. Chalk, slightly yellowish-white, very fine to fine-grained, with sparse fossil fragments. Probably Ferriby Chalk. D.35mm, Th.14mm, Hole D.7–9mm, Wt.22g. RF 4200, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
2519	Whorl Complete, in two pieces, hemispherical, lathe-turned grooves, surface abraded. Form A1. Limestone, as no. 2507 (RF 795). D.30mm, Th.16mm, Hole D.9mm, Wt.19g. RF 4401, Unstratified.
2520	Whorl Complete, flattened hemispherical, top slight convex, surface eroded. Form A1. Limestone, as no. 2513 (RF 2756), with sparse small fossil fragments. D.33mm, Th.14mm, Hole D.8–9mm, Wt.20g. RF 4980, Context 3711, Phase 5a.
2521	Whorl Complete, flattened hemispherical, lathe-turned. Form A1. Chalk, pale grey to pale brown, fine-grained with small fossil fragments. Ferriby Chalk. D.29mm, Th.9mm, Hole D.8mm, Wt.12g. (FIG. 9.3) RF 5498, Context 5503, Phase 4ii.
2522	Whorl Complete, cup-shaped (vertical sides with round base), regular but no lathe marks. Form A1. Chalk, variegated pale to medium grey, fine-grained. Ferriby Chalk. D.27mm, Th.13mm, Hole D.8–9mm, Wt.13g. RF 5674, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2523	Whorl Complete, hemispherical. Form A1. Limestone, pale grey, otherwise as no. 2507 (RF 795). D.30mm, Th.12mm, Hole D.8mm, Wt.13g. (FIG. 9.3) RF 5830, Context 5139, Phase 5a.
2524	Whorl Fragment, hemispherical, lathe-turned grooves top and sides. Form A1. Limestone, as no. 2508 (RF 902). D.32mm, Th.14mm, Hole D.7–9mm. RF 5906, Context 5193, Phase 4ii–5a.
2525	Whorl Complete, hemispherical, deep, close, lathe-turned grooves on sides, finer on top. Form A1. Chalk, greyish-white, very fine-grained. Chalk Group. D.34mm, Th.14mm, Hole D.7–9mm, Wt.20g. (FIG. 9.3) RF 6000, Context 5503, Phase 4ii.
2526	Whorl Fragment, hemispherical, fine lathe-marks top and sides. Form A1. Limestone, as no. 2507 (RF 795), but devoid of quartz. D.27mm, Th.15mm, Hole D.6–8mm, Estimated Wt.20g. RF 6268, Context 5503, Phase 4ii.
2527	Whorl Incomplete, in two pieces, hemispherical, lathe-turned grooves, top and sides. Form A1. Chalk, pale grey, very fine-grained, with bulbous shell fragments. Chalk Group. (same whorl as no. 2531, RF 6335). D.31mm, Th.13mm, Hole D.7mm, Wt.16g. RF 6282, Context 5373, Phase 5a–5b.
2528	Whorl Fragment, hemispherical, lathe-marks top and sides. Form A1. Limestone, pale to medium grey, otherwise as no. 2508 (RF 902). D.33mm, Th.16mm, Hole D.7–8mm, Estimated Wt.22g. RF 6297, Context 5503, Phase 4ii.
2529	Whorl Complete, hemispherical, surface abraded but probably lathe-turned, Form A1. Limestone, medium grey, otherwise as no. 2508 (RF 902). D.33mm, Th.17mm, Hole D.9–10mm, Wt.25g. RF 6298, Unstratified.
2530	Whorl Complete, hemispherical, regular but no lathe-marks. Form A1. Chalk, greyish-white, very fine to fine-grained, with sparse small fossil fragments. Probably Ferriby Chalk. D.34mm, Th.15mm, Hole D.9–11mm, Wt.23g. RF 6302, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2531	Whorl Fragment, ?hemispherical, lathe-turned. Form ?A1. Chalk as no. 2527 (RF 6282): they are fragments of the same whorl. For measurements see RF 6282. RF 6335, Context 5373, Phase 5a–5b.
2532	Whorl Fragment, hemispherical, lathe-marks and encircling grooves on sides. Form A1. Limestone, medium to dark grey, devoid of quartz, otherwise as no. 2507 (RF 795). D.34mm, Th.18mm, Hole D.7–8mm, Estimated Wt.25g. RF 6572, Context 6498, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2533	Whorl Fragment, shallow hemispherical, lathe-turned grooves on top and sides. Form A1. Limestone, as no. 2508 (RF 902). D.23mm, Th.11mm, Hole D.c.7mm. RF 6601, Context 5139, Phase 5a.
2534	Whorl Complete, hemispherical, lathe-marks on sides. Form A1. Limestone, medium to dark grey, and with appreciable minute fossil fragments on flat surface, otherwise as no. 2507 (RF 795). D.27mm, Th.14mm, Hole D.6–8mm, Wt.14g. RF 8450, Context 8189, Phase 5b.
2535	Whorl Incomplete, flattened hemispherical, lathe-turned grooves and lines on top and sides. Form A1. Limestone, pale brownish-grey, otherwise as no. 2507 (RF 795). D.32mm, Th.10mm, Hole D.8mm, Estimated Wt.17g. RF 10076, Context 6491, Phase 5a.
2536	Whorl Complete, flattened hemispherical, regular, but no lathe-marks. Form A1. Mudstone, medium brownish-grey, finely laminated, slightly calcareous and slightly silty. Lower part of Scunthorpe Mudstones or various parts (notably highest part) of Coleby Mudstones. D.30mm, Th.11mm, Hole D.8mm, Wt.10g. (FIG. 9.3) RF 11518, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2537	Whorl Complete, hemispherical, encircling grooves top and sides. Form A1. Limestone, medium grey, otherwise as no. 2508 (RF 902). D.29mm, Th.14mm, Hole D.6–7mm, Wt.16g. (FIG. 9.3) RF 11543, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2538	Whorl Fragment, hemispherical, lathe-marks top and sides. Form A1. Siltstone, dark grey, with one or more large calcitic fossils, otherwise as no. 2543 (RF 5547). D.c.29mm, Estimated Wt.16g. RF 13278, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2539	Whorl Complete, flattened hemispherical, lathe-marks. Form A1. Limestone, as no. 2507 (RF 795). D.28mm, Th.9mm, Hole D.7mm, Wt.10g. RF 13514, Unstratified.
2540	Whorl Complete, hemispherical, grooves and lathe-marks top and sides. Form A1. Limestone, medium grey, otherwise as no. 2508 (RF 902). D.26mm, Th.13mm, Hole D.6–7mm, Wt.11g. RF 14125, Unstratified.
2541	Whorl Incomplete, ?hemispherical, surface crumbling, probably lathe-turned, Form A1. Chalk, banded greyish-white and yellowish-white, very fine to fine grained. Probably Ferriby Chalk. D.22mm, Th.10mm, Hole D.7mm, Wt.7g. RF 14128, Unstratified.
Form A2
2542	Whorl Complete, tapering, waisted, flat base. Form A2. Chalk, white, fine-grained. Ferriby Chalk. D.44mm, Th.17mm, Hole D.10–12mm, Wt.37g. RF 5049, Unstratified.
2543	Whorl Fragment (half), hemispherical with flat base, rilled, cone-shaped spindle hole. Form A2. Siltstone, medium to dark grey, strongly calcareous. Upper part of Scunthorpe Mudstones. D.34mm, Th.17mm, Hole D.9–12mm, Estimated Wt.22g. RF 5547, Context 3254, Phase 5a.
2544	Whorl Fragment (half), hemispherical shaved at base, lathe-turned. Form A2. Chalk, pale grey, fine-grained, sparse minute fossil fragments. Ferriby Chalk. D.31mm, Th.11mm, Hole D.7–8mm, Estimated Wt.15g. RF 6413, Context 6235, Phase 3bv.
2545	Whorl Complete, cup-shaped (near-vertical sides, rounded base shaved flat), lathe-marks. Form A2. Limestone, banded medium grey and brownish-red, otherwise as no. 2507 (RF 795). D.41mm, Th.21mm, Hole D.10–12mm, Wt.48g. (FIG. 9.3) RF 10174, Context 8189, Phase 5b.
2546	Whorl Complete, rounded conical, incised decoration of triangles, ladders and dots around sides. Form A2. Chalk, white, very fine-grained. Chalk Group. D.22mm, Th.14mm, Hole D.6–7mm, Wt.9g. (FIG. 9.3) RF 11051, Context 11039, Phase 5a.
