Page numbers in italics refer to figures. Page numbers in bold refer to tables.
Abington School District v. Schempp (1963) 37
abortion issues 38
abstinence-only education 43–4
academic achievement 183
Academic Olympiad 301
academic standards control 251–4
Achieve, Inc. 297
Addams, Jane 277
adequate yearly progress (AYP) 222, 222, 258
Adkins, J.D.C. 153
Adler v. Board of Education of New York (1952) 291
Advanced Placement (AP) US History curriculum 3–4
Affirming Diversity: The Sociopolitical Context of Multicultural Education (Nieto) 185, 198
African Americans: Afrocentric curriculum 196; Anglo-Saxon culture 6; bilingual education 197; ethnocentric education 195; immigration concerns 118–19; multicultural education 194; perstudent school expenditures 138; recognition of a bilingual culture 166; student demographics 216
Afrocentric curriculum 196
Afrocentricity (Asante) 196
Age Discrimination Act (1975) 224
AIDS/HIV education programs 40, 41, 44
Alexander, Karl 82
All Deliberate Speed: Segregation and Exclusion in California Schools, 1855–1975 (Wollenberg) 149, 151, 161
American Association of University Professors (AAUP) 284
American Association of University Women 127
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) 286–7, 291
American College Testing Program (ACT) 253
American Declaration of Independence (1776) 67
American education (federal and state control of schools): charter schools 223–9, 225, 226, 227, 229; conclusion 237–8; education chair 214–15; for-profit global education corporations 229–32; home schooling 232–4; online and distance learning 235, 235–7, 237; overview 213–14; school boards 215, 215–17, 216, 217; school choice 217–19; school choice and religion 35–8, 219–21, 233, 234; see also Common Core States Standards; education; equality of opportunity in education; No Child Left Behind Act; Race to the Top; social education in schools; teaching profession; U.S. Department of Education
American exceptionalism 11
American Federation of Teachers (AFT): brief history 277–80; job satisfaction of teachers 265; overview 272–3; performance-based pay 280–1; teacher salaries 270; tenure and academic freedom under 284
The American Federation of Teachers, 1916–1961 (Eaton) 279
American Home Economics Association 53
American Legion 15
American Presidency Project 25
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009) 244
American Revolution 67
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 134–5
The American Teacher: Evolution of a Profession in a Democracy (Elsbree) 267
Amrein, Audrey 256
anti-bias and tolerance education 188–91
Anti-Bias Education for Young Children and Ourselves (Derman-Sparks, Edwards) 189–90
Asante, Molefi Kete 196
Asian Americans: Anglo-Saxon culture 6; earnings 77; immigrant education 164; students, in schools 157–62, 158–9
Asian/Pacific Islander language 168
Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD) 275
at-risk students: obesity concerns 55; sharing information with 51; social class and 81–2, 101; STDs and 42
autism 131
Bailey, Beth 39
Ball, Stephen J. 231
Barton, David 19
Beecher, Catherine 266
Bell, Daniel 91
Bellamy, Francis 15
Best, Amy 39
Bethel v. Fraser (1986) 24
Biddle, Bruce 94
bilingual education 196, 197–8
Bilingual Education Act (1968) 200
Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs 197
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 45, 82, 249
Billups, Andrea 233
birth control debate 4, 38, 41
Blake, Mariah 19
Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County et al. v. Earls et al. (2002) 57
Board of Education v. James (1972) 292
Board of Island Union Free School District v. Steven A. Pico (1982) 21
brain drain concerns 176
Branson, Zachary 264
Braun, Henry 256
Brown, Phillip 96
Brown, William 146
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) 124–5
Budde, Ray 223
Bureau of Indian Affairs 155–6
Bureau of Indian Education Study Group 157
Bureau of Justice Statistics 52
Bureau of Labor Statistics 75
Bush, Jeb 235
California Board of Education 149
California Bureau of Instruction 148
California State Department of Education 150
Calvin, John 18
Capteron, Gaston 253
Carlisle Indian School 153
Carneal, Michael 50
Carr, Sarah 59
Carter, Jimmy 276
Castells, Manuel 93
Caughey, John 150
Cavanagh, Sean 281
censorship and public schooling 17–21
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 43–4
Chan Yong 159
Character Education Partnership 46–7
charter schools 223–9, 225, 226, 227, 229
Chicago Teachers Federation 277
Chicano Education in the Era of Segregation (Gonzalez) 149
Child Nutrition Bill (2010) 55
child-rearing and social/cultural capital 104–8, 106
Chin, Frank 161
Chinese Exclusion Law 160
Chinese immigrants 118, 157–8, 162–3
Chinese students, cultural worldview 177–8
Chiras, David D. 18
Choy, Susan 270
Christianity 36
Cinco de Mayo holiday 151
Cisernos v. Corpus Christi Independent School District (1970) 151
Civic Education Study (CIVED) 306
Civilization Fund Act (1819) 151–2
Civil Rights Act (1964) 125, 166, 224, 246
Civil Rights Restoration Act (1987) 128
Clinton, Bill 94
Coalition of American Public Employees (CAPE) 276
Coleman, David 10
collective bargaining 275–6, 281–2
Columbine High School massacre 49–50
Committee of Ten on Secondary School Studies 274
Commodore Stockton School 162
Common Core States Standards (CCSS): bilingual education and 198–201; controversial requirements of 244; federal and state power 250–1; literacy and 10–11; longitudinal studies on 256; overview 7–9; parental reaction to 232; preparting vs. protecting students 9–10; as skills-based curriculum 74, 299; Teaching Tolerance program 190; United States publishing tests 230
common-school model in equality of opportunity 68–70, 69
Computers in Education Study (COMPED) 306
The Condition of Education 2002 report 82
The Condition of Education 2008 report 168
The Condition of Education 2010 report 168–9
The Condition of Education 2012 report 112
The Condition of Education 2013 report 232
The Condition of Education 2014 report 51, 83, 162, 167–9, 245
Confucius/Confucianism 178–80, 298
consumerism and human capital theory 297–9
Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)130
Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO) 250
counteracademic attitudes and behaviors 184, 195
Cox, Owen 151
crime reduction in schools 47–51, 48, 49
Crossroads Collaborative 45
cultural rights and language 201–3
Cummins, Mary 44
Dale, Roger 296
Data Quality Campaign (DQC) 249–50
Daughters of the American Revolution 15
deaf-blindness of students 131
Declaration of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights 203
defining race, legal problems 116–18
Delinquency Prevention Project 102
Dell, Michael 97
Democratic National Platform (2012) 11
Derman-Sparks, Louise 189
deskilling, defined 95
developmental delay 132
disability categories 131–3, 132
Diversity Immigrant Visa Program 145–6
dominant cultures 181
Drucker, Peter 91
drug and alcohol abuse education 56–8
drug-free zones 51
Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort 108, 110
earnings by educational attainment 75
Eaton, William Edward 279
Eckholm, Erik 52
economic goals of schooling: child-rearing and social/cultural capital 104–8, 106; conclusion 113; family learning and success 108–13, 109, 110, 111, 112; global knowledge economy 93–5; human capital theory 90–3, 92, 95–6, 98–100; investments in schools 96–8; overview 89–90; Perry Preschool study 99, 101–4, 102, 104
economic power and multicultural education 193–5
Economic Success Economic Summit on Early Childhood Investment 89
Eder, Jeanne 152
Edley, Christopher, Jr. 126
education: abstinence-only education 43–4; AIDS/HIV education programs 40, 41, 44; bilingual education 196, 197–8; character education 45–7; drug and alcohol abuse education 56–8; ethnocentric education 195–7; for-profit global education corporations 229–32; immigrant education 162–5, 163, 164; nutrition education in schools 53–6; online and distance learning 235, 235–7, 237; shadow education system 310–12; see also American education; equality of opportunity in education; globalization of education; multicultural/multilingual education; political goals of public schooling; sex education; social education in schools
educational attainment of immigrants 162–5, 163, 164
Educational Testing Service (ETS) 256, 307–8
Education and Correctional Populations, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report 48
Education and Skills 2.0 report 300
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975) 130, 134
Education for the Knowledge Economy (EKE) 304
Education Industry Association (EIA) 231–2
Edwards, Julie Olsen 189
Egan, Timothy 55
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) 246
Eliot, Charles 274
