Basic Photographic Materials and Processes, Third Edition by Salvaggio, Nanette L. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Front Cover Basic Photographic Materials and Processes Copyright Page Contents Preface Foreword Chapter 1 Light and Photometry

The Nature of Light Light Waves The Electromagnetic Spectrum The Visible Spectrum Spectral Power Distributions Solid-Object Sources and the Heat-Light Relationship Vapor Sources and the Effect of Electrical Discharge Luminescence/Fluorescence/Phosphorescence The Use of Color Temperature The Mired Scale Color-Rendering Index The Polarization of Light Practical Sources of Light and their Properties Lasers The Language of Light The Measurement of Intensity The Measurement of Flux The Measurement of Illuminance The Measurement of Luminance

Chapter 2 Camera and Printing Exposure

Camera Exposure Versus Photographic Exposure F-Numbers Whole Stops Maximum Diaphragm Openings Intermediate F-Numbers Limitations of the F-Number System Lens Transmittance Exposure Time Lens Shutters Effective Exposure Time Focal-Plane Shutters Electronic Shutters Shutter Testing Camera Exposure Latitude Alternatives to Exposure Meters Exposure Meters Reflected-Light/Incident-Light Exposure Meters Meter Scales Light Ratios Meter Accuracy and Testing Methods of Using Reflected-Light Exposure Meters Incident-Light Readings Effective Film Speed and Degree of Development Flash Guide Numbers Flash Meters Color-Temperature Meters

Chapter 3 Strictly Digital

Digital Camera Digital Image Processing Digital Printing

Chapter 4 Photographic Optics

Image Formation with a Pinhole Image Formation with a Lens Graphical Drawings Depth of Field Permissible Circle of Confusion Depth-of-Field Controls Depth of Field and F-Number Depth of Field and Object Distance Depth of Field and Focal Length Depth of Focus View-Camera Movements Perpendicular Movements Back Movements and Image Shape Back Movements and Image Sharpness Lens Movements and Image Sharpness Lens Types Reversed Telephoto Wide-Angle Lenses Supplementary Lenses Soft-Focus Lenses Lens Shortcomings Diffraction Lens Testing Testing Flare

Chapter 5 Sensitometry

Introduction Exposure Digital Camera Sensitometry Film Sensitometry Transmittance, Density, Opacity Density Measurement Characteristic Curves Exposure–Characteristic Curve Relationships Log Exposure Range Exposure Latitude Effects of Development Time Gamma Average Gradient Contrast Index ISO Film Speed Analysis of Negative Curves Paper Sensitometry Analysis of Photographic Paper Curves Paper Contrast Condenser and Diffusion Enlargers The Effects of Enlarger Flare and Scattered Light Testing Enlargers for Flare Light Paper Speeds Analysis of Positive Film Curves Analysis of Reversal Film Curves Introduction to Photographic Effects

Chapter 6 Tone Reproduction

Purposes of Tone Reproduction Objective and Subjective Tone Reproduction Objective Tone Reproduction/Preferred Photographs Objective Tone Reproduction Analysis Optical Flare The Making of the Negative The Making of the Positive Generation of the Tone-Reproduction Curve Tone Reproduction and the Zone System

Chapter 7 Micro-Image Evaluation

Image Characteristics Graininess/Granularity Measuring Graininess Grain Size and Image Color Granularity Minimizing Graininess Graininess of Color Films Sharpness/Acutance Acutance Resolving Power Resolving-Power Variables Resolving-Power Categories Resolving Power And Graininess Resolving Power And Acutance Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) Photographic Definition Pixels Digital Resolution T-Grain Emulsions

Chapter 8 Filters

How Do Filters Work? Color Filters Ultraviolet and Infrared Filters Filters for Color Photography Spectrophotometric Absorption Curves Neutral-Density Filters Graduated Neutral Density Filters Interference Filters Polarizing Filters

Chapter 9 Color

Introduction Spectrophotometers Spectrophotometric Curves Color Densitometers Color Densities Physical, Psychophysical, and Psychological Measurements Color Chain Color Mode Primary Colors Color Attributes Neutrals Color-Vision Theory Color Specification Systems Munsell System of Color Specification Pantone® System of Color Specification CIE System of Color Specification CIE Chromaticity Map

Chapter 10 Color Management

What Is CM? What Is Color Management? Using an ICC profile

Chapter 11 Color Reproduction

Objectives of Color Reproduction Additive and Subtractive Color Formation The Recording of Color (Analysis Stage) The Production of Color (Synthesis Stage) Spectral Sensitivity Dye Characteristics Color Densities Sensitometry of Color Photographic Materials Reversal Color Films Negative Color Films Photographic Color Paper

Chapter 12 Visual Perception

Post-Stimulus Perception Perception of Stimulus Attributes Perspective Linear Perspective Object Distance and Image Size Focal Length and Image Size Changing Object Distance and Focal Length Viewing Distance The Wide-Angle Effect

Chapter 13 Chemistry for Photographers

Introduction Image Capture Image Display Basic Chemistry Chemical Reactions Oxidation/Reduction Acid/Base Ionization pH Complexes Solutions Specific Gravity

Chapter 14 Photographic Emulsions, Films, and Papers

Photographic Emulsions Safety Base Films Polyester Film Bases Film Structure Paper Bases Brighteners Paper Weight and Thickness The Gelatin Colloid Properties of Gelatin Chemical Nature of Gelatin Physical Properties of Gelatin Emulsion Making Emulsion Characteristics Grain Size, Sensitivity, and Contrast Grain Composition Spectral Sensitivity Crystal Structure Emulsion Precipitation Effects of Development on Developers Dye Sensitization Formation of the Latent Image Photographic Effects Latent Image Stability Some Alternative Systems Calotype Process Daguerreotype Cyanotype Wet Collodion Gum Bichromate Electrophotography Thermography Diazo Electronic Image Display Charge-Coupled Devices Dye Transfer Diffusion Transfer

Chapter 15 Black-and-White Photographic Development

Negative Development Direct-Positive Images Reversal Processing Mechanism of Development Constitution of Typical Developers Developing Agents Hydroquinone Metol MQ Developers Accelerators Preservatives Restrainers Anti-Foggants Other Development Accelerators Concentration of Developer Development Time Developer Temperature Developer Agitation Replenishment Paper Processing Analysis of Developers Specific Black-and-White Processes Practical Applications

Chapter 16 Archiving Photographic Images

Introduction Digital Images Silver Image Archiving Preparation for Drying Drying Films Drying Prints Preservation of Photographs

Chapter 17 Variability and Quality Control in Photography

Introduction to the Concept of Variability Sources of Variation Patterns of Variation The Normal Distribution Populations vs. Samples Description of the Normal Distribution Measurement Methods and Subjective Evaluations Ordinal Scale Paired Comparisons Test Conditions Quality Control

Appendixes

A: Conversion Units and Scales B: Exposures, Depth of Field, Zone System, and Film Speed Information C: Calculations and Basic Logarithms D: Tristimulus Value and Chromaticity Coordinate Calculations

Answers to Review Questions Bibliography Index

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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