2547	Whorl Fragment, tapering (shaved conical), deep encircling grooves and lathe-marks. Form A2. Limestone, medium slightly reddish-brown, otherwise as no. 2507 (RF 795). Probably heat-reddened. D.c.30mm, Th.21mm, Hole D.c.8mm. RF 11521, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2548	Whorl Complete, hemispherical with shaved base, regular but no lathe-marks, Form A2. Chalk, white, very fine-grained, with appreciable foraminifera. Chalk Group. D.28mm, Th.11mm, Hole D.7mm, Wt.11g. RF 11751, Unstratified.
2549	Whorl Complete, hemispherical with shaved base, lathe-turned grooves on side and base. Form A2 Mudstone, dark grey with pale grey ‘patina’. Scunthorpe Mudstones or Coleby Mudstones. D.37mm, Th.3mm, Hole D.6–8mm, Wt.24g. RF 14127, Unstratified.
Form A1 or A2
2550	Whorl Incomplete, ?hemispherical with lower part missing, rilled. Form A1 or A2. Limestone, as no. 2513 (RF 2756). Partly heat-reddened. D.29mm, Th.14mm, Hole D.10–11mm, Estimated Wt.18g. RF 5419, Context 4195, Phase 5b–6i.
Form A1/B
2551	Whorl Complete, irregular, doughnut shape with rounded base. Form A1/B. Chalk, brownish-white, fine-grained. Chalk Group. D.26mm, Th.11mm, Hole D.7–8mm, Wt.8g. RF 1166, Context 1155, Phase 6iii.
Form B
2552	Whorl Complete, small, irregular doughnut shape (not a whorl?). Form B. Chalk, greyish-white, fine-grained. Ferriby Chalk. D.24mm, Th.8mm, Hole D.9–11mm, Wt.6g. RF 1962, Unstratified.
2553	Whorl Complete, shallow cylindrical, not lathe-turned, Form B, spindle-hole hourglass shape. Form B. Chalk, white, very fine to fine-grained. Probably Ferriby Chalk. D.19mm, Th.11mm, Hole D.8–10mm, Wt.20g. RF 6290, Context 5854, Phase 3bv–4ii.
LEAD (FIG. 9.4) (14 non-stone whorls)
2554	Whorl Complete, flattened hemispherical, cast in mould, top face finished. Form A1. D.29mm, Th.8mm, Hole D.7mm, Wt.42g. (FIG. 9.4) RF 154, Unstratified.
2555	Whorl Complete, lead, rounded conical, cast with former for spindle hole, top edge knife-trimmed. Form A1. D.21mm, Th.14mm, Hole D.4-5mm, Wt.35g. RF 333, Topsoil. Phase 7+.
2556	Whorl Complete, flattened hemispherical, asymmetrical, cast with former for spindle hole. Form A1. D.20mm, Th.7mm, Hole D.6mm, Wt.19g. RF 7327, Unstratified.
2557	?Whorl Complete, lead, rounded truncated cone. Cast in mould. Vertical ridge decoration on sides. Form A2. D.15mm, Th.7mm, Hole D.5–7mm, Wt.8g. RF 10954, Context 10772, Phase 2–4ii.
2557a Whorl
	Complete, lead, deep hemispherical, irregularly cut, spindle hole asymmetrical (7 x 5mm, tapering). Form A1. D.29mm, Th.18mm, Hole D.c.6mm, Wt.82g. RF 14043, Unstratified.
2558	Whorl Complete, biconical, cast with former for spindle hole, cast raised dots in irregular rows. Form C. D.29mm, Th.13mm, Hole D.10mm, Wt.42g. (FIG. 9.4) RF 12448, Unstratified.
2559	Whorl Complete, almost disc-shaped, cut with knife, no evidence for casting. Form A1/B. D.22mm, Th.5mm, Hole D.8mm, Wt.14g. RF 12449, Unstratified.
BONE/ANTLER (FIG. 9.5)
2560	Whorl Incomplete. Left cattle femur-head, unfused, from juvenile, chopped to shape, spindle hole smallest at flat face. D.43mm, Th.8mm, Hole D.7mm. (FIG. 9.5) RF 1555, Context 1453, Phase 6iii.
2561	Whorl Complete, cup-shaped bone whorl, lathe-turned, with lead base and lining of spindle hole. Form A1. D.34mm, Th.17mm, Hole D.8mm, Wt.19g. (FIG. 9.5) RF 1989, Context 1672, Phase 5b–6i.
2562	Whorl Complete, antler pedicle, truncated conical, two bands incised lines on sides at top and bottom, polished. Form A2. D.40mm, Th.14mm, Hole D.8–9mm, Wt.18g. (FIG. 9.5) RF 5745, Context 5553, Phase 5b.
FIRED CLAY/CERAMIC (FIG. 9.6)
2563	Whorl Complete, clay, hemispherical. Form A1, very smooth and regular. D.38mm, Th.15mm, Hole D.9–11mm, Wt.31g. (FIG. 9.6) RF 6892, Context 6300, Phase 6iii-7.
2564	Whorl Complete, ceramic, rounded cylindrical (doughnut-shaped) with concave top. Made from the base of a Roman wheel-thrown pot, the shape of the internal base forming the concave top. Form B. D.25mm, Th.9mm, Hole D.7mm, Wt.6g. (FIG. 9.6) RF 14126, Unstratified.
2565	Whorl Incomplete, clay, flattened hemispherical, part of lower surface missing. Form ?A1. D.40mm, Th.12mm, Hole D.13mm, Wt.20g. RF 3044, Context 2668, Phase 5a–5b.
2566.	Whorl Fragment, clay, rounded biconical (asymmetrical). Form C. D.c.45mm, Th.28mm, Hole D.12mm, Estimated Wt.45g. RF 10374, Context 7220, Phase 3biii.
BONE PIN-BEATERS (FIG. 9.7; PL. 9.2) (13)
2567	Pin-beater Incomplete. Flattened ovoid section. Polished by wear. Large mammal longbone. L.95mm, D.12mm. (FIG. 9.7) RF 475, Unstratified.
2568	Pin-beater Incomplete. Oval section. Two partial transverse incised lines. Very polished by wear. Large mammal longbone. L.102mm, Diam.8mm. (FIG. 9.7). RF 2226, Context 2356, Phase 2–3a.
2569	Pin-beater Incomplete. Double-ended. Flattened ovoid section. Polished by wear. Large mammal longbone. L.85mm, D.9mm. (FIG. 9.7). RF 3490, Context 3451, Phase 6iii.
2570	Pin-beater Incomplete. Circular section. Band of incised lines and lattice. Finely worked and polished. Transverse scratches around point. Large mammal longbone. L.89mm, D.8mm. (FIG. 9.7; PL. 9.2). RF 3577, Context 3541, Phase 3bv.
2571	Pin-beater Incomplete. Oval section. Band of incised lines. Polished by wear. Medium-sized or large mammal longbone. L.83mm, D.8mm. (FIG. 9.7). RF 7246, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
2572	Pin-beater Incomplete. Double-ended. Circular section. Polished by wear. Medium-sized or large mammal longbone. L.108mm, D.7mm. (FIG. 9.7). RF 10216, Unstratified.
2573	Pin-beater Complete. Double-ended. Circular section. Polished by wear. Large mammal longbone. L.110mm, D.7mm. (FIG. 9.7). RF 12158, Context 8232, Natural.
2574	Pin-beater Incomplete. Circular section. Very polished by wear. ?cattle ?metapodial. L.65mm, D.6mm. (FIG. 9.7). RF 14102, Unstratified.
2575	Pin-beater Complete. Double-ended. Circular section. Polished by wear. Medium-sized or large mammal longbone. L.110mm, D.6mm. (FIG. 9.7). RF 14042, Unstratified.
2576	Pin-beater Incomplete. Double-ended. Circular section. Both points missing. Polished by wear. Medium-sized or large mammal longbone. L.65mm, D.6mm. RF 5357, Context 3758. Phase 4ii.
2577	Pin-beater Incomplete. Circular section. Point only. Polished by wear. Medium-sized or large mammal longbone. L.33mm, D.6mm. RF 7203, Context 6472. Phase 5b–6i.
2578	Pin-beater Incomplete. Oval section. Very polished by wear. Large mammal longbone. L.55mm, D.10mm. RF 11365, Context 6300. Phase 6iii–7.
2578a Pin-beater
	Incomplete. Oval section. Very polished by wear. Distorted by burning. Calcined medium-sized mammal longbone. L.45mm, D.5mm. RF 11504, Context 3758. Phase 4ii.

