Note: Page numbers in bold indicate figures.
A
Abney, Glenda, 181–183
acidity of blood (pH), 33–34, 37, 74–75
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 33, 34–39
acute transplant rejection, 212
Adam’s apple, 194
addiction
impact on healthcare, 58
neuroscience of, 125–127, 128–129, 132–134
adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 19–21
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 4, 19–21
ADHD, 77
The Adventures of Javan and the 3 A’s (Allison), 77
Africa. See also South Africa
biomass fuel use in, 145
smoking practices in, 116
African Americans
asthma and, 77
lung cancer and, 186–187
smoking rates among, 187
agriculture, 142–143
AI (artificial intelligence) medicine, 201–202
air. See also air pollution
natural history of, 3–10. See also carbon dioxide; oxygen
respiratory illness transmission through, 89–90, 91, 92–96
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981, 150–151
air pollution, 135–152
autoimmune diseases and, 88
background for, 135–136
children and, 136–138
emission reduction initiatives, 142, 148–152
environmental protection standards, xiv, 267, 268–269
historical context, 138–142
indoor air pollution, xiv, 137, 145, 146, 148
lung cancer and, 191
pathophysiological effects of, 145–148
patient story, 136–138
pollutants, 142–145
premature deaths associated with, xiv
Air Pollution Control Act (United States 1955), 142
Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (China, 2013), 150
albuterol, 86
Alex: The Life of a Child (film), 260
ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) gene, 188–190
Allen & Ginter, 123–124
allergic reactions, 77–80, 82–83, 86–87
Allison, Javan, 76
alveolar type I epithelial cells, 174–175
alveolar type II epithelial cells, 120, 131–132, 170, 174–175, 177–178
alveoli
cells of, 131–132, 169–170, 174–175
function of, xi, 19, 20–21, 21, 28–29
respiratory distress syndrome and, 51
surface tension and, 53–56, 55
Alzheimer’s disease, 144
Amazon wildfires, xv, 151, 267
American colonies, 122–123
American Lung Association, 143, 151
American Steel & Wire, 141
American Tobacco Company, 124
amphibians, 15
AMR-69 (pirfenidone), 176–177, 212
amylase, 221
Anapanasati Sutta, 60
anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene, 188–190
Anatomical Observations on the Lung (De Polmonibus observationes anatomicae) (Malpighi), 27
ancient China, 116
ancient Egypt
smoking practices in, 116
tuberculosis cases in, 96–97
ancient Greece
asbestos use in, 162
asthma cases in, 78
on breath and the soul, x
breathing exercises of, 58
medical knowledge of, 22–23, 27–28
smoking practices in, 116
tuberculosis cases in, 97
ancient Israel, 97
ancient Rome
air pollution in, 139
asbestos use in, 162
asthma cases in, 78
breathing exercises of, 58
medical knowledge of, 23–24
smoking practices in, 116
tuberculosis cases in, 97
Andersen, Dorothy, 219–221, 222, 224
Andrews, Sidney, 123
anthrax, 100
antibiotics. See also specific antibiotics
cystic fibrosis treatment, 220, 221, 222, 244, 259–260, 262, 264
pneumonia treatment, 136–137
resistance to, 105–106
tuberculosis treatment, 90, 91–92, 105–107, 109–110
Apgar, Virginia, 43–44
Arabian Sea, 6–8
Aretaeus of Cappadocia, 78
artificial intelligence (AI) medicine, 201–202
artificial lung. See extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Asbest (Russia), 165
Asbestos (Canada), 164
asbestos exposure, 155, 161–165
Ashbaugh, David, 35–36
aspiration, 194–195
asthma, 71–88
about, xiv
asthma attacks, 75–77
breathing exercises for, 65–67
climate change and, 88
historical context, 78–79, 80–83
immune system and, 71–73, 75, 80–84, 88
life expectancy, 267
lung microbiome and, 147
pathophysiology of, 77–78, 79–80, 86–87, 88
reagin research, 83–87