Elk Grove Unified School District 16
Ellison, Larry 97
El Salvador 119
Elsbree, Willard S. 267
emotional disturbance 132
Endangering Prosperity: A Global View of the American School (Hanushek, Woessman, Peterson) 74
Engel v. Vitale (1962) 37
English Language Acquisition Act (2001) 198–201
English-language learners (ELL) 167
Enlightenment curriculum 18
Entwistle, Doris 82
Environmental Science: Creating a Sustainable Future (Chiras) 18
equality of opportunity in education: census and race 120–3, 121; common-school model 68–70, 69; conclusion 86, 138; defining race, legal problems 116–18; desegregating schools 125–6; disability categories 131–3, 132; education and income 74–6, 75; federal and state control of schools 254–5; Fourteenth Amendment 123–5, 124; high-stakes testing model 72–3, 73; Immigration Act and 118–20; inclusion 134–5; income inequality and schools 77–9, 78, 79; individualized education plan 133–4; labor market bias 76, 76–7; No Child Left Behind Act 136–8; overview 66–8, 116; in rich/poor school districts 79–81, 80; school models for 68; social class and at-risk students 81–2; social reproduction 85–6; sorting-machine model 70–1, 71; students with disabilities 129–30; tests as predictors of economic conditions 74; tracking and ability grouping 84–5; UNESCO and 135–6; for women 127–9
Establishment Clause 219
extra-curricular activities in schools 58–9
failing school choice 218
family learning and success 108–13, 109, 110, 111, 112
federal and state control of schools: categorical federal aid 246–7; conclusion 259; equality of opportunity 254–5; overview 244; policy influence 244–6, 245; student privacy and big data 249–50; test cheating behavior 257–9; testing and academic standards 251–4; see also American education; Common Core States Standards; No Child Left Behind; Race to the Top
Federal Reserve’s Survey of Consumer Finances 79
Fedullo, Mick 182
Fight Crime: Invest in Kids 52
First International Mathematics Study (FIMS) 306
Fischer, Louis 289
Florida Virtual School (FLVS) 235–6
for-profit global education corporations 229–32
for-profit shadow education system 310–12
Fourteenth Amendment 123–5, 124–5, 165–6
Fraser, Matthew 24
free-market economics 218
free or reduced price lunch (FRPL) program 112
Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment 21
From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America (Bailey) 39
Fry, Richard 79
Future of Sex Education 42
García, Lily Eskelsen 276
Gates, Bill 97
Gates Foundation see Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
gay rights issues see lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning sexual orientation
Gay-Straight Alliance Network 45
Gebser, Alida 290
Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District (1998) 290
General Agreement on Trade in Services’ (GATS) 304–5
General Educational Development (GED) certificate 83, 100
Geographic Concentration of High-Income Households (2007–2011) 80
The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently … and Why (Nisbett) 176
Gewertz, Catherine 10
Glass, Gene 257
globalization of education: conclusion 312; global education business 304–5; human capital economics 297–9; multicultural/multilingual education 201–3; overview 296–7; shadow education system 310–12; as skills-based 299–300
Godwin, William 14
Golden, Andrew 50
Goldin, Claudia 97
Gonzalez, Gilbert 149
good citizenship, defined 28, 28
Goodlad, John 269
government-issued vouchers 219
Grant, Carl 185
Great Depression 145
Great Recession 79
Grove City College v. Bell (1983) 127–8
A Guide to Education and No Child Left Behind report 94
gun-free zones 51
Gurría, Angel 302
Gutierrez, Ramon 148
Guttmacher Institute 43
Guzman, William 150
Hacker, Andrew 97
Hall, George 118
Harlow, Caroline Wolf 48
Harris, Eric 50
Harris, William T. 154
Haurin, Donald 252
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlemier (1988) 23
hearing impairment 132
Heitin, Liana 273
Heritage Foundation 20
Heritage Keepers Abstinence Education 42
Herold, Benjamin 249
Hess, Frederick 215
Higher Education Act (1972) 127, 246
High/Scope Foundation 101, 103
high-stakes testing: equality of opportunity and 254–5; federal and state control of schools 251–4; longitudinal research on 255–7; overview 72–3, 73; test cheating behavior 257–9
Hispanic Americans: earnings 77; ethnocentric education 195; exclusion from citizenship 146; per-student school expenditures 138; student demographics 216
Home School Legal Defense Association 232, 233, 234
Houston Board of Education 252
Huck’s Raft: A History of American Childhood (Mintz) 9
Human Capital (Becker) 91
human capital theory: consumerism and 297–9; OECD and 300–2; overview 90–3, 92, 95–6; preschool and soft skills 98–100; World Bank and 302–4
Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez (Rodriguez) 184
hybridization, defined 180
The Idea of Civil Society (Seligman) 17
Igoa, Cristina 182
illegal immigrants 188
immigrant cultures 5–6, 181–2, 188
immigrant educational attainment 162–5, 163, 164
Immigration Act (1965) 118–20, 144–6
inclusion in equality of opportunity 134–5
income inequality and schools 77–9, 78, 79
Indian Constitution 202
Indian Education: A National Tragedy – A National Challenge report 155
Indian Education Act (1972) 156
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975) 156
individualized education plan (IEP) 133–4
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 130, 131, 135, 224
Inequality at the Starting Gate: Social Background Differences in Achievement as Children Begin School (Lee, Burkham) 108
Inequality in America: What Role for Human Capital Policies? (Carneiro, Heckman) 99
Information Technology in Education (ITE) 306
Inheriting the City: The Children of Immigrants Come of Age (2008) 119, 120
The Inner World of the Immigrant Child (Igoa) 182
International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) 27, 74, 305–6
International Mathematics Study (SIMS) 306
International Science Study (ISS) 306
Islamic governments 298
Jackson, Stonewall 20
Jacobson, Lenore 84
Japanese American Citizens League 160
Japanese students, cultural worldview 177–8
Jehovah’s Witnesses 24
Jenkins, Bruce 290
Jobs, Steve 97
job-training programs 92, 100–1
Johnson, Mitchell 50
Jones, James 188
Kaplan Learning Centers 311–12
Katz, Lawrence 97
Kaufman, Marc 58
Kelly, Cynthia 289
Kennedy, Anthony M. 221
Kennedy, Edward 276
Kennedy, John F. 155
Keyishian v. Board of Regents of New York (1967) 291
Kimmel, Mary 272
Kinkel, Kipland 50
Klebold, Dylan 50
Klein, Alyson 248
Klein, Joel 252
Klicka, Christopher J. 233
Knight, Jane 305
knowing/seeing the world, cultural differences 176–8
Kochhar, Rakesh 79
Kumon Learning Centers 311
Lacks, Cecil 288
La Farge, Oliver 155
Landgraf, Kurt 308
language: bilingual education 196, 197–8; cultural and language conflicts 144; cultural rights and 201–3; of school-age children 167, 167–9, 168, 169; schools and 165–7; speech/language impairment 133; teacher preparation over language diversity 169–70, 170; see also multicultural/multilingual education
Languages in Education Study (LES) 306
Lanza, Adam 50
Laszloffy, Jeff 38
Lauder, Hugh 96
Lau et al. v. Nichols et al. (1964) 165
League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) 150
Lee, Mary Bo-Tze 162
Lee, Robert 160
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning sexual orientation (LGBTQ) 38, 44–5, 128
Levitt, Theodore 296
Lewin, Tamar 10
Light of the Feather: Pathways Through Contemporary Indian America (Fedullo) 182
limited-English-proficient (LEP) 168–9
local education authority (LEA) 222
Lodato, Neil 45
Long, Cindy 281
Loukatis, Barry 50
low academic effort syndrome 183–4
low-income private school vouchers 218
Lusk, Raymond 58
McCarran-Walter Act (1952) 160
McGraw-Hill Education 231, 253
McMillen, Constance 45
McNamara, Robert 303
McWalters, Peter J. 259
Making a Difference 42
Mann, Horace: equality of opportunity 67–8, 80; human capital theory 90; introduction 5, 13–14; moral teaching in schools 36; overview 24; quest for a crime-free society 47, 49; social education 33–4
The Manufactured Crisis: Myths, Fraud and the Attack on America’s Public Schools (Berliner, Biddle) 94
Marshall, Peter 19
Martin Luther King Junior Elementary School Children et al. v. Ann Arbor School District (1979) 166
Massachusetts Board of Education 13
Massachusetts Supreme Court 16
Meeks, Olivia 215
Mendez, Gonzalo 150
Mendez et al. v. Westminster School District of Orange County (1946) 150
mental retardation 132
Metzger, Tom 190
Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) 151
Mexican Americans: Anglo-Saxon culture 6; bilingual education 197, 198; citizenship to 34; cultural and language conflicts 144; employment discrimination 183; immigrant education 164; students in schools 146, 146–51, 147
Michael and Susan Dell Foundation 249
middle-class parents 106, 106–7
Mintz, Steven 9
Minzu University 204
Moisse, Katie 41
Montana Family Foundation 38
Moral Majority 20
Morgan, Thomas J. 154
Morones, Alyssa 221
Mueller v. Allen (1983) 220
multicultural/multilingual education: anti-bias and tolerance 188–91; biculturalism 179–81; bilingual education 196, 197–8; bilingual education, end of 198–201; conclusion 207–8; cultural differences between 181–2; differences in knowing/seeing the world 176–8; for economic power 193–5; empowerment through 185–7; ethnocentric education 195–7; globalization 201–3; global migration 174–6; global responses to 204–7, 205; overview 174; racism and 187–8; sexism and 191–3
multinational corporations 297
multiple disabilities 132
Mulvey, Cindy 253
Murdoch, Rupert 230
Nader, Ralph 20
National Alliance for Public Charter Schools 225, 226–7
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) 254
National Association for Retarded Children 130
National Association for the Education of Young Children 189
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion 55
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) 131, 143, 167
National Center for Fair and Opening Testing 8
National Council on Teacher Quality 169
National Crime Prevention Council 51
National Defense Education Act (NDEA) 246, 275
National Education Association
(NEA): brief history 274–6; collective bargaining and 281–2; extracurricular activities 58; overview 272–3; Pledge of Allegiance concerns 15; sex education 38–9; social function of education 34; teacher salaries 270; tenure and academic freedom under 284
National Education Summit 79
National Governors Association 7, 8, 297
National Governors Association Center for Best Practices (NGA Center) 250
National Institutes of Health 58
National Organization for Women (NOW) 127
National Republican Platform (2012) 11
National Rifle Association 20
National School Lunch Program 56
National Science Foundation 249
National Service Learning Clearinghouse 16–17
national standards 6
Native Americans: bilingual education 197–9; cultural and language conflicts 144; ethnocentric education 195; exclusion from citizenship 117–18, 146–7; exploitation of 67; introduction 6, 34; per-student school expenditures 138; students in schools 151–7, 152
Naturalization Act (1790) 67, 117, 157–9
Naturalization Act (1970) 145
Neill, Monty 259
The New Basis of Civilization (Patten) 298
Newdow, Michael 16
New York Board of Regents 37
New York Teachers Federation 279
New York Workingman’s Party 69–70
Nichols, Sharon 257
No Child Left Behind Act (2002) 38, 41–2, 46, 56; bilingual education 197; certification of teachers and 268–9; children with disabilities and 136–8; federal and state power 247–8; funding 244, 245; high-stakes testing under 252, 254, 257; impact on local control 213–14; justification for 94; as public school choice plan 221–3, 222
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) 297
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson) 12
nutrition education in schools 53–6
NYOS Charter School 226
Obama, Michelle 55
Oberti v. Board of Education of the Borough of Clementon School District (1992) 134
Obesity Prevention and Treatment Act (2002) 55
O’Connor, Sandra Day 290
O’Donoghue, Steve 55
Office of Civil Rights (OCR) 128
Office of Economic Opportunity 155
Office of Juvenile Justice 102
Oliver v. Michigan State Board of Education (1974) 126
online and distance learning 235, 235–7, 237
Orel, Steve 259
Orfield, Gary 126
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 74, 226, 297, 299–302
orthopedic impairment 132
Out of Many: A History of the American People textbook 18–19
Palmer v. Board of Education (1979) 288
Pang, Valerie Ooka 161
Partnership for 21st Century Skills 89
Patten, Simon 298
Peak to Peak Charter School 225, 226–7, 227
Pearson Educational Measurement 253
Pearson VUE 307
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) 130
Perdue, Sonny 8
Perfection Salad: Women and Cooking at the Turn of the Century (Shapiro) 54
Perot, Ross 20
Perry Preschool study 99, 101–4, 102, 104
Peter Marshall Ministries 19
Peterson, Paul E. 74
Pickering v. Board of Education of Township High School (1967) 285–6
Pilot Project Scholarship Program 219–20
Pitt, Leonard 148
A Place Called School (Goodlad) 269
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 116, 124
Pole, J.R. 67
political goals of public schooling: censorship and 17–21; conclusion 29; controversy over 4–5; courts and 21–4; fruits of 24–9, 25, 26, 28; historical goals 5–7, 6; impact of 10–11; overview 3–4, 11–14; values and patriotism, teaching concerns 14–17
Porter, E. Clarke 307
poverty guidelines 111
Prater, Michele 281
Pratt, Richard 153
pregnancy rates of teens 43
Prejudice and Racism (Jones) 188
Preparing America’s Students for College and Career initiative 8–9
Preprimary Education (PPP) 306
preschool and human capital theory 98–100
Prince, Phoebe 52
professionalization 298
Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 74, 225–6, 301–2
Programme on Educational Building (PEB) 302
Prom Night: Youth, Schools, and Popular Culture (Best) 39
Promoting Health Among Teens–Abstinence Only 42
ProofWriter tool 308
public-private school choice 218
Pygmalion in the Classroom (Rosenthal, Jacobson) 84
Quindlen, Anna 16
race and census report 120–3, 121; see also student diversity
The Race Between Education and Technology (Goldin, Katz) 97
Race to the Top: certification of teachers and 268–9; federal and state power and 248; funding 244, 245; introduction 7; student achievement data 249
racism and multicultural education 187–8
Ramsey, James 152
Raymond, Margaret 256
Rehabilitation Act (1973) 224
Reid, Karla Scoon 232
religion and school choice 35–8, 219–21, 233, 234
Reyhner, Jon 152
Rice Boarding School in Arizona 154
Rich, Motoko 81
Richards, Ellen 54
The Rights of Teachers (Rubins) 286–7
The Rise of the Network Society (Castells) 93
Robertson, Susan 296
Rodriguez, Daniel 151
Rodriguez, Richard 184
Rosenthal, Robert 84
Ross, Edward 36
Rough Rock Demonstration School 155
Rubins, David 286
Rumberger, Russell 82
Russian Federation 175
Russo v. Central School District No. 1 (1972) 288
Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre 50
Sanger, Margaret 19
San Miquel, Guadalupe, Jr. 149
Schimmel, David 289
Schlafly, Phyllis 20
Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) 253
school boards 215, 215–17, 216, 217
School Boards Circa 2010: Governance in the Accountability Era (Hess, Meeks) 215
School Breakfast Program 56
school choice: No Child Left Behind as 221–3, 222; overview 217–19; public-private school choice 218; public school choice 217–18; religion and 35–8, 219–21, 233, 234
School Crime Watch 51
Schooling in Capitalist America (Bowles, Gintis) 86
school tuition organizations (STOs) 221
Schrum, Kelly 40
Schwarzenegger, Arnold 234
Schweitzer, Brian 89
Sedensky, Stephen, III 50
segregation in schools 34, 80, 126–7, 161–2
Seligman, Adam 17
SETCLAE: Self-Esteem Through Culture Leads to Academic Excellence 195
sex education: controversial requirements 244; introduction 9; as social goal 34, 38–44, 43, 60; teachers of 42
sexism and multicultural education 191–3
sexual harassment/violence 128, 290
shadow education system 310–12
Shanker, Albert 223
Shapiro, Laura 54
Shapleigh, Eliot 19
Sheehan, Margaret 289
Shore, Grace 18
SiHLE-Sisters, Informing, Healing, Living, Empowering 42
skills-based education 299–300
Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove 201
Sleeter, Christine 185
Smith, J. Michael 232
social class and at-risk students 81–2
social education in schools: bullying and cyberbullying 52–3; character education 45–7; conclusion 59–60; crime reduction and 47–9, 48, 49; drug and alcohol abuse 56–8; extra-curricular activities 58–9; for LGBTQ groups 44–5; moral values 35–8; nutrition 53–6; overview 33–5; sex education 38–44, 43, 60; student violence 49–51
socioeconomic status (SES) 109, 109–10, 110
soft skills and human capital theory 98–100
sorting-machine model 70–1, 71
South America 120
Southern Poverty Law Center 190
specific learning disability 132–3
speech/language impairment 133
Strauss, Valerie 18
Student Achievement Partners 10
Student Activities Drug Testing Policy 58
student diversity: Asian Americans students 157–62, 158–9; conclusion 170; global migration 144–6; immigrant educational attainment 162–5, 163, 164; Immigration Act and 144–6; languages and schools 165–7; languages of school-age children 167, 167–9, 168, 169; Mexican Americans students 146, 146–51, 147; Native Americans students 151–7, 152; overview 143–4; schools and languages 165–7; teacher preparation over language diversity 169–70, 170
student privacy and big data 249–50
students with disabilities 129–30
Sturgis Charter Public School 226
Successful Charter Schools report 224–5
Suh, Eunkook M. 179
Tagaki, Harry 160
Takao Ozawa v. United States (1922) 117–18
Tape, Joseph 161
Taylor, Nathaniel 152
teacher preparation over language diversity 169–70, 170
Teachers and the Law (Fischer, Schimmel, Kelly) 289
teaching profession: changing roles of 265–8; collective bargaining rights 281–2; conclusion 292; job satisfaction 272; liability under 289–90; overview 264–5; performance-based pay 280–1; private lives 290–2; qualifications of 268–9; rewards of 269–70; rights under 284–9; sex education 42; strikes by union members 282–3; turnover concerns 270–2, 271; unions and politics 272–3
Teaching Tolerance project 190
Teamsters’ Union 282
tenure and academic freedom 284
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) 308
Test of English for Distance Education (TEDE) 308
Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC) 308, 309
Test of Spoken English (TSE) 308
tests see high-stakes testing; specific tests
Texas Freedom Network 20
Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board 21
Texas Republican Party 19
Texas State Board of Education 20–1
Texas State School Board 18
textbooks and censorship 17–18
Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 306
Thomas B. Fordham Institute 20–1
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District (1969) 22
Title IX guidelines 128
To Be Popular or Smart: The Black Peer Group (Kunjufu) 196
tracking and ability grouping 84–5
transfer options for students 223
transitional bilingual 198
traumatic brain injury 133
Treaty of Fort Laramie 152
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 74, 301
Trial Lawyers for Public Justice 18
two-way bilingual programs 198
UCLA Civil Rights project 126
unemployment concerns 48, 92, 103, 176, 268
Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life (Lareau) 105
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 175–6
United Federation of Teachers (UFT) 279
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 303
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) 303
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 135–6, 303
United Nations International Labor Office 203
United Nations Millennium Goals 303
United Nations Population Division 175–6
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 303
United States students, cultural worldview 177–8
United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923) 117
Universal Covenant of Linguistic Human Rights 201
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 136
University Laboratory School 226
University of Michigan’s C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital 53
Unsafe Schools Choice Option 221–2
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 97
U.S. Census Bureau 78, 80, 82, 144
U.S. Department of Education: children with disabilities 131; distance learning, defined 235; school dropouts 83; schools as choice options 222; successful charter schools 224–5; Title IX guidelines 128; violence against students 51
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 42, 43
U.S. Office of Special Education Programs 129
U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare 155
U.S. State Department 145
U.S. Supreme Court see specific court cases
Vandivere, Sharon 59
Venable, Peggy 19
Vergara v. California (2014) 264
Virtual University Enterprises (VUE) 307
visual impairment 133
Voting Rights Act (1965) 27
Walcott, Dennis 41
Walrop, Frank 290
Walsh, Mark 151
Walton Family Foundation 45
Wasserman, Miriam 85
Weaver, Wendy 290
Weingarten, Randi 281
Welcher, William 161
Welfare Reform Act (1996) 40–1
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) 16, 24
White American earnings 77
White Aryan Resistance 190
“whole child” concerns 6
Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria: A Psychologist Explains the Development of Racial Identity (Tatum) 188
Woessman, Ludger 74
Wollenberg, Charles M. 149, 151, 161
women, equality of opportunity 127–9
Wong Him 161
working-class parents 106, 106–8
Workingman’s Party 99
The Work of Nations (Reich) 94
World War I 15
World War II 40, 145, 159, 161
Worldwatch 203
Wozniak, Steve 97
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) 219
zero-tolerance policies 51
Zezima, Katie 52