LOOM-WEIGHTS (FIGS 9.8–9.12)
(abbreviated catalogue)

There were 756 separately itemised finds (recorded find numbers) of loom-weights from Flixborough. Many of these were represented by bags of small fragments. In the accompanying table (FIG. 9.8), the total weight of fragments recovered from each context has been given. Only significant items have been described in detail in the catalogue.

Abbreviations

Wt. = weight of fragment

est.Wt. = estimated original weight of loom-weight

D. = diameter of loom-weight

est.D. = estimated original diameter of loom-weight

Th. = width of clay in ring when loom-weight laid flat and viewed from above

H. = depth of clay in ring when loom-weight laid flat and viewed from side

Hl.D. = diameter of central hole

Period 2, late 7th to early 8th century

2579	Tall D. section, Wt.186g, est.Wt.900g, est.D.110mm, Th.52 × H.54mm. RF 4623, Context 4621, Period 2.
Phase 2–3a, late 7th to mid 8th century
2580	Round D-section, Wt.105g, est.Wt.550g, est.D.100mm, Th.36 × H.46mm RF 4834, Context 4769, Phase 2–3a.
2581	Flat section (quoit-shaped) Th.33, H.14 RF 13715, Context 5314, Phase 2–3a.
Phase 2–4ii, late 7th to mid 9th century (almost certainly Phase 4ii ditch fills)
2582	Complete, shallow asymmetrical D-section, three fine grooves. Radiating from centre, Wt.438g, D.106–109mm, Th.39–45mm, H.38mm, Hl.D.26–28mm (FIG. 9.10). RF 2913, Context 2860, Phases 2–4ii.
2583	Approximately one-quarter, D-section with prominent flange around hole, Wt.25g, est.Wt.100g, est.D.75mm, Th.28 × H.28mm. RF 2918, Context 2860, Phases 2–4ii.
2584	Asymmetrical D-section, H.50mm RF2917, Context 2915, Phases 2–4ii.
Phase 3a, early to mid 8th century
2585	Unfired, round D-section, est.Wt.330g, est.D.80mm, Th.39 × H.41mm RF 9960, Context 9963, Phase 3a.
Phase 3a–3bv, early 8th to early 9th century
2586	Irregular round D-section, four impressed dots evenly spaced, Wt.118g, est.Wt.180g, D.81, Th.26–32 × H.25–27mm RF 12056, Context 10238, Phase 3a–3bv.
Phase 3b, mid 8th to early 9th century
2587	Quarter, round D-section, Wt.134g, est.Wt.525g, est. D.110mm, Th.44 × H.44mm RF 6467, Context 5983, Phase 3b.
2588	D-section, Wt.115g, est.Wt.275g, est.D.80mm, Th.35 × H.42mm RF 6721, Context 5983, Phase 3b.
2589	One block of four impressed dots and part of a second, Wt.12g RF 10202, Context 5983, Phase 3b.
2590	Pointed D-section, Wt.100g, est.Wt.400g, est.D.80mm, Th.36 × H.48mm RF 10306, Context 5983, Phase 3b.
2591	Quoit-shaped (shallow pointed D-section), Wt.112g, est. D.130–40mm RF 10309, Context 5983, Phase 3b.
2592	?pointed D-section?, Wt.76g, est.Wt.500g, Th.42 × H.41mm RF 14338, Context 5983, Phase 3b.
Phase 3bi, early to mid 8th century
2593	Round D-section, Th.37 × H.32mm RF 11054, Context 6384, Phase 3bi.
Phase 3bi–3bv, mid 8th to early 9th century
2594	Approximately half, sandy fabric under-fired or not fired; pointed D cross-section Wt.160.0, est.Wt.320g, D.87, Th.40 × H.40mm RF 1119, Context 968, Phase 3bi–3bv.
2595	Unfired sand in calcareous clay (different fabric from rest), D-section, Wt.147g, est.Wt.165g, D.78, Th.29 × H.31mm RF 7726, Context 7418, Phase 3bi–3bv.
Phase 3bii, mid 8th to early 9th century
2596	Asymmetrical section, Wt.154g, est.Wt.385g, est.D. 100mm, Th.39 × H.39mm RF 10479, Context 6465, Phase 3bii.
2597	Pointed D-section, Wt.187g, est.Wt.600g, est.D.110mm, Th.45 × H.44mm RF 10482, Context 6465, Phase 3bii.
2598	Shallow pointed D-section, Wt.91g, est.Wt.400g, Th.42 × H.38mm RF 10483, Context 6465, Phase 3bii.
2599	Groove radiating from hole, Wt.142g, est.Wt.500g, est. D.>110mm RF 10519, Context 6465, Phase 3bii.
2600	Pointed D-section, Wt.41g RF 10520, Context 6465, Phase 3bii.
2601	Pointed D-section, Wt.140g, est.Wt.310g, D.99, Th.41 × H.38mm RF 10521, Context 6465, Phase 3bii.
2602	Pointed D-section, very like RF 10521, Wt.134g, est. Wt.300g, D.96, Th.33 × H.41mm RF 10647, Context 6465, Phase 3bii.
2603	Asymmetrical D-section, Wt.58g, Th.44mm RF 10670, Context 6465, Phase 3bii.
2604	Pointed D-section, Wt.67g, Th.37 × H.38mm RF 10701, Context 6465, Phase 3bii.
2605	Pointed D-section, flanges both sides, Wt.172g, est. Wt.350g, D.100, Th.36 × H.38mm RF 10706, Context 6465, Phase 3bii.
2606	Pointed D-section, Wt.109g, est.Wt.300g, est.D.100mm, Th.40mm RF 10713, Context 6465, Phase 3bii.
2607	Pointed D-section, Wt.71g, est.D.95mm, Th.37 × H.40mm RF 10714, Context 6465, Phase 3bii.
2608	Round asymmetrical D-section, Wt.173g, est.Wt.600g, est. D.>110mm, Th.49 × H.48 RF 11872, Context 11699, Phase 3bii.
2609	Round asymmetrical D-section, Wt.110g, est.Wt.475g, est. D.100mm, Th.46 × H.46mm RF 11873, Context 11699, Phase 3bii.
Phase 3biii, mid 8th to early 9th century
2610	Pointed D-section, Wt.78g, Th.38 × H.44mm RF 13705, Context 7220, Phase 3biii.
Phase 3biii–3bv, mid 8th to early 9th century
2611	Pointed D-section with flange, Wt.129g, est.Wt.290g, est. D.100mm, Th.33 × H.43mm RF 11915, Context 11893, Phase 3biii–3bv.
Phase 3biv–3bv, mid 8th to early 9th century
2612	Round D-section, groove radiating from hole, Wt.224g, est.Wt.550g, est.D.115mm, Th.42 RF 6719, Context 6710, Phase 3biv–3bv.
Phase 3bv, mid 8th to early 9th century (probably early 9th century)
2613	Wt.62g, est.D.>100mm, Th.39mm RF 8166, Context 5617, Phase 3bv
2614	Shallow pointed D-section, Wt.62g, est.Wt.240g, est. D.90mm, Th.40 × H.27mm RF 6151, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2615	Flattened D-section, Wt.130g, est.D.90mm, Th.39 × H.29mm RF 6154, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2616	Round D-section, hole off-centre, Wt.150g, est.Wt.160g, D.80, Th.32 × H.29mm RF 6157, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2617	(Three-quarters), shallow wedge-shaped section, 265g, est. Wt.360g, D.108, Th.40 × H.37. RF 6160, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2618	?unbaked, irregular section, Wt.89g, est.Wt.400g, Th.36 × H.31mm RF 6164, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2619	Fired at low temp., wedge-shaped section, est.Wt.235g, est.D.110mm, Th.43 × H.36mm RF 6166, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2620	Irregular, shallow wedge section, one deep impressed dot, Wt.63g, est.Wt.140g, D.90, Th.25–33 × H.19–23mm RF 6168, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2621	Broad D-section, two impressed marks each consisting of four dots, Wt.78g, D.84, Th.27, H.27. (FIG. 9.12). RF 6169, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2622	Broad D-section with slight flange, Wt.230g, est.Wt.290g, D.97, Th.36 × H.37mm RF 6171, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2623	Fragments of more than one weight, one possibly unbaked RF 6189, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2624	Round D-section, impressed dots in double row, Wt.96g, est.Wt.140g, D.80, Th.27mm RF 6197, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2625	Impressed circle 15 × 17mm, Wt.50g, est.D.100mm RF 6198, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2626	Wt.38g, est.D.>100mm RF 6199, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2627	Fragments of more than one weight, (i) D-section, est.Wt. 300g, est.D.95mm, Th.38 × H.30 (ii) pointed D-section, smaller than (i), Wt.80g, est.Wt.160g, D.83, Th.23 RF 6205, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2628	Est.Wt.300g, est.D.90 mm RF 6212, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2629	Wt.23g, est.D.85 mm RF 6215, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2630	Grooves radiating from central hole, Wt.74g, est.Wt.160g, D.76, Th.22–26mm RF 6218, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2631	Deep groove radiating from centre, Wt.106g, est. D.>100mm RF 6221, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2632	Fired at low temp., one (or two?) impressed circles 16mm diam. Wt.226g, est.D.100 mm RF 6227, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2633	Shallow D-section, Wt.94g, est.Wt.380g, est.D.90mm, Th.38 × H.36mm RF 6229, Context 6136, Phase 3bv.
2634.	Complete, round D-section, one groove radiating from hole, Wt.402g, est.Wt.410g, D.100, Th.40 × H.50–52mm, Hl.D.20mm. (FIG. 9.10). RF 12249, Context 6304, Phase 3bv.
Phase 3bi–4i, mid 8th to early 9th century
2635	Fragment of very large weight, Wt.358g, est.D.155mm, H.>65 × Th.>65mm RF 5253, Context 4323, Phase 3bi–4i.
2636	Groove radiating from hole. RF 13999, Context 12248, Phase 3bi–4i.
Period 4, early to mid 9th century
2637	Complete, round D-section, elliptical hole 38 × 52mm, possibly annular (or eroded to this shape), Wt.620g, D.120–125, Th.38–43, H.45mm, Hl.D.38–52mm RF 6549, Context 6235, Period 4.
2638	Irregular D-section, 3 or 4 deep impressed dots 10mm wide. Evenly spaced, hole off-centre, Wt.515g, est.Wt.625g, D.103–110, Th.40–52 × H.48mm RF 6553, Context 6235, Period 4.
2639	Flattened pointed D, Wt.73g, est.D.100mm, Th.36 × H.29mm RF 10141, Context 6235, Period 4.
