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Index
Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 2 Dedication How to Use This Book
Volume Contents
Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3
Organization
Reference versus Tutorial Theory and Practice Entries Subject Paths Inclusions and Exclusions Typographical Conventions Visual Conventions Photographic Backgrounds Component Availability Issues and Errata
Safari® Books Online How to Contact Us Acknowledgments
1. SCR
What It Does How It Works
Switching Behavior
Internal Configuration
Breakdown and Breakover Voltage SCR Concept Demo AC Current Applications
Variants Values
Commonly Used Abbreviations
How to Use It
Phase Control Overvoltage Protection
What Can Go Wrong
Unexpected Triggering Caused by Heat Unexpected Triggering Caused by Voltage Confusion of AC and DC Ratings Maximum Current versus Conduction Angle Confusing Symbols
2. diac
What It Does
Symbol Variants
How It Works
Switching AC
Variants Values What Can Go Wrong
Unexpected Triggering Caused by Heat Low-Temperature Effects Manufacturing Tolerances
3. triac
What It Does
Symbol Variants
How It Works
Quadrants Threshold, Latching, and Holding Current Triac Testing Breakover Voltage Switching AC Triac Triggered by a Diac Other Triac Drivers Charge Storage
Variants Values What Can Go Wrong
Unexpected Triggering Caused by Heat Low-Temperature Effects Wrong Type of Load Wrongly Identified Terminals Failure to Switch Off
4. solid-state relay
What It Does
Advantages Disadvantages
How It Works Variants
Instantaneous versus Zero Crossing NC and NO Modes Packaging Solid-State Analog Switch
Values How to Use It What Can Go Wrong
Overheating Caused by Overloading Overheating Caused by Bad Terminal Contact Overheating Caused by Changing Duty Cycle Overheating Caused by Component Crowding Overheating in Dual Packaging Reverse-Voltage Burnout Low Voltage Output Current May Not Work Inability to Measure AC Output Relay Turns On but Won’t Turn Off Relays in Parallel Won’t Work Output Device Doesn’t Run at Full Power Solid-State Relays and Safety Disconnects
5. optocoupler
What It Does How It Works Variants
Internal Sensors Basic Optocoupler Types
Values How to Use It What Can Go Wrong
Age LED Burnout Transistor Burnout
6. comparator
What It Does
Hysteresis
How It Works
Differences from an Op-Amp
Variants Values How to Use It
AND gate Bistable Multivibrator Relaxation Oscillator Level Shifter Window Comparator Other Applications
What Can Go Wrong
Oscillating Output Confused Inputs Wrong Chip Type Omitted Pullup Resistor CMOS Issues Erratic Output Swapped Voltages Heat-Dependent Hysteresis
7. op-amp
What It Does How It Works
Dual Inputs Negative Feedback Op-Amps and Comparators
Variants Values How to Use It
Controlling the Gain Calculating Amplification Unintentional DC Voltage Amplification Low-Pass Filter High-Pass Filter Relaxation Oscillator Single Power Source Offset Null Adjustment
What Can Go Wrong
Power Supply Problems Bad Connection of Unused Sections Oscillating Output Confused Inputs
8. digital potentiometer
What It Does
Advantages
How It Works Variants
Volatile and Nonvolatile Memory Taper Data Transfer SPI I2C Protocol Up/Down Protocol Other Control Systems Connections and Modes
Values How to Use It
Achieving Higher Resolution
What Can Go Wrong
Noise and Bad Inputs Wrong Chip Controller and Chip Out of Sync Nonlinear Effects Data Transfer Too Fast
9. timer
What It Does
Monostable Mode Astable Mode
How It Works Variants
The 555 Timer 555 Monostable Operation 555 Astable Operation 556 