status asthmaticus, 73–75
toxic dust exposure and, 158, 160
atmospheric gases, 3–10. See also carbon dioxide; oxygen
ATP (adenosine triphosphate), 4, 19–21
aureomycin, 221
Aurora Biosciences, 235–237
Australian lungfish, 15
Australian maneuver, 74–75
Australia wildfires, xv, 151, 267
autoimmune diseases, 72–73, 88. See also asthma
automobile pollution, 142, 143
autonomic nervous system, 65
autosomal recessive genetic disease, 220. See also cystic fibrosis
Avery, Mary Ellen, 49–52, 54–56
Avery’s Diseases of the Newborn (Avery), 56
B
Babylon, 116
Bacillus subtilis, 94
Bakersfield (California), 144
Balantidium coli, 94
balsam, 78
basophils, 80
Baylson, Michael, 252
Beall, Bob, 225–226, 235, 238, 241
Beijing, 144–145
Bejan, Adrian, 42
Benedetti, Alessandro, 24
Bennich, Hans, 85–86
Benson, Herbert, 58
Bible, ix
Big Bang, 3
big data, 223
biodomes, 16–17
biogas, 151
biomass air pollution, 145, 146, 148
Biserova, Tamar, 165
Bjolstad, Karen, 98
blastocyst, 130
blood cancers, 159
blood pH (acidity of blood), 33–34, 37, 74–75
blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), 5–10, 16–17
Bonsack, James, 123–124
Borger, Josh, 238
Borja, Cesar, 154–155, 156–157
Borja, Cesar, Jr., 157
Boyle, Michael, 242
Boys, C. V., 52
brainstem, 18–19, 22, 126–127. See also midbrain
breast cancer, xiii, 179, 185, 186
breath and breathing. See also breathing exercises; healing power of breath
atmospheric gases and, 3–10. See also carbon dioxide; oxygen
environmental effects and. See air pollution; climate change; smoking and smokers; toxic dust exposure
of infants, 43–56. See also infants
mechanics of, x–xii, 18–42. See also inhalation and exhalation; respiratory system
speech issues and, 192–203. See also vocal cord dysfunction
breathing exercises
for asthma, 65–67
spirituality and, 58–59, 60, 62
for vocal cord dysfunction, 199
British American Tobacco Company, 124
bronchodilators, 86
Brudney, Karen, 107–110
Buddha (Enlightened One), 59, 60
Bunts, Frank, 196
Bush, George W., 157
Buteyko, Konstantin, 65–66
Buteyko breathing, 65–66
Byron (lord), 97
C
California
emission reduction initiatives in, 268
renewable energy in, 151
Campbell, Preston, 241
Canada
asbestos production in, 164
first successful lung transplant in, 208–211
cancer. See specific cancers
cannabis use, 116
CAPACITY study, 177
capillaries, 12, 19, 21, 21, 27, 29, 35–36
carbon dioxide (CO2)
air pollution and, 143
cellular respiration, 4, 19–21, 21, 22, 29
climate change and, 88
COPD and, 119
gas-exchange impairments and, 28–39, 74–75, 76
gas-exchange process and, x–xi, 12, 15, 19–22, 20, 21, 25, 26
natural history of, 4
smoking and, 127
carbon monoxide (CO), 127, 138, 142, 143
carotid artery, 22
CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
celiac disease, 219–220
cellular respiration, 4, 19–21, 21, 22, 29
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
on asthma deaths, 76
COVID-19 response by, 113–114
on drug-overdoses, 57
on leading cause of death, xiv
on suicide rate, 57
on tobacco use, 133
on toxic dust exposure, 159
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), 150
chanting, 58
Charlemagne (king), 162
Charles II (king), 139
China
air pollution in, 144–145
cannabis use in ancient China, 116
COVID-19 outbreak in, 113
emission reduction initiatives, 150–151
tuberculosis cases in, 110
Chinese medicine, 78
chloride channel defect, 232, 233–241
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 150
chlorophyll, 7
Chopin, Frédéric, 97
chromosome jumping, 228–230
chromosome walking, 228–230
chronic bronchitis, 119
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
causes, xiii
further research, 129–131
lung microbiome and, 147
pathophysiology of, 119–120, 121
patient story, 117–118, 120–122