2640	Fragments, two parallel rows of impressed dots, Wt.42g RF 13749, Context 6235, Period 4.
Phase 4i, early to mid 9th century
2641	Wt.63g, est.D.80mm RF 6133, Context 6132, Phase 4i.
2642	Fragment of large weight, Wt.111g, est.Wt.?600g, D.>135mm, Th.52mm RF 6159, Context 6132, Phase 4i.
2643	Wt.30g, est.D.80 mm RF 7444, Context 7388, Phase 4i.
Phase 4i–4ii, early–mid 9th century
2644	Impressed with circle 17mm diam. Wt.3g RF 5831, Context 5827, Phase 4i–4ii.
Phase 4ii, mid 9th century
2645	Small, wedge-shaped section, Wt.25g, est.Wt.120g, est. D.70mm, Th.25 × H.21mm RF 6118, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
2646	Wedge-section with flange, Wt.93g, est.Wt.200g, D.95, Th.28 × H.26mm RF 3804, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2647	Pointed flat D-section, 2 sets impressed marks 4 dots each, Wt.170g, est.Wt.250g, D.95, Th.38 × H.>36mm RF 3858, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2648	Pointed flattened D-section, impressed circle 12mm, fits RF 3832 from context 3989, Period 6, Wt.89g, est. Wt.180–200g, D.85mm, Th.35mm RF 3859, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2649	Flattened D-section with flange, two impressed circles 17mm diam. Wt.179g, est.Wt.200g, D.89, Th.36 × H.20mm. RF 3985, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2650	Impressed circle 17mm diam., fragments totalling Wt.208g, Th.34 × H.28mm RF 3986, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2651	Impressed circle 17mm diam. Wt.16g RF 4092, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2652	Two small deep circular impressed marks, Wt.71g, D.98, Th.31mm RF 5173, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2653	Shallow D-section, Wt.31g, Th.36 × H.21mm RF 5178, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2654	Circular to round-D section, Wt.85g, est.Wt.250g, D.87, Th.34mm RF 5399, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2655	Fragments, including one with groove radiating from hole, Wt.46g RF 5403, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2656	Complete, wedge-shaped section with flange, impressed with four dots arranged in square, Wt.163g, D.85, Th.33 × H.30mm. (FIG. 9.10). RF 5405, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2657	Flattened D-section, est.D.110mm, Wt.102g, Hl.D.26mm RF 5409, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2658	Irregular section, Wt.140g, est.D.75mm Th.33 × H.23–25mm RF 5410, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2659	Includes one irregular flattened D-section, Th.33 × H.22mm RF 5423, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2660	Includes one irregular D-section, Th.27 × H.20mm RF 5424, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2661	Irregular section with flange, Wt.104, est.Wt.300g, est. D.105, Th.35 × H.30mm RF 5434, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2662	Impressed circle of 15mm diam. Wt.10g RF 5435, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2663	Shallow pointed D-section, Wt.84g, est.Wt.165g, D.85, Th.32 × H.22mm RF 5458, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2664	Two impressed ovals 15–17mm diam., est.D.80mm RF 5460, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2665	Asymmetrical section, Wt.62g, est.Wt.250g, est.D.100mm, Th.41 × H.35mm RF 5508, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2666	Irregular, wedge-shaped section with flange, 3 impressed ovals 15 × 17mm, Wt.214g, est.Wt.330g, D.102, Th.36–9 × H.26–30mm RF 5510, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2667	Pointed D-section, 2 deep impressed dots, Wt.54g, est. Wt.130g, D.80, Th.28 × H.28mm RF 5522, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2668	Deep impressed dot, Wt.14g RF 5528, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2669	Asymmetrical section, impressed mark, edge of circle, Wt.60g, est.D.100mm, Th.33 × H.25mm RF 5556, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2670	Flattened D-section, impressed oval 15 × 17mm, Wt.53g, est.D.80, Th.31 × H.24mm RF 5558, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2671	Pointed D-section, Wt.153g, est.Wt.185g, D.86, Th.36 × H.30mm RF 5569, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2672	Deep impressed dot RF 5571, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2673	Complete or near-complete, flattened round D-section, Wt.172g, est.Wt.180g, D.93 Th.37 × H.27mm, Hl.D.24mm RF 5572, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2674	Flattened pointed D-section, Wt.79g, est.Wt.160g, est. D.84mm, Th.29mm RF 5573, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2675	Parallel grooves emerging from central hole, Wt.70g RF 5574, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2676	Est.D.80mm RF 5580, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2677	Irregular section with flange, Wt.129g, est.Wt.320g, est. D.105mm, Th.37–41 × H.32mm RF 5581, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2678	Flattened D-section, Wt.150g, est.Wt.200g, est.D.95mm, Th.33 × H.23mm RF 5582, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2679	Section probably asymmetrical, Wt.145g, est.Wt.260g, D.97mm, Th.39 × H.28mm RF 5584, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2680	Flange around hole, two impressed circles 11mm diam. Wt.60g, est.D.85mm (FIG. 9.12) RF 5585, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2681	Wide wedge-shaped section, Wt.58g, est.Wt.130g, est. D.80mm, Th.34 × H.24mm RF 5587, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2682	Flared hole 22–28mm diam. Wt.65g, est.D.>100mm RF 5588, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2683	Round D-section, Wt.157g, est.Wt.175g, D.87mm, Th.28 × H.36mm RF 5589, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2684	Two impressed circles 11–12mm diam. Wt.52g, est. Wt.300g, est.D.80mm RF 5592, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2685	Impressed circle 17mm diam. Wt.55g RF 5594, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2686	Impressed mark, edge of circle 19mm diam. Wt.21g RF 5598, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2687	D-section, Wt.128g, est.Wt.155g, D.80mm, Th.23–28 × H.28mm RF 5599, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2688	Fragment of fired clay, possibly not loom-weight, Wt.6g RF 5606, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2689	Fragments fired at low temperature, total Wt.205g, largest 45 × 37 × 25mm RF 5608, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2690	Fired at low temperature, pointed D-section, Wt.94g, Th.32mm RF 5632, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2691	Fragments, one with impressed circle 17mm diam., total Wt.37g RF 5858, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2692	Fragments, unfired, total Wt.87g RF 6007, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2693	Wedge-shaped section, Wt.84g, est.D.100 mm, Th.42 × H.25 mm RF 6008, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2694	Irregular pointed D-section, Wt.145g, est.Wt.190g, D.86, Th.29 × H.31mm RF 6090, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2695	Fired at low temperature, quoit-shaped (flat with rounded edge), Wt.243g, est.Wt.330g, D.106, Th.38 × H.29 mm RF 6095, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2696	?unbaked, Wt.55g RF 6096, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2697	?unbaked, Wt.22g RF 6097, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2698	D-section with flange, Wt.57g, est.Wt.180g, D.80, Th.22 × H.28 mm RF 6248, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2699	Asymmetrical section with slight flange, at least two impressed circles 11–12mm, Wt.121g, est Wt.190g, D.86, Th.32 × H.29mm RF 6252, Context 3758, Phase 4ii
