The Handbook of Global Communication and Media Ethics by Fortner, Robert S. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Series page Title page Copyright Notes on Contributors Preface 1 Primordial Issues in Communication Ethics

Metaethics Normative Ethics Descriptive Ethics Summary

2 Communication Ethics

Introduction Difference and Wonder Meeting the Unexpected and the Good Communication Ethics An Other-Centered Communication Ethic: From Identity to Metanarrative(s)

3 Information, Communication, and Planetary Citizenship

Introduction Is There a Humanity? Planetary Citizenship Globalization and Macroethics Informational Sphere Communicational Sphere Seven Conclusions, Seven Hypotheses

4 Global Communication and Cultural Particularisms

Introduction The Inquiry Islam and Global Communication Culture, Communication and Development in a Global Context Civilizations, Dialogue and Global Communication Identity Politics as a Civilizational Awareness of the Self: Sources of Fragmentation in Global Communication Could Cultural Modernity be Shared as a Discourse for Global Communication? Modernization and Secularization Conclusion

5 The Ethics of Privacy in High versus Low Technology Societies

Privacy in High Technology Societies Privacy in Low Technology Countries The Universality of Privacy

6 Social Responsibility Theory and Media Monopolies

Three Stories, Three Mandates The Hutchins Commission Difficulties of International Application The Political Economy Critique The Communitarian Turn Social Responsibility in the Southern Hemisphere Is a Press Monopoly Inevitable? New Directions Parastatal Cooperation New Challenges

7 Ethics and Ideology

Back to the Beginning Placing Communication at the Ideological Nexus Ideology and Ethics: Core Questions My Fellow Citizens: The Inaugural Speech of Barack Obama

8 Fragments of Truth

What is the Relevance of this to Universal Values? The Importance of Water to Human Life The Importance of Oxygen to Human Life The Right to Communication The Right to Communication as a Universal Value

9 Glocal Media Ethics

Globalization as Glocalization Global Media Ethics Changing Indian Media Landscape Glocal Media Ethics Conclusion

10 Feminist Ethics and Global Media

Setting the Context The Ethics of Care Who Deserves Care? Applying Moral Epistemology to Media Empirical Data Sex and Sexual Harassment Is a Feminist Ethics Distinctive? Conclusion

11 Words as Weapons

The Media in Wartime: From Militarism to New Militarism Secret State, Secret Warfare, Silent Press New Militarism in the United States Growth of Secret US State and Covert Presidency Secret Warfare: Away from the Probing Press The Great Vietnam Media Myth Backing Our Boys in Vietnam Hidden from the Media: The Secret War against Cambodia Thatcherism and the Journalism of Deference The Birth of New Militarism in the United Kingdom: The Falkland/Malvinas “Bizarre Little War” New Post-Falklands Media Mythologies The Creation of Enemies in Libya, Panama and the Gulf The Manufactured Gulf War of the 1991 The New Militarist Wars of the 1990s The Manufacture of the “War on Terror’ The Manufacture of the Myth of the 2003 Iraq War The 2003 Invasion of Iraq and the Crucial “Big” Lies over Weapons of Mass Destruction Hiding the Horror of War The Breakdown of the New Militarist Consensus The Breakdown of New Militarism: The Decline of the American Empire

12 Multidimensional Objectivity for Global Journalism

Shape of a Future Ethics Ethics of Layered Journalism Multidimensional Objectivity Relevancy of Multidimensional Objectivity Conclusion

13 New Media and an Old Problem

The Role of Journalists and Citizens in Democracy The Paradigm Shift in Journalism and Resulting Shifting Standards The Moral Citizen The Future of Democracy and Journalism’s Role

14 The Dilemma of Trust

Defining Trust Exploring Trust Social Capital and the News Media Trust and Journalism Future Directions