stigma of, xiii–xiv
toxic dust exposure and, 158
chronic transplant rejection, 212, 213
Chu, Helen, 114
Chute, Anthony, 122
Cicero, 18
cigarettes. See also smoking and smokers
advertisement of, 124–125
e-cigarette use, xv, 133, 187, 267
mass-production of, 123–124
cigars. See smoking and smokers
cilia, 153
circulatory system
evolution of, 12
fetal circulation, 44
pulmonary circulation, x–xi, 12, 15, 19–21, 21, 24–28, 26, 44
Clean Air Act (U.S., 1970), 142
clean energy generation, 151, 152
Clear Air Act (Great Britain, 1956), 142
Clements, John, 53–55
Cleveland Clinic, 196–197, 201–203
climate change, 88, 151–152, 267
Clinton, Hillary, 157
cocaine, 78
coelacanth, 13–14
Collins, Francis, 217, 228–231, 239
colorectal cancer, xiii, 185–186
Commission on Pollution and Health, 135–136
Cooke, William, 163
coronaviruses, 89, 92, 113. See also COVID-19 outbreak
Corrigan, Dominic, 174
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 80–82
cotine, 147–148
Courtenay-Latimer, Marjorie, 13–14
COVID-19 outbreak
about, 113
cellular virus invasion, 114
chest X-rays, 112
impact of, xv
proning and, 38
public health approach to, 89–90, 113–115
serum therapy and, 81
transmission of, 92–93, 95–96, 113, 267
Crile, George, 196
CRISPR enzyme, 241
CRISPR technology, 131
crizotinib, 189
Cruz, Eduardo Rosas, 89–90
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), 5–10, 16–17
cystic fibrosis, 217–242, 243–265
acute exacerbations of, 258–259
advocacy for, 221–226, 233–234. See also Cystic Fibrosis Foundation
airway clearance and, 243–244, 256
diagnosis, 218, 220, 221, 231–232
further research, 241–242, 265
genetic defect discovery, 217, 226–231
historical context, 218–221
life expectancy, 217, 221, 233, 241, 257, 267
lung microbiome and, 147
lung transplant rules for, 245–253
multisystem approach to, 224
pathophysiology of, 227–228, 231–241
patient story of acute exacerbations, 258–260
patient story of advocacy, 222
patient story of lung transplant, 243–246, 249–253
patient story of pregnancy and, 256–258, 260–262
patient stories of protein modulator treatment, 241, 262–264
protein modulator research, 233–241
research center, 242
research funding, 224–226, 235, 237–239
signs and symptoms, 218–219
treatment options, 221–224, 232–233, 249–253, 262–264
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, 222–226, 233–234, 235–239, 241–242
D
Danders, Laurie, 198–199
DeFord, Alex, 260
de las Casas, Bartolomé, 122
delF508 gene mutation, 239–240
Delhi, 144–145
De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (A Treatise on the Diseases of Workers) (Ramazzini), 161
De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis (On the Motion of the Heart and Blood) (Harvey), 25
Department of Health and Human Services (U.S.), 247, 251–252
De Polmonibus observationes anatomicae (Anatomical Observations on the Lung) (Malpighi), 27
depression, 57, 61–63, 66, 158
Dickinson, Emily, 61
diphtheria, 80–82
directed differentiation, 131
directly observed therapy (DOT), 110
di Sant’Agnese, Russell, 220–221
disordered learning, 132–133
Dobkin, Jay, 107–110
Dobson, Shelley, 256–260
Dock, George, 181, 183
Doll, Richard, 183–185
Donora (Pennsylvania), 141–142
Donora Zinc Works, 141
Drakenstein Child Health Study, 146–148
droplet nuclei, 94–95
droplet transmission, 93–95
Duke, James Buchanan “Buck,” 123–125
Duke Cigarettes, 124–125
Duke University, 125
Dupin, Amantine-Lucile-Aurore, 97
dust (beneficial), 153
dust (toxic). See toxic dust exposure
E
Earth, formation of, 3–4
E-cigarette or Vaping Associated Lung Injury (EVALI), 133
e-cigarette use, xv, 133, 187, 267
ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation), 33, 38, 75
education campaign, on infectious diseases, 103–104
Edward I (king), 139
EGFR (endothelial growth factor receptor) protein, 188–190
Egypt (ancient), x, 96–97, 116, 161
Ehrlich, Paul, 101
Eightfold path, 59–60
electronic cigarette use, xv, 133, 187, 267
Ellenbog, Ulrich, 161
emphysema. See chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
endosymbiosis, 9–10
endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein, 188–190
energy production, 10, 149–150, 151, 268
England. See Great Britain
Enlightened One (Buddha), 59, 60
environmental protection, 142, 148–152, 268–269
Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.), 142, 150
eosinophilic pneumonia, 158
ephedra, 78
Ephedra sinica, 78
epifluorescence microscopy, 7
erythromycin, 221
ethnicity
asthma stigmas and, 77
lung cancer and, 186–187
European Environment Agency, 150
European Union, asbestos ban in, 165
eutrophs, 8
EVALI (E-cigarette or Vaping Associated Lung Injury), 133
Evelyn, John, 139–140
evolution
of respiratory system, xii–xiii, 11–15, 195
Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air (Priestly), 28
extra-cellular matrix, 213
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), 33, 38, 75
ex-vivo lung perfusion machine, 212–213
eye infections, 95–96
F
Fanconi, Guido, 219
Feal, John, 159–160
FealGood Foundation, 160
fetal circulation, 44
fight-or-flight mechanism, 65
“final rule,” for lung transplants, 247
Fleming, Alexander, 206
Flügge, Carl, 93
“form follows function,” 31–32
Fracastoro, Girolamo, 99
Fresh Kills (Staten Island dump), 156
Fresno–Madera city area (California), 143, 144
frogs, 15
Fry, Hans Peter, 206
Fumifugium (Evelyn), 139–140
functional dysphonia, 197
fusion energy technology, 151, 268
G
G551D gene mutation, 237, 263–264
Gadekar, Shreekrishna, 176
Galenus, Claudius “Galen,” 23–24, 25, 99, 100
Galileo Galilei, 50
gas-exchange process. See inhalation and exhalation
Genentech, 175–176
genes
autosomal recessive genetic diseases, 220. See also cystic fibrosis
breathing exercises’ effect on, 66
genetic analysis of tumors, 188–189, 190
genetic therapies, 232–233, 241, 268
Geneva Steel mill, 149
geothermal energy, 268
germ theory, 99–102
Gilkes, Marva, 208–209
Giuliani, Rudolph, 156
global greening, 88
globalization, 89–90, 111, 113, 115, 150
goblet cells, 119
Goldfarb, Samuel, 245, 252–253, 256
Goosen, Hendrick, 13
Graub, Kathy, 222–223
Graub, Lee, 222–223
Great Britain
air pollution in, 139–141, 143
asbestos industry in, 162–164
diphtheria outbreak in, 80
emission reduction initiatives, 142
lung cancer cases in, 184–185
tobacco industry in, 122–123, 124
Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), 4–5, 5
Great Smog of London (1952), 140–141
Greece. See ancient Greece
Grossman, Ron, 208–209
Ground Zero clean-up, 154–160
g-tummo meditation, 67
H
Hall, Tom, 209–211
Halligan, Gregory, 171–172
Hamman, Louis, 174
Hardy, James, 204
healing power of breath, 57–68. See also breathing exercises
background for, 57–58
historical context, 58–61
patient story, 61–63
personal mindfulness, 67–68, 199
physiology of, 65–67
as transformational medicine, 63–64
Health and Human Services (U.S.), 247, 251–252
heart disease, 159
heart transplant, 204–205
Herbert, Robin, 157–159
high-throughput screening, 235–238
Hill, Austin, 183–185
Hof, Wim, 67
Hoffman, Caspar, 27
homelessness, 107–110
hormones, 65–66
horse-derived-serum therapy, 81–82
hummingbird, 39
hyaluronan, 177–178
hygiene hypothesis, 72
I
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 169–179
advocacy group for, 179
background, xiii
future research, 179
historical context, 169–170, 174
pathophysiology of, 170, 174–175
patient stories, 171–172, 178–179
toxic dust exposure and, 155, 157, 160, 163, 164
treatment options, 171–173, 174–179
IgE (immunoglobulin E), 86–87, 88
immune system
asthma and, 71–73, 75, 80–84, 88
immunoglobulins and, 84–87, 88
targeted therapy and, 190
immunoglobulin E (IgE), 86–87, 88
incense burning, 116
India
air pollution in, 144–145
asthma cases in, 78
emission reduction initiatives, 150–151
smoking practices in, 116
tuberculosis cases in, 111
indoor air pollution, xiv, 137, 145, 146, 148
Industrial Revolution, 140
infants, 43–56
APGAR score, 43–44
birthing complications, 44–47, 48
lung physiology of, 18, 49–56, 55
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, 49–50, 55–56
patient stories, 44–47, 48–49, 56
premature births, 48–49, 55–56
inflammation
breathing exercises and, xii, 66
as disease theory, 174
post-toxic dust exposure, 158, 159
smoking and, 119–120
inflammatory lung diseases. See toxic dust exposure
inhalation and exhalation, 18–42
gas-exchange impairments and, 28–39, 74–75, 76
gas-exchange process, x–xi, 18–22, 20, 21, 25, 26, 44
historical context, 22–28, 34–36
lung design, 39–42, 42, 169–170
patient story, 29–30, 32–34, 36–37
inner cell mass, 130–131
insects, 11
Interferon Gamma, 175–176
ionocytes, 170
Iowa, 151
IPF. See idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Ishizaka, Kimishige, 84–86
Islip, Adam, 122
ivacaftor (VX-770), 237, 238, 239, 263–264
J
James I (king), 122–123
Japanese Americans, 186
Jespersen, Otto, 195
Johansson, Gunnar, 85–86
Johnson, Mr., 117–118
Joseph, Leonard, 29–30, 32–34, 36–37
K
Kabat-Zinn, Jon, 63–64
Kansas, 151
Kathy and Lee Graub Cystic Fibrosis Center, 224
Kaufman, Matthew, 130–131
Kazakhstan, 111
Kejriwa, Arvind, 145
Kennedy, Jacqueline Bouvier, 48–49
Kennedy, John F., 48–49
Kennedy, Patrick, 48–49
Kershaw, Nellie, 162–163
kidney transplant, 204–205, 248
Klein, Max, 136–138
Koch, Robert, 99–102
Kotton, Darrell, 130, 131–132, 213
Kripalu Center, 61–62
Küstner, Heinz, 83
Kyoto Protocol, 150
L
Laennec, René, 34–35
Lagno, Geralynn, 188–190
Lagno, James “Rocky,” 188–190
Laity, Annabel, 68
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 52
larynx. See voice box dysfunction
Latimeria chalumnae, 14
Latinos, 186
Lavoisier, Antoine, 28
Lectures on the Whole of Anatomy (Harvey), x, 27
Legge, Thomas, 163
Leone, Frank, 125–126, 128–129, 132–134
leukocyte trafficking, 170
Lindsay, John, 109
Lioy, Paul J., 156
lipase, 221
liver transplants, 204–205, 247–248
Loftus, Eileen, 141–142
Lower, William, 196
lumacaftor, 239
Lung Allocation Score (LAS), 247–249
lung cancer, 180–191
asbestos exposure and, 164
causes, xiii, 183–185, 186, 191
diagnosis, 181–183
ethnicity and, 186–187
pathophysiology of, 180–181
patient stories, 181–183, 188–190
prevalence of, xiii
prognosis, 185–186
research funding for, xiii
smoking and, 183–185, 186–187, 191
stigma of, xiii–xiv
toxic dust exposure and, 160
treatment, 187–190
lungs
defenses for, 153
diseases of, xiii–xv. See also air pollution; asthma; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19 outbreak; cystic fibrosis; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; lung cancer; smoking and smokers; toxic dust exposure; tuberculosis
evolution of, xii–xiii, 11–15, 195
life-giving power of, ix–x
microbiome of, 146–147
premature births and, 48–49, 55–56. See also infants
pulmonary circulation, 12, 19–21, 21, 24–28, 26, 44
respiration, x–xi, 18–42. See also inhalation and exhalation
stem cells of, 131–132, 174–175
structure of, 39–42, 42, 169–170. See also specific structures
lung transplant, 204–213
donor shortages, 212–213
“final rule,” 247
first successful transplant, 209–211
future research, 213
historical context, 204–205
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treatment, 171–173
procedure development, 205–209
survival rate, 211
under-twelve rule, 245–246, 248–253
waiting lists, 246–247
lymphocytes, 80, 174, 175, 190
M
macrophages, 174
magnetic sphere, 17
ma huang tea, 78
Malpighi, Marcello, 27
“Mandatory Action Day,” 144
Margolin, Samuel, 176
Marnac, 176
Mars, 16–17
Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment (MOXIE), 16
Martin, Gail, 130–131
masks, 95, 135, 154–156, 161, 162
mass education campaign, 103–104
massive dust exposures, 154–160
mass-produced rolled cigarette, 123–124
May, J. G., 140
Mayo, William J., 196
McQueen, Steve, 164
Mead, Jere, 50
meditation, 58, 60, 63–64, 66–67
Meehan, Pat, 251
MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) virus, 92
mesothelioma, 164–165
miasma theory of disease, 99, 100
microbiome, 146–147
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) virus, 92
Milstein, Claudio, 195–199, 200–201, 202–203
mindfulness movement, ix–x, 60–61, 63–65, 67–68
mindfulness training, 63–65, 199
The Miracle of Mindfulness (Hanh), ix
Mississippi, 151
molecular mimicry theory, 72
Montreal Protocol (1987), 150
morphine, 79
MOXIE (Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment), 16
mucociliary escalator, 180–181
mucus-secreting cells, 169
mudskippers, 14–15
multisystem medical approach, 224
Munch, Edvard, 98–99
Murnaghan, Janet, 243–246, 249–253
Murnaghan, Sarah, 243–246, 249–256
Murray, Aubrey, 199–201
Musial, Lukasz, 142
N
National Cancer Act (1971), 187
National Institutes of Health, 224–225
Native American civilizations, 78, 122
Native Hawaiians, 186
natural cigarettes, 127
Neff, Kevin, 197–198
Negulescu, Paul, 235, 236, 239
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, 49–50, 55–56
neonatology, 56
newts, 15
New York City
diphtheria outbreak in, 81
heat wave of 1948, 220–221
tuberculosis outbreak in, 102–104, 107–110
World Trade Center clean-up, 154–160
Nguyen, Mr., 73–75
Nicotiana tabacum, 123
nicotine replacement, 129, 132–133
9/11 dust exposure, 154–160
9/11 Responders Remembered Park, 159–160
nintedanib, 177
nucleus accumbens, 126–127
O
Obama, Barack, 187
occupational lung diseases, 160–165
oceans
cyanobacteria colonization in, 6–7
energy production and, 151
fish evolution and, 4, 11–13, 15
formation of, 4
water-to-land transition of organisms, 13–15
Ochsner, Alton, 181, 183
oligotrophs, 8–9
Olsen, Merlin, 164–165
omentum, 208
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood (De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis) (Harvey), 25
On the Poisonous Wicked Fumes and Smokes of Metals (Ellenbog), 161
opium, 79
Organ Procurement Transplant Network (OPTN), 250–251, 252
organ transplant. See specific organs
Orkambi, 239–240
Osler, William, 174
oxygen, 3–17
colonization of space and, 15–17
cyanobacteria and, 5–10
discovery of, 28
gas-exchange impairments and, 28–39, 74–75, 76
gas-exchange process and, x–xi, 12, 15, 19–22, 21, 24–28, 26, 44
importance of, 3–4
natural history of, 3–10
plant life and, 10–11
water-to-land transition, 13–15
oxygen sinks, 4–5
P
pancreatic cancer, xiii
pancreatic enzymes, 221, 222, 264
panic disorders, 158
Panitch, Howard, 244–245, 254, 257
parasympathetic nervous system, 65
Paris Agreement, 150
particulate matter (PM) exposure
air pollution and, 138–139, 142–143, 144, 149, 150
toxic dust exposure, 153–165. See also toxic dust exposure
Pasteur, Louis, 101
Pauw, Peter, 218
pembrolizumab, 190
Pennsylvania, 141–142
Pentagon clean-up (post 9/11), 155
Pershing, John, 183
Persia, 58
personalized medicine, 187–190, 268
personal protective equipment, 95, 135, 154–156, 161, 162
PF Warrior, 179
Phillips, John, 196
phycoerythrin, 7
pipes. See smoking and smokers
Pittsburgh International Lung Conference, 174–175
Pliny the Elder, 162
pluripotent cell lines, 130–132
pneumocytes (type I & II), 169
pneumonia
causes, 112, 136–138, 146–148, 149, 158
lungs for transplant with, 253
pathophysiology of, 35, 75–76, 94
patient story, 29–30, 35. See also acute respiratory distress syndrome
treatment, 104
point mutations, 227–228
P100 masks, 155
post-traumatic stress disorder, 66, 159
power plants, 142
Prausnitz, Carl, 83
premature births, 48–49
Priestley, Joseph, 28
Principles and Practice of Medicine (Osler), 174
protease, 221
Proust, Marcel, 79
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 259–260
public health approach
to COVID-19 outbreak, 89–90, 113–115
to diphtheria, 81
to tuberculosis, 89–90, 102–104, 107–110
pulmonary circulation, x–xi, 12, 15, 19–21, 21, 24–28, 26, 44
pulmonary fibrosis. See idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary Physiology (West), 31
Q
Quebec, 164
Quintana, Ernest, 58
Quinton, Paul, 231–232
R
radon gas, 191
Raleigh, Walter, 122
Ramazzini, Bernardino, 161
Ramirez, Maximilian, 83
reagin research, 83–87
receptor biology, 129, 132–133
regenerative medicine, 129–132, 213
Research Development Program (RDP) centers, 226
respiration. See inhalation and exhalation
respiratory distress syndrome (neonatal), 49–50, 55–56
respiratory system
diseases of, xiii–xv. See also asthma; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19 outbreak; cystic fibrosis; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; lung cancer; tuberculosis; voice box dysfunction
environmental effects and. See air pollution; climate change; smoking and smokers; toxic dust exposure
evolution of, xii–xiii, 4, 11–15
of infants, 43–56. See also infants
respiration, x–xii, 18–42. See also inhalation and exhalation
structures of, xi–xii. See also diaphragm; infants; lungs; trachea
Rich, Arnold, 174
Richard Nixon, 187
Rolfe, John, 123
Rome. See ancient Rome
S
Salt Lake City, 144
saltwater bacteria, 5–10
salty skin test, 218, 221, 231–232
Sand, George, 97
Sandoz, 206
sarcoid pneumonia, 158
SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) viruses, 89, 92, 113. See also COVID-19 outbreak
scarring of lungs, 158
Scythians, 116
sea-coal, 139–140
seals, 97
Seattle, 114
serum and serum therapy, 81–84
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) viruses, 89, 92, 113. See also COVID-19 outbreak
Shaw, Alice, 189–190
Shining Star Award, 254–255
Shwachman, Harry, 224
Siberia, Scythians of, 116
The Sick Child (Munch), 98–99
skin cancers, 159
Smith, James, 13–14
smog, 140–142
smoking and smokers, 116–134
addiction and, 125–127, 128–129, 132–134
diseases associated with, xiii. See also chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; lung cancer
historical context, 116–117, 122–125
mortality rate, 117
particles in smoke, 127–128, 146, 147–148
pathophysiology of, 117, 119–120, 121
patient story, 117–118, 120–122
positive effects of quitting, 120–122
prevalence of, 117, 125, 132, 133, 267, 269
tobacco industry and, 78, 123–125, 127–128, 183–184, 185
Soap Bubbles (Boys), 52
soil bacteria, 206
solar system, 3
soul, x
South Africa, 111, 136–138, 145–148
South America (precolonial), 97
South Korea, 115
spheres, 52–53
spiders, 11
Staphylococcus aureus, 94
Staten Island dump (Fresh Kills), 156
State of the Air 2019 report (American Lung Association), 143, 151
status asthmaticus, 73–75
stem cells, 38–39, 129–132, 174–175, 213
Strabo, 162
stramonium, 78
streptomycin, 105–106
strokes, 159
suicide rate, 57
supraglottic airway collapse, 200–201
surface tension, 52–56
swim bladder, 12
Symdeko, 240
sympathetic nervous system, 65
Synechococcus sp., 9
syrinx, 195
T
targeted therapy, 188–189, 190
Taylor, Stephen, 89
temperature inversion, 140–142, 144
terraforming, 16
terramycin, 221
Texas, 151
thyroid cancer, 159
Tibetan Buddhism, 59
toads, 15