2700	Wedge-shaped section, Wt.35g, est.Wt.130g, est.D.75mm, Th.29 × H.18mm RF 6253, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2701	Impressed circle 17mm diam. Wt.24g RF 6258, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2702	Wt.15g, est.D.70mm RF 6274, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2703	Pointed D-section, two grooves radiating from hole, Wt.157g, est.Wt.195g, D.83, Th.27 × H.33mm RF 6294, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2704	Flattened D-section with flange, impressed circle 10–12 mm diam. Wt.125g, est.Wt.325g, Th.41 × H.30mm RF 6296, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2705	Wedge section with slight flange, Wt.254g, est.Wt.500g, D.110, Th.41 × H.37mm RF 6314, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2706	Est.D.80mm RF 6599, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2707	D-section, irregular hole, Wt.100g, est.D.90mm, Th.34 × H.30mm RF 7356, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2708	Single deep impressed dot, Wt.10g RF 7769, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2709	Impressed circle 9 × 11mm, Wt.10g RF 8066, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2710	Round D-section, Wt.84g, est.Wt.350g, est.D.100mm, Th.35 × H.35mm RF 8777, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2711	Complete, irregular pointed D-section with flange, radiating groove(s), evenly spaced impressed dots, Wt.140g, D.75–82, Th.26 × H.28–29mm, Hl.D.33mm. (FIG. 9.10). RF 8869, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2712	Block of four impressed dots, Wt.25g, est.D.80mm, Th.33mm RF 8871, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2713	Fragments, one with impressed incomplete circle 15mm diam., total Wt.18g RF 9355, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2714	Fragments of more than one weight, including one irregular flanged section, Wt.101g, est.Wt.130g, D.82, Th.32, H.26 RF 9935, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2715	Shallow D-section, Wt.110g, est.D.85mm RF 10028, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2716	?unbaked, total Wt.128g RF 10030, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2717	Block of 4 impressed dots RF 10032, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2718	D-section, Wt.43g, est.Wt.170g, est.D.75mm, Th.27 × H.25mm RF 10038, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2719	Impressed oval 15 × 20mm, Wt.34g RF 10039, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2720	Pointed D-section, Wt.45g, est.Wt.200g, est.D.100mm, Th.30 × H.29mm RF 10043, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2721	Flattened D-section, block of four impressed dots, Wt.56g, est.Wt.200g, est.D.95mm, Th.35 × H.27mm RF 10045, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2722	Impressed oval 20 × 15mm, Wt.47g, Th.39 × H.23mm RF 10046, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2723	?unbaked, 92g RF 11495, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2724	Wt.56g, est.Wt.160g, est.D.80mm, Th.30mm RF 11498, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2725	Pointed D-section, two parallel rows of impressed dots, Wt.101g, est.Wt.250g, est.D.90mm, Th.34 × H.30mm RF 11501, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2726	Flat quoit-like shape, two impressed circles 15–16mm diam, Wt.61g, est.Wt.180g, est.D.80mm RF 11505, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2727	Fragments, total Wt.274g, est.D.105mm, Th.42 mm RF 11506, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2728	Asymmetrical section with flange, Wt.185g, est.Wt.210g, D.81mm, Th.2 × H.16mm RF 11507, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2729	Asymmetrical section with flange, Wt.138g, est.Wt.200g, D.81mm, Th.29 × H.32mm RF 11508, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2730	One set of four impressed dots, Wt.31g, est.D.80mm, Th.36 × H.20mm RF 11510, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2731	Shallow wedge-shaped section, Wt.41g RF 11524, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2732	Asymmetrical pointed D-section, Wt.63g, est.Wt.160g, D.80mm, Th.30 × H.29mm RF 11532, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2733	Fragments of ?two weights, both shallow asymmetrical D-section, One with set of four impressed dots, total Wt.230g, est.Wt.120g each, est.D.80mm each, Th.33 × H.25mm RF 11534, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2734	One set of four large impressed dots, Wt.37g. (FIG. 9.12). RF 11535, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2735	Edge of impressed circle, Wt.2g RF 11536, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2736	One set of four large impressed marks, Wt.11g RF 11542, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2737.	Pointed D-section, Wt.87g, est.Wt.170g, D.80mm, Th.26 × H.33mm RF 6226, Context 5503, Phase 4ii.
2738	Wt.42g, est.D.85mm, Th.32 × H.18mm RF 8458, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2739	D-section, Wt.84g, est.Wt.300g, est.D.90mm, Th.40 × H.35mm RF 8484 (i), Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2740	Asymmetrical section, Wt.62g, est.Wt.300g, Th.38 × H.33mm RF 8484 (ii), Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2741	Pointed D, groove(s) radiating from hole, Wt.154g, est. Wt.210g, D.97mm, Th.30 × H.30 RF 9971, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2742	Asymmetrical D-section, Wt.52g, est.Wt.200g, est. D.80mm RF 9972, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2743	Pointed D-section with flange, Wt.61g, est.Wt.150g, est. D.80mm, Th.28 × H.27mm RF 9974, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2744	Shallow pointed D-section, Wt.101g, est.Wt.200g, D.85mm, Th.30 × H.26mm RF 9975, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2745	Grooves radiating from hole, two parallel rows of impressed dots, Wt.125g, est.Wt.220g, est.D.95mm, Th.31mm. (FIG. 9.12). RF 9976, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2746	Wt.84g, est.D.100mm RF 9977, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2747	D-section, Wt.68g, est.Wt.250g, est.D.100mm, Th.37 × H.30mm RF 9978, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2748	D-section, Wt.59g, Th.32 × H.36mm RF 9979, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2749	D-section, Wt.143g, est.Wt.245g, D.90mm, Th.27 × H.34mm RF 9980, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2750	Fragments, total Wt.50g, ?unfired RF 9982, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2751	Complete, unfired or fired at low temperature, unfinished, D-section, but hole does not fully penetrate clay, Wt.150g, D.75mm, Th.26 × H.30mm. (FIG. 9.10). RF 9996, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2752	Rectangular piece of unfired clay (not a loom-weight), 68 × 28 × 27mm, Wt. RF 9997, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2753	Flattened D-section, Wt.87g, est.D.100mm, Th.43mm RF 9998, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2754	Rounded rectangular section, Wt.35g, Th.28 × H.24mm RF 10005, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
Phase 4ii–5a, mid to late 9th century
2755	Shallow D section, small deep impressed square, Wt.203g, est.Wt.300g, D.100mm, Th.41 × H.30mm. (FIG. 9.12). RF 5151, Context 5193, Phase 4ii–5a.
2756	Triangular section, flared hole, Wt.103g, est.Wt.206g, D.85mm, Th.29 × H.30–33mm RF 5217, Context 5193, Phase 4ii–5a.
Phase 5a, mid to late 9th century
2757	Rounded D-section, Wt.79g, est.D.80–90mm RF 13735, Context 3711, Phase 5a.
2758	Not fired or possibly low-fired, D-shaped section, Wt.310g, est.Wt.425g, D.105mm, Th.48–52 × H.41mm RF 5668, Context 5139, Phase 5a.
2759	Th.30 × H.22mm RF 5693, Context 5640, Phase 5a.
2760	Impressed dots in a row, Wt.31g RF 6059, Context 5885, Phase 5a.
2761	Unfired, flattened pointed D-section, small, unfinished hole off-centre, Wt.190g, est.Wt.200g, D.90mm, Th.32–39 × H.26mm RF 8825, Context 8108, Phase 5a.
2762	Probably unfired, flattened pointed D-section, elongated hole off-centre, cf. RF 8825, Wt.155g, est.Wt.180g, D.87mm, Th.32–38 × H.25mm RF 8826, Context 8108, Phase 5a.
2763	Fragments, probably unfired, total Wt.88g RF 8828, Context 8108, Phase 5a.
2764	Unfired, quoit-shaped (flat pointed section), unfinished – hole does not penetrate clay, Wt.210g, est.Wt.300g, D.107mm, H.26–36mm RF 8829, Context 8108, Phase 5a.
2765	Clay fragment irregular shape, possibly not loom-weight, Wt.67g, RF 11414, Context 11039, Phase 5a.
2766	Wt.39g, est.D.75mm RF 13798, Context 11039, Phase 5a.
2767	Wt.68g, est.D.80mm RF 11477, Context 11442, Phase 5a.
Phase 5a–5b, mid 9th to early 10th century
2768	Thin wedge-shaped cross-section, flange around hole, Wt.55g, est.Wt.200g RF 245, Context 256, Phase 5a–5b.
2769	Thin wedge-shaped cross-section, Wt.33g, est.Wt.180g RF 247, Context 256, Phase 5a–5b.
2770	Thin, rounded wedge-shaped cross-section, Wt.30g RF 280, Context 275, Phase 5a–5b.
2771	Fragments of two weights, largest est.Wt.135g RF 512, Context 503, Phase 5a–5b.
2772	Thin wedge-shaped cross-section, flange around hole, Wt.34g, est.Wt.220g RF 253, Context 00515, Phase 5a–5b.
2773	Groove radiating from hole, Wt.68g, Th.32mm RF 8216, Context 08192, Phase 5a–5b.
2774	Wt.30g, est.D.100mm, Th.36 RF 8217, Context 08192, Phase 5a–5b.
2775	Irregular section, Wt.232g, est.Wt.900g, est.D.150mm RF 12254, Context 12057, Phase 5a–5b.
Phase 5b, late 9th to early 10th century
2776	Complete, round D-section, Wt.511g, D.110–115, Th.36–40 × H.43, Hl.D.40mm. (FIG. 9.11). RF 3699, Context 3597, Phase 5b.
2777	Impressed circle 10 × 12mm, Wt.9g RF 5784, Context 5553, Phase 5b.
2778.	Wedge-shaped section, Wt.146g, est.Wt.450g, est.D.100–110mm, Th.43 × H.41mm RF 8234, Context 8153, Phase 5b.
2779	Wt.43g, est.D.90mm RF 8223, Context 8189, Phase 5b.
2780	Wedge-shaped section, Wt.56g, est.D.80mm, Th.36 × H.31mm RF 8508, Context 8323, Phase 5b.
2781	D-section, Wt.80g, est.Wt.275g, est.D.90mm, Th.35 × H.42mm RF 8510, Context 8323, Phase 5b.
2782	Impressed circle 15 × 14 diam. Wt.4g RF 13282, Context 8323, Phase 5b.
2783	?unbaked RF 10185, Context 10187, Phase 5b.
2784	Groove radiating from hole, two impressed marks in form of +, Wt.12g RF 13670, Context 13837, Phase 5b.
Phase 5b–6i, late 9th to mid 10th century
2785	Complete, irregular pointed D-section, hole off-centre, groove inside hole, Wt.498g, D.100–106, Th.39–48 × H.52–59mm. (FIG. 9.11). RF 10271, Context 6344, Phase 5b–6i.
2786	Possibly unfired, total 21g RF 13726, Context 6344, Phase 5b–6i.
2787	Round D-section, irregular hole, groove radiating from hole, Wt.261g, est.Wt.350g, D.99, Th.28–40 × H.50mm RF 13742, Context 6344, Phase 5b–6i.
2788	Irregular round D-section, impressed dots arranged in square, Wt.76g, est.Wt.300g, est.D.90mm RF 6474, Context 6472, Phase 5b–6i.
2789	D-section, Wt.104g, est.Wt.350g, est.D.80mm, Th.38 × H.39mm RF 8095, Context 8089, Phase 5b–6i.
2790	Irregular round section, total Wt. 69g, Th.33 × H.30mm RF 8109, Context 8089, Phase 5b–6i.
Phase 5b–6, late 9th to early 11th century
2791	Shallow round D-section, Wt.135g, est.Wt.270g, D.84mm, Th.37 × H.40mm RF 1797, Context 1728, Phase 5b–6.
2792	Complete, D-section, single groove radiating from centre, Wt.181g, D.83mm, Th.24–27 × H.30mm, Hl.D.32mm RF 3429, Context 3427, Phase 5b–6.
2793	Impressed circle 10–11mm diam. Wt.19g RF 11408, Context 6490, Phase 5b–6.
2794	Edge of impressed circle, Wt.6g RF 11575, Context 6490, Phase 5b–6.
Period 6, early 10th to early 11th century
2795	Wedge-section with flange around hole, two impressed marks +, Wt.83g, est.Wt.250g, est.D.85–90mm, Th.40 × H.30mm, Hl.D.19–23 mm. (FIG. 9.12). RF 3728, Context 3730, Period 6.
Phase 6i, early to mid 10th century
2796	Wedge-shaped section, Wt.42g, est.Wt.170g, est.D.80mm, Th.30 × H.23mm RF 6257, Context 5871, Phase 6i.
2797	Groove radiating from hole, Wt.27g RF 7299, Context 5871, Phase 6i.
2798	Wt.85g, est.D.90–100mm RF 9387, Context 5871, Phase 6i.
2799	Wedge-shaped section with flange, Wt.21g, est.D.80mm, Th.25 × H.26mm RF 5950, Context 5930, Phase 6i.
Phase 6i–6ii, early to mid 10th century
2800	?unfired RF 11084, Context 11083, Phase 6i–6ii.
Phase 6ii, mid 10th century
2801	Thin, flat, wedge-shaped cross-section, flange around hole, Wt.48g, est.Wt.300g RF 931, Context 923, Phase 6ii.
2802	Angular D-section, Wt.282g, est.Wt.420g, D.97, Th.40 × H.50–3, Hl.D.17–18mm RF3661, Context 3610, Phase 6ii.
2803	Pointed D-section, groove at edge of central hole, Wt.321g, est.Wt.390g, D.95mm, Th.40 × H.53mm RF 4089, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
2804	Pointed D-section, Wt.73g, est.D.100mm RF 4240, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
2805	Wt.54g, est.D.100mm RF 4262, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
2806	D-section, Wt.47g, est.Wt.275g, est.D.80mm Th.26 × H.35mm RF 5332, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
2807	Pointed D-section, Wt.198g, est.Wt.500g, est.D.100mm, Th.36 × H.57mm RF 6626, Context 6471, Phase 6ii.
2808	Pointed D-section, two grooves radiating from hole, Wt.337g, est.Wt.400g, D.102mm, Th.39 × H.47mm RF 6637, Context 6471, Phase 6ii.
2809	Pointed D-section, Wt.220g, est.Wt.625g, est.D.110mm, Th.47 × H.54mm RF 6839, Context 6797, Phase 6ii.
Phase 6ii–6iii, mid 10th century to early 11th century
2810	Asymmetrical section, Wt.147g, est.Wt.600g, est. D.100mm, Th.37 × H.43mm RF 1859, Context 1841, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2811	Remains of groove RF1894, Context 1889, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2812	Irregular D-section, large impressed mark 42 × 35 mm (reversed curled S), Wt.485g, est.Wt.650g, D.110, Th.45–50 × H.55mm. (FIG. 9.11). RF 7271, Context 6343, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2813	D-section, Wt.315g, est.Wt.400g, D.109mm, Th.45 × H.>50mm RF 6668, Context 6499, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2814	Round D-section, Wt.25g, Th.23 × H.26mm RF 10677, Context 10333, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2815	Shallow D-section, deliberate impressed marks, but not in pattern, Wt.85g, est.Wt.155g, D.84mm, Th.27 × H.23mm RF 10462, Context 10394, Phase 6ii–6iii.
Phase 6iii, mid/late 10th to early 11th century
2816	Wt.129g, est.Wt.375g RF 580, Context 535, Phase 6iii.
2817	Irregular shape, approx. D-shape cross-section, Wt.39g RF 597, Context 535, Phase 6iii.
2818	D-section, Wt.103g, est.Wt.450g, est.D.100mm RF 1484, Context 1283, Phase 6iii.
2819	Irregular flattened D-section, Wt.45g, est.Wt.250g RF 1441, Context 1439, Phase 6iii.
2820	RF 1562, Context 1440, Phase 6iii.
2821	Fragment, roughly one quarter, asymmetrical D-section, Wt.96g, est.Wt.380g, est.D.95 mm, Th.37 × H.47 mm RF 1448, Context 1453, Phase 6iii.
2822	Flattened asymmetrical D-section, Wt.211g, est.Wt.450g, est.D.97 mm, Th.47 × H.50mm RF 1499, Context 1462, Phase 6iii.
2823	Tall D-section, Wt.64g, est.D.100mm, Th.35 × H.46mm RF 1614, Context 1462, Phase 6iii.
2824	Round D-section, Wt.154g, est.Wt.575g, H.49mm RF 1625, Context 1462, Phase 6iii.
2825	Wt.47g, est.D.110mm, Th.52mm RF 9339, Context 1462, Phase 6iii.
2826	Irregular, rounded D-section, Wt.138g, est.Wt.625g, est. D.110mm, Th.35 × H.49mm RF 3800, Context 1740, Phase 6iii.
2827	Round D-section, Wt.237g, est.Wt.350g, D.92, Th.33 × H. 43(+)mm RF 1783, Context 1670, Phase 6iii.
2828	Irregular, D-section, Wt.71g, est.D.100mm RF 3857, Context 3451, Phase 6iii.
2829	Complete, pointed D-section, Wt.426g, D.98–104, Th.42–45 × H.48mm, Hl.D.16–20mm RF 3825, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
2830	Pointed D-section, Wt.138g, est.Wt.575g, est.D.110mm, Th.43 × H.49mm RF 3830, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
2831	Wedge-shaped section with flange, Wt.84g, est.Wt.330g, est.D.90mm, Th.40 × H.32mm RF 3831, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
2832	Flattened D-section, impressed circle 12mm diameter, fits RF 3859(i), context 3758 (Period 5a), Wt.61g, est. D.85mm RF 3832, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
2833	Flattened D or wedge section, Wt.28g, est.D.85mm RF 3850, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
2834	Wt.133g, est.Wt.400g, est.D.100mm, Th.46 × H.35mm RF 3988, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
2835	Wt126g, est.Wt.425g, est.D.130mm RF 5866, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
Phase 6iii–7, mid/late 10th to 12th–14th century
2836	Wedge-shaped section, Wt.100g, est.D.100mm, Th.42 RF 6718, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
2837	Quoit-shaped (shallow pointed section), Wt.64g, est. Wt.160g, D.79, Th.34 × H.21mm RF 6966, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
2838	Wt.42g, est.D.100mm RF 6967, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
2839	Pointed D-section, Wt.56g RF 10274, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
Unstratified
2840	Regular D-shaped cross-section, Wt.135g, est.Wt.300g, D.91mm, Th.36 × H.37mm RF 97, Context 0, Unstratified.
2841	Round D cross-section, hole flared, Wt.145g, est. Wt.600g RF 163, Context 0, Unstratified.
2842	Wt.92g, est.Wt.550g RF 826, Context 0, Unstratified.
2843	Impressed circle 17mm diam. Wt.6g RF 4938, Context 0, Unstratified.
2844	Pointed D-section, Wt.67g, est.Wt.240g, est.D.80mm, Th.31 × H.25mm RF 6500, Context 0, Unstratified.
2845	Wt.116g, est.D.90mm RF 8751, Context 0, Unstratified.
2846	Asymmetrical D-section, Wt.170g, est.Wt.410g, D.100mm, Th.49 × H.42mm RF 9934, Context 0, Unstratified.
2847	Tall D-section, deep groove formed before firing, Wt.134g, est.Wt.475g, est.D.90mm, Th.40 × H.53mm RF 10270, Context 0, Unstratified.
2848	Shallow wedge-shaped section, Wt.32g, est.Wt.120g, est. D.75mm, Th. 27 × H.18mm RF 10272, Context 0, Unstratified.
2849	Pointed D-section, groove radiating from hole, Wt.325g, est.Wt.350g, D.103mm, Th.37–40 × H.33–40 RF 13390, Context 0, Unstratified.
2850	Flattened round D-section, Wt.136g, est.Wt.260g, D.95mm, Th.36 × H.32mm RF 13713, Context 0, Unstratified.
2851	Round D-section, Wt.125g, est.Wt.500g, est.D.100mm, Th.48 RF 13725, Context 0, Unstratified.
2852	Round D-section, Wt.55g, Th.38 × H.42mm RF 14048, Context 0, Unstratified.
2853	Complete, asymmetrical D-section, irregular, two grooves radiating from hole, Wt.242g, D.85–91, Th.33×40 × H.31mm, Hl.D.20–22mm RF 14079, Context 0, Unstratified.
2854	Wt.115g, est.D.80–90mm, Th.36mm RF 14081, Context 0, Unstratified.
2855	D-section, possibly same weight as RF 14114, Wt.144g, est.Wt.425g, est.D.100mm, Th.39 × H.48mm RF 14113, Context 0, Unstratified.
2856	Possibly same weight as RF 14113, Wt.120g, est.Wt.420g, Th.40 RF 14114, Context 0, Unstratified.
2857	D-section, Wt.65g, Th.37 × H.50mm RF 14115, Context 0, Unstratified.
2858	Large weight, tall D-section, Wt.142g RF 5119, Context 3870, Unstratified.

SHEARS (FIG. 9.13; PLS 9.3–9.4)

Unless stated they all have slightly looped bows and blades of which the backs are straight before curving in to the tip.

2859	Complete. Blades have horizontal shoulders. L.188mm (FIG. 9.13; PL. 9.3) RF 325, Context 1, Topsoil.
2860	Fragment of bow and stem only. There is a moulding at the junction of the bow and stem. L.28mm RF 416, Context 400, Phase 2i–4ii.
2861	Bent in centre, tip of one blade missing. Blades have sloping shoulders. Bow has pronounced internal nibs at the base. L.143mm (FIG. 9.13) RF 1864, Context 1838, Phase 6ii–6iii.
286	Blade and stub of stem. L.75mm RF 1959, Unstratified.
2863	Complete, but bent into an L-shape. L. (originally) 111mm RF 2296, Context 1831, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2864	Complete. Blades have sloping shoulders. L.115mm RF 3313, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
2865	Complete. Blades have concave shoulders. L.144mm RF 3432, Context 2610, Phase 5a.
2866	Blade and stub of stem only. Blade has angle back and a rough groove cut into the top of one face. L.92mm (FIG. 9.13) RF 3587, Context 3322, Phase 1b–2.
2867	One half missing, bow bent over. Blade shoulder horizontal. Original L.c.205mm RF 3749, Unstratified.
2868	Bent at 90° in centre, one blade incomplete. Bow has external ‘ears’ on each side. Blade shoulders sloping. L.(originally) 136mm RF 4111, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
2869	Blade and stub of stem. Random organic material on the blade and tang; possible traces of handle, with indication of extent, just on the blade. L.66mm RF 4124, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
2870	Blade and stub of stem only. L.77mm RF 4336, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
2871	Complete. Bow has slight internal nibs at base. Blades have stepped shoulders. L.160mm (FIG. 9.13) RF 5482, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2872	In two pieces. Blades have sloping shoulders. Random organic material present. L.197mm RF 5513, Context 5033, Phase 2–3a.
2873	Complete, but in two pieces and bent in the centre. Blade shoulders stepped. L.(originally) 126mm RF 5660, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2874	In two pieces, one blade missing. Blade has sloping shoulder. L.100mm RF 5707, Context 5139, Phase 5a.
2875	Complete. Blades have sloping shoulders. L.144mm; blade L.44mm RF 6004, Context 5885, Phase 5a.
2876	Fragment of bow and stem. L.32mm RF 9170, Unstratified.
2877	One blade incomplete. Blades have horizontal shoulders. L.191mm (FIG. 9.13) RF 9952, Context 6885, Phase 4ii.
2878	Two blades with incomplete stems. Largest piece: L.181mm RF 10348, Context 6304, Phase 3bv.
2879	Complete. Blades have concave shoulders. L.185mm (FIG. 9.13; PL. 9.4 RF 10428, Context 1890, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2880	Blade and stub of tang. L.31mm RF 10593, Context 1835, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2881	One arm missing. Surviving arm bent at 90° in centre, blade tip missing. L.(originally) 130mm RF 11278, Unstratified.
2882	Bow and stems only. Bow has internal nibs. L.99mm RF 12147, Context 6499, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2883	Complete, but in two pieces. Blades have sloping shoulders. L.128mm RF 12302, Unstratified.
2884	Blade and stub of stem only. Concave shoulder. L.60mm RF 12311, Unstratified.
2885	Complete, but one stem bent outwards below the bow. Blades have concave shoulders. L.146mm RF 12332, Unstratified.
2886	One blade incomplete. Blades have stepped shoulders. L.124mm RF 12333, Unstratified.
2887	Incomplete blade with stepped shoulder. L.55mm RF 12627, Unstratified.
2888	One arm missing. Surviving blade incomplete and has sloping shoulder. L.105mm RF 12863, Unstratified.
2889	Blade and stub of stem only. Shoulder concave. L.53mm RF 13371, Unstratified.
2890	One arm missing. Surviving blade has concave shoulder. Stem has three grooves around it below the bow and two in the centre. L.115mm RF 13503, Unstratified.
2891	Blade and stub of stem only. Concave shoulder. L.54mm RF 13510, Context 10772, Phase 2–4ii.
2892	Blade and stub of stem only. L.81mm RF 13759, Unstratified.

NEEDLES (FIG. 9.14)

Copper alloy (FIG. 9.14): (7 needles, plus 3 probable shank fragments)

2893	Needle Incomplete. Broken across the eye, which is set in a tapered groove. Circular section. L.47mm D.2mm RF 1771, Context 1671, Phase 5a.
2894	Needle Incomplete, point missing, round section, flattened head, oval eye set in tapering groove, 11mm long. L.41mm, D.1.5mm. RF 5542, Context 5503, Phase 4ii.
2895	Needle Fragment, shank and head, round section, head slightly flattened, eye oval, set in tapering groove 10mm long. L.19mm, D.1.3mm. RF 5615, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2896	Needle Complete, round section, flattened head, oval eye set in long tapering groove, 15mm long. L.55mm, D.1.6mm. (FIG. 9.14) RF 5687, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2897	Needle Complete, round section, flattened head, punched oval eye set in long tapering groove 10mm long. L.52mm, D.1.6mm. (FIG. 9.14) RF 8497, Context 8108, Phase 5a.
2898	Needle Complete, round section, flattened head, punched lop-sided oval eye set in groove 8mm long. L.43mm, D.2.0mm. (FIG. 9.14) RF 11878, Context 11876, Phase 3bv.
2899	Needle Complete, round section, flattened head with long oval eye set in groove 11mm long. Double groove on one side. L.58mm, D.1.8mm. RF 14063, Unstratified.

In addition to the seven needles with extant eyes, two probable needle shanks were recovered from context 3758 (RFs 5450 and 6009) and a third was unstratified (RF 348).

BONE (FIG. 9.14) (6)

2900	Needle Complete, round section, sharp and slender, oval eye, slight polish, most at tip, none at eye. Medium-sized mammal longbone. L.65mm Th.4.5mm (FIG. 9.14) RF 766, Context 463, Phase 2–3bv.
2901	Needle Complete, sturdy, rounded section, flattened head, circular eye, some polish, but not especially at eye. Medium-sized mammal longbone. L.93mm Th.7.5mm (FIG. 9.14) RF 6037, Context 6036, Phase 5b.
2902	Needle Near-complete (tip missing), oval section, slightly curved along length, circular eye, no special wear. Medium-sized mammal longbone. L.67mm Th.7mm (FIG. 9.14) RF 6047, Context 6036, Phase 5b.
2903	Needle Complete, sub-rectangular stem, flattened head, sharp tip, oval eye, some polish, not especially at eye. Medium-sized mammal longbone. L.70mm Th.6mm (FIG. 9.14) RF 6089, Context 6028, Phase 3bii–3bv.
2904	Needle Complete, stem round, head wedge-shaped section, eye small and circular, no special wear. Pig fibula (small/young individual). L.63mm Th.6mm (FIG. 9.14) RF 7196, Context 7109, Phase 6ii.
2905	Needle Needle, complete, round stem, flared and flattened head, sharp tip, oval eye, no special wear. Medium-sized mammal longbone. L.71mm Th.6mm (FIG. 9.14) RF 10180, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.

IRON (FIG. 9.14). (68)

The eyes are round and have been punched through an elongated countersinking unless stated. The shanks have a rounded cross-section and are c.2–3mm thick unless stated.

2906	Needle, fragment, shank only, angular section, part of a long eye visible at one end. L.34mm, D.2.0mm. RF 413, Context 400, Phase 2i–4ii.
2907	Needle, fragment, shank only, rounded rectangular section. L.28mm, D.1.7mm. RF 436, Context 429, Phase 5a–5b.
2908	Needle, incomplete, shank and head, angular section, flattened head, circular eye 0.9mm set in groove 5mm. L.21mm, D.2.8mm. RF 1643, Context 1454, Phase 6iii.
2909	Needle, incomplete, shank and head, rounded section, fine long eye set in long groove. L.19mm, D.2.1mm. RF 1909, Context 1891, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2910	Needle, incomplete, shank and head, oval section, long rectangular eye 2.0 × 0.8mm, ?Y-eyed. L.16mm, D.1.9mm. RF 2535, Context 2492, Phase 5b.
2911	Needle, complete, rounded section, slightly flattened head, oval eye 1.4 × 1.0mm set in groove 4mm long. L.40mm, D.2.2mm. (FIG. 9.14) RF 3154, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
2912	Needle, incomplete, point missing, rounded section, flattened head, oval eye 1.5 × 0.8mm set in groove 7mm. L.37mm, D.2.2mm. RF 3155, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
2913	Needle, incomplete, shank and head, rounded square section flattened towards tip, long eye 3mm long. L.32mm, D. 3.0mm. RF 4062, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
2914	Needle, incomplete, head and shank, rounded section, flattened head, oval eye 1.6 × 1.2mm set in groove. L.31mm, D.2.5mm (FIG. 9.14). RF 4077, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
2915	Oval eye. Tip missing. L.36mm. (FIG. 9.14). RF 4107, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
2916	Needle, fragment, shank with end of eye, rounded section. L.33mm, D.1.8mm. RF 5315, Context 4647, Phase 2–3a.
2917	Needle, fragment, shank only, round section, flattened at head and end of groove for eye. L.22mm, D.2.7mm. RF 5673, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2918	Head incomplete, shank bent. L.39mm RF 5764, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
2919	Needle, fragment, shank only, rounded section. L.30mm, D.2.3mm. RF 6057, Context 6053, Phase 5b.
2920	Needle, complete, rounded section, head only slightly flattened, oval eye 1.0 × 2.0mm in long groove. L.31mm, D.2.5mm. RF 6107, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2921	Oval eye, shank incomplete. L.19mm RF 6855, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
2922	Needle, near-complete; tip missing. Rounded section, flattened at head, oval eye 1.8 × 1.0mm, groove both side. L.36mm, D.2.1mm (FIG. 9.14). RF 6904, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
2923	Needle, fragment, shank only, heavily corroded. L.13mm, D.2.2mm. RF 7635, Context 677, Phase 5a–5b.
2924	Needle, incomplete, shank and eye, rounded rectangular section, head not flattened, small round eye 0.8mm. L.16mm, D.1.4mm. RF 7781, Context 4914, Phase 4i–4ii.
2925.	Needle, incomplete, shank and head, rounded section, head barely flattened, oval eye 1.2 × 0.8mm, ?Y-eyed. L.33mm, D.2.3mm. RF 8301, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
2926	Needle, complete, rounded section. L.25mm, RF 8931, Unstratified.
2927	Needle, incomplete, shank and eye, near-round section, punched triangular eye 0.5mm wide in conical depression. L.18mm, D.1.6mm. RF 8989, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
2928	Needle, incomplete, shank and eye, rounded section, head slightly flattened, rectangular eye 1.5 × 0.8mm. L.41mm, D.3.0mm. RF 9049, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
2929	Needle, fragment, head and part of shank, flat rounded rectangular section, punched round eye. L.12mm, D.3.8mm. RF 9325, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
2930	Needle, fragment, head and shank, rounded section, flattened at head, long eye 0.6 × 0.3 set in groove (Y?). L.13mm, D.1.3mm. RF 10199, Context 953, Phase 2–3a.
2931	Needle, incomplete, shank and head, rounded section, head slightly flattened, long eye 1.2 × 0.5 set in groove. L.16mm, D.1.8mm. RF 10584, Context 3417, Phase 5b–6i.
2932	Needle, incomplete, shank and head, rounded section, head slightly flattened, oval eye 1.1 × 0.5mm set in groove (Y). L.27, D.1.8mm. RF 11475, Context 11442, Phase 5a.
2933	Needle, incomplete, shank and head, rounded section, flattened head, irregular oval eye 1.0 × 0.5 set in groove (Y). L.40mm, D.2.1mm. RF 11772, Context 12241, Phase 5a–6ii.
2934	Needle, complete, rounded section, head not flattened, circular eye 1.1mm diam. set in groove. L.47mm, D.3.4mm. RF 12421, Context 10772, Phase 2–4ii.
2935	Shank curved. L.36mm RF 12595, Unstratified.
2936	Needle, incomplete, shank and head, rounded section, head slightly flattened, long eye 2.0 × 0.6mm set in groove. L.29mm, D.1.9mm. RF 13023, Context 10772, Phase 2–4ii.
2937	Needle, incomplete, head and shank, rounded section, head not flattened, long eye 1.0 long. L.21mm, D.2.1mm. RF 13273, Context 2562, Phase 5b.
2938	Head incomplete, tip missing. L.30mm RF 13302, Unstratified.
2939	Head and shank incomplete. L.26mm RF 13622, Unstratified.
2940	Head incomplete, point missing. RF 13629, Context 12243, Phase 5a–6ii.
2941	Oval eye, point missing. L.28mm RF 13656, Unstratified.
2942	Point missing. L.65mm RF 13771, Unstratified.
NEEDLE SHANKS (IRON)
2943	Needle, fragment, point only, rounded rectangular section. L.25mm. RF 471, Context 458, Topsoil.
2944	Needle fragment. L.47mm RF 897, Unstratified.
2945	Needle fragment. L.26mm RF 1190, Context 1182, Phase 6iii.
2946	Needle, incomplete, shank and point, rounded section. L.28mm, D.1.9mm. RF 1435, Context 1464, Phase 6iii.
2947	Needle fragment. L.26mm RF 2122, Context 1672, Phase 5b–6i.
2948	Needle fragment. L.36mm RF 2228, Context 767, Phase 1b–2.
2949	Needle, incomplete, shank and point, rounded rectangular section. L.38mm, D. 3.0mm. RF 2502, Context 2491, Phase 5b.
2950	Needle, fragment, shank only, rounded section, beginning to flare for head. L.25mm, D. 2.7mm. RF 2545, Context 2488, Phase 5b–6ii.
2951	Needle, incomplete, shank and point, angular section. L.23mm, D.2.8mm. RF 2702, Context 2611, Phase 5a.
2952	Needle, fragment, point only, circular section. L.11mm. RF 3289, Context 1727, Phase 5b.
2953	Needle, incomplete, head missing, angular section. L.41mm, D.3.6mm. RF 3860, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
2954	Needle, fragment, shank only, rounded section. L.20mm, D.2.0mm. RF 5158, Context 5193, Phase 4ii–5a.
2955	Needle fragment. L.25mm. RF 5471, Context 3758, Phase 4ii.
2956	Needle, incomplete, shank and point, rounded square section. L.32mm, D.1.4mm. RF 5475, Context 4195, Phase 5b–6i.
2957	Needle, incomplete, shank and point, rounded triangular section. L.27mm, D.2.2mm. RF 6326, Context 6325, Phase 4i.
2958	Needle, incomplete, point and part of head missing, round section. L.43mm, D.2.7mm. RF 6418, Context 5617, Phase 3bv.
2959	Needle, incomplete, shank and point, rounded section. L.42mm, D.2.4mm. RF 7069, Context 7055, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2960	Needle, fragment, shank only, rounded rectangular section. L.21mm, D.2.2mm. RF 7074, Context 7054, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2961	Needle, fragment, shank only, rounded rectangular. L.23mm, D.2.1mm. RF 7180, Context 7123, Phase 6iii.
2962	Needle, incomplete, shank and tip, triangular section, end of groove for eye. L.26mm, D.1.4mm. RF 7895, Context 7891, Phase 5b.
2963	Needle fragment RF 9001, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
2964	Needle fragment. L.39mm. RF 9119, Unstratified.
2965	Needle fragment. L.31mm. RF 9216, Unstratified.
2966	Needle, incomplete, shank and point, round section, tip ?chamfered. L.41mm, D.2.1mm. RF 9289, Context 2860, Phase 2i–4ii.
2967	Needle, incomplete, shank and point, rounded section, end of groove for eye. L.28mm, D.2.5mm. RF 9310, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
2968	Needle, fragment, shank only, broken lengthways, flattened towards one end. L.35mm. RF 9522, Context 3107, Phase 4ii.
2969	Needle, fragment, point only, rounded section, very sharp. L.10mm. RF 9575, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
2970	Needle fragment. L.41mm. RF 9646, Unstratified.
2971	Needle, incomplete, shank and point, rounded section. L.33mm, D.3.3mm. RF 9799, Context 3989, Phase 6iii.
2972	Needle, fragment, shank only, rounded square section, flattened towards one end. L.31mm, D.3.5mm. RF 9915, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
2973	Needle, fragment, point only, rounded section. L.21mm. RF 10196, Context 6300, Phase 6iii–7.
2974	Needle, fragment, shank and ?point, rounded section. L.25mm, D.1.3mm. RF 10517, Context 1891, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2975	Needle, fragment, shank only, rectangular section. L.20mm, D.2.5mm. RF 10539, Context 10394, Phase 6ii–6iii.
2976	Needle, fragment, tapering shank only, rounded section. L.25mm, D.1.9mm. RF 12059, Context 1658, Phase 1a–2.
2977	Needle fragment. L.20mm. RF 12514, Unstratified.
2978	Needle fragment. L.31mm. RF 12676, Unstratified.
2979	Needle fragment. L.48mm. RF 13121, Unstratified.
2980	Needle fragment. L.23mm. RF 13143, Unstratified.
2981	Needle, fragment, shank and point, round section. L.25mm, D.1.4mm. RF 13507, Context 6235, Phase 3bv.
2982	Needle, fragment, shank only, rounded section. L.15mm, D.2.1mm. RF 13876, Context 11699, Phase 3bii.
2982a	Needle, incomplete, shank and head, sub-square section, flattened head, circular eye 2.5mm, no groove. L.35mm, Th.8.0mm. RF 2811 Context 51, Phase 4ii.
RUBB ING STONES (FIG. 9.15)
(Lithological identifications by Geoff Gaunt)
2983	Rubber or burnisher. Material: Chalk, white, fine-grained. Ferriby Chalk Formation of Chalk Group. Form: Bar-shaped, elongated oval, tapered towards one end and rounded at both ends. Of rectangular section, with sharp right-angled corners. Bears a series of c.20 transverse parallel scratches at 0.5mm spacing along one edge. These are possibly from the original manufacture of the object as they are overlain by subsequent wear. The two lateral surfaces are highly polished through use. (FIG. 9.15). Size: L.58mm, Max. W.11mm, Th.9mm. RF 6267, Context 5503, Phase 4ii.
2984	?Slick stone. Material: Uncertain, too fine-grained for identification of constituents or texture, but probably highly compacted siltstone or very fine-grained impure sandstone (i.e. greywacke); probably Lower Palaeozoic from southern Scotland or Cumbria, and if so correlates with hone-petrography group IIB or C of Ellis (1969). Form: Fragment from edge of rubbing stone, with a smooth curved corner. Highly and uniformly polished on unbroken surfaces. Size: L.30mm, W.25mm, Th.13mm. RF 3162, Context 2488, Phase 5b–6ii.
2985	Rubber or burnisher. Material: Chalk, greyish-white, very fine-grained, Chalk Group. Partly tufa-coated. Form: Bar-shaped, tapering towards one end and broken at the other. Sub-rectangular in section, edges rounded by wear. All surfaces except the broken end are smoothed. The tufa appears to have been deposited post-usage, possibly from immersion in water. Size: L.650mm, W.26–32mm, Th.17mm. (FIG. 9.15) RF 1999, Context 1995, Phase 6i–6ii.
2986	Rubber or burnisher. Material: Limestone. Basal part of Scunthorpe Mudstones. Partly tufa-coated. Form: Plano-convex fragment with a polished base bearing fine scratches. The upper part of the stone bears a sheen from handling. The curved edge bears ?rasp marks from manufacture. Tufa probably post-usage. Size: L.46mm, W.45mm, Max. Th.21mm. RF 5290, Context 3891, Phase 6ii.
2987	?Slick stone. Material: Uncertain, possibly a haematite-rich silty mudstone or a ‘cherty ironstone’ that has been heated. Form: Sub-rectangular fragment with one highly polished flat surface, and traces of similar finish on an adjacent edge. All other edges broken. The flat surface bears fine diagonal striations. These are comparable to the scratches on a stone slick-stone from Coppergate (Walton Rogers 1997, fig. 828b). Size: L.56mm, Max. W.34mm, Th.41mm. RF 244, Unstratified.
2988	Rubber or burnisher. Material: Chalk, white, fine-grained. Ferriby Chalk Formation of Chalk Group. Form: Bar-shaped, with one end worn to a 45° chamfer and the other to a blunt off-centre point. Sub-rectangular in section. Smoothed and rounded by wear overall, with polish along edges and at end ?from handling. Areas of the edges show narrow facets from the manufacture of the bar. (FIG. 9.15). Size: L.110mm, Max. W.31mm, Max. Th.22mm. RF 342, Unstratified.