15 The Ethical Case for a Blasphemy Law

Introduction What is Blasphemy? Blasphemy as Treason Blasphemy and Offence to Religious Sensitivities Blasphemy Law and the Balancing of Rights and Interests The Significance of Offense and the Objectification of an Offense Principle A Disconnect in Principles – Blasphemy Law in Ireland The Defamation Act 2009 and the Statutory Crime of Blasphemy Offense to the Nation – The Example of Holocaust Denial Offense to the Nation and the Case of Blasphemy against Islam Jurisdictional Concerns The “Violent” Islamic Reaction to Blasphemy The Nature of Religious Belief Conclusion

16 The Medium is the Moral

The Medium Was the Message The Medium Splits the Senses The Medium Realizes Itself The Medium is the Money The Medium Demoralizes the Message Acknowledgment

17 Development Ethics

Introduction An Overview of Development Ethics The Moral Discourse on Development Thinking Morally Challenging a Moral Approach to Development Defending a Moral Approach to Development Addressing Poverty Institutionalizing Development Ethics Conclusion

18 Indigenous Media Values

Indigenous Media and the Disjunctive Flows of Globalization Appropriating Media Technology to Preserve Indigenous Cultures Indigenous Media and Cultural Empowerment Indigenous Media as Revelatory Ritual Indigenous Media and the Production of Social Consciousness Language and Cultural Identity Communal Identity and Its Discontents Postmodern Fluidity and Intersubjective Ripples

19 Media Ethics as Panoptic Discourse 20 Ethical Anxieties in the Global Public Sphere

Introduction Ethical Anxiety and the Global Public Sphere Ethical Responses to the Anxieties within the Global Public Sphere

21 Universalism versus Communitarianism in Media Ethics

Universal Theories The Communitarian Paradigm Community-Universals Convergence Global Journalism Conclusion

22 Responsibility of Net Users

Introduction Moral and Social Responsibility Agent’s Responsibility Readers’ Responsibility Conclusion Acknowledgments

23 Media Ethics and International Organizations

International Organizations Concerns About the Growth of the Mass Media Nongovernmental Organizations Developments since 1945 Focus on Freedom and Responsibility of the Media Discrimination The UNESCO Mass Media Declaration Nongovernmental Actors Self-regulation Other Media Products European Convention on Human Rights World Summit on the Information Society Conclusion

24 Making the Case for What Can and Should Be Published 25 Ungrievable Lives

Boundless Terror A Spectral Fight, Not a War Autoimmunity and Weaponization There Shall Be No Mourning

26 Journalism Ethics in the Moral Infrastructure of a Global Civil Society 27 Problems of Application

Cataloging the Challenges Culture as Moral Arbiter Addressing the Problem Eschatological Communitarianism

28 Disenfranchised and Disempowered

Introduction An Overview of the Globalized Media Scene in India Impact of Globalization on the Indian Media The Existing Regulatory Mechanisms for the Media The Way Forward – The Need for Promoting Community Broadcasting

29 Questioning Journalism Ethics in the Global Age

Immanent Nationalistic Views inside Modern Journalism The Professional Ethics of Japanese Journalism Research Background and Method News Framing of the Coverage on Revision of the Immigration Control Law The Tradeoff between Foreigners’ “Human Rights” and “Combating Terrorism” The Origins of the “Terrorists = Foreigners” Discourse Avid Coverage of Implementation Paucity of the Coverage Conclusion Acknowledgments

30 Ancient Roots and Contemporary Challenges

Dual Currents Dominant Asian Moral Influences Asian Values in Asian Media To Be a Partner or a Watchdog? To Make Nice or to Make News To Be An Advocate or a Detached Observer To Educate or To Entertain – To Give the Public What It Should Know or What It Wants To Know To Be The Voice of The People or The Voice of The Elite To Inform or To Provoke and Polarize To Be An Anchor or A Salesman To Push the Envelope Or to Accept the Envelope – of Cash To Tell The Truth Or To Run

31 Understanding Bollywood

The Lure of the Mythological Rewriting Mythologicals I: Jai Santoshi Maa Rewriting Mythologicals II: Ekalavya The Allure of the Muslim Courtesan and Urdu, Bollywood’s Language of Love The Hegemony of Melodramas The Persistence of Song and Dance Conclusion: Gumrah (1963)