tobacco and tobacco industry, 78, 123–125, 127–128, 183–184, 185. See also smoking and smokers
Tobacco Industry Research Committee, 185
Tolypocladium inflatum, 206
Toomey, Pat, 251
toxic dust exposure, 153–165
background, 153–154
occupational lung diseases, 160–165
pathophysiological effects of, 157–159
patient stories, 154–155, 156–157, 158, 162–163
World Trade Center clean-up and, 154–160
trachea, xi, 19, 20, 169, 192, 193
transformational medicine, 63–64, 67–68
A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest (Laennec), 34
A Treatise on the Diseases of Workers (De Morbis Artificum Diatriba) (Ramazzini), 161
Trikafta, 240–241
trophoblast, 130
Truman, Harry S., 142
Tsui, Lap-Chee, 226–227, 228–231, 239
tuberculosis, 89–111
causes, 99–102
historical context, 96–102
life cycle of, 104–105
patient stories, 89–92
prevalence of, 107–110, 111, 267
public health approach to, 89–90, 102–104, 107–110
resurgence of, 107–110
stigma of, xiv
transmission of, 92–96
treatment, 90–92, 104–106, 109–110
vaccine possibilities, 268
tummo meditation, 67
Turner Brothers Asbestos Company, 162–163
U
Ukraine, 111
under-twelve rule, for lung transplants, 245–246, 248–253
United Kingdom. See Great Britain
United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), 250
United States
air pollution in, 140, 141–142, 143–144, 267
asbestos cases in, 164–165
asbestos mining in, 164
California wildfires, xv, 151, 267
COVID-19 outbreak approach, 113–115
diphtheria outbreak in, 81
emission reduction initiatives, 142, 148–152, 268
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis cases in, 179
leading cause of death in, xiv
lung cancer cases in, 183, 186–187, 267
lung transplants in, 211, 248, 250
neonatal respiratory distress cases in, 48–49
New York City heat wave (1948), 220–221
stress-related health issues in, 58
tobacco and smoking habits of Americans, 123, 183, 186–187, 267
tobacco industry in, 122–125
toxic dust exposure cases in, 154–160
tuberculosis cases in, 97, 102–104, 107–110, 111, 267
UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing), 250
U.S. Centers for Disease for Control and Prevention. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 247, 251–252
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 142, 150
U.S. Technical Conference on Air Pollution, 142
universe, formation of, 3–5
Utah Valley, 149
V
Van Goor, Fred, 238
Varenicline, 129
vase breathing, 67
ventilation. See inhalation and exhalation
ventilation, of buildings, 161
ventral tegmental area (VTA), 126–127, 128
venture philanthropy, 237–239
vertebrate evolution, 4, 10–15
Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 237–240, 263
Vick, Bill, 178–179
Villemin, Jean-Antoine, 99
viral vector transfer, 232–233
Virchow, Rudolf, 185
vocal cord dysfunction, 195, 199, 202–203
vocal cords, 192–195, 193, 200
voice box (larynx) dysfunction, 193–203
Cleveland Clinic and, 196–197, 201–203
pathophysiology of, 194–196
patient stories, 197–201
voice box anatomy, 193–195, 193
voice production, 192–195
von Behring, Emil, 81
von Pirquet, Clemens, 82
von Rokitansky, Carl, 218
VX-770 (ivacaftor), 237, 238, 239, 263–264
W
walking catfish, 12
Waterbury, John, 5–10
Weintraub, Amy, 61
well-being, sense of, 65, 127, 128
Wells, William, 94
West, John B., 30–32, 38, 39–40
Western Australia, 164
white blood cells, 80, 81–82, 86–87, 170
white plague, 97
Whitman, Christine Todd, 155–156
wind energy, 268
Wolf, Virginia, 61
wood burning pollution, 135, 138–139, 143, 144
World Health Organization (WHO), xiv, 135, 144
World Trade Center clean-up, 154–160
World War I veterans, 183
worms, 11
Wyman, Morrill, 79
X
Xolair, 87
Y
Yamanaka, Shinya, 131
Yoga for Depression (Weintraub), 63
Young, Thomas, 52
Z
Zar, Heather, 145–148
Zen Buddhism, 59
Zevon, Warren, 164