32 Peace Communication in Sudan

Introduction Hanged While Smiling Why Peace Communication? Peace and Conflict Studies Peace and Media Effects Research Communication and the Global South: The Shift to Hearts and Minds Conflict, Peace and Media in Sudan Sudan Government and Othering: Minds Killing People Back to the Sudanese Republican (Islamic Reform) Ideas The Second Message of Islam versus the First Message Concluding Remark

33 Media and Post-Election Violence in Kenya

Media Backdrop Performance of Three Newspapers During PEV Themes from Interviews Acknowledgment

34 Ethics of Survival 35 Voiceless Glasnost

Brief Overview of Media Transformations in Russia Failure to Inform Corruption in Journalism Self-censorship Real Control Exercised Polarized Pluralism Practicing Unbiased Journalism Openly Opinionated Media Conclusion

36 Media Use and Abuse in Ethiopia

Press Freedom in Africa and the West Protecting Press Freedom Press Freedom in Ethiopia Censorship, Licensing, and Law Ethiopian Applications Summary of Cases Recommendations

37 Collective Guilt as a Response to Evil

A Note on Operationalization: Arabs versus Muslims Why Is Islam a Threat? Relevant Theoretical Notions More Relevant Ethical Principles Arabs and Muslims in the Western Media Concluding Remarks

38 Journalists as Witnesses to Violence and Suffering

Introduction The Foreign Correspondent as Witness Witnessing War Witnessing Genocide Conclusion

39 Reporting on Religious Authority

Religious Groups and the News Journalistic Codes What To Do? Conclusion

40 The Ethics of Representation and the Internet

Introduction Internet Technology: An Unparalleled Revolution Problematizing the Concept of Authenticity Issues of Representation: Cultural and Religious Cyberliteracy and Ethical Questions Conclusion

41 Authors, Authority, Ownership, and Ethics in Digital Media and News

Media Technology: Form and Content Digital Technology and Culture The Immediacy of Digital News The Form and Content of Digital News Authors and Authority Trust: The Producer as Consumer Problems of Ownership Digital Ethics Conclusion

42 Ethical Implications of Blogging

The New Media Landscape and the Ethics of Blogging Formal Characteristics of Blogging and Their Ethical Implications Types of Blogging and Their Ethical Implications The Political Blogosphere as Echo Chamber and Intelligent Megaphone A Normative Framework for Journalistic Blogging Summary and Conclusion: Toward an Ethical Blogosphere?

43 Journalism Ethics in a Digital Network

Practitioner Ethics Audience Ethics Collective Ethics

44 Now Look What You Made Me Do

Whose Violence? Responsibility and the Facts The Third-person Effect

45 Protecting Children from Harmful Influences of Mediathrough Formal and Nonformal Media Education

Using Media Literacy for Value Formation in Home and School Children and Television Advertising Preserving Our Cultural Heritage and Creation of Identity Children Faced with Possible Harmful Effect from Violent Media Production Constructive Use of the Internet The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child

46 Ethics and International Propaganda

Definitions The Internationalization of Propaganda International Radio Propaganda: The Early Years The New Literary Propaganda Boom World War II The Cold War The Post-Cold War Era The Post 9/11 World

47 Modernization and Its Discontents

Introduction Diffusion of Innovations Ethical Issues in the Diffusion of Innovations

48 Communication Technologies in the Arsenal of Al Qaedaand Taliban

Introduction: Exercising Virtual Global Trespassing While Residing in Caves Al Qaeda and Taliban: Always a Step Ahead of the “Crusaders!” Global Internet Use by the Militant Islamic Extremist Mesomobilization of the Internet Editorial Control Bypassing State Control Low Cost Taliban and ICTs Technology: From Curse to Nurse “Anarchical Media” Risks to the Taliban and the Public Conclusion: Some Ethical Considerations

49 The Ethics of a Very Public Sphere

Introduction “Natural Space” and the Question of Authority Control and Identity, Individual and Collective Control of the Soundscape Implications for the Soundscape and Public Sphere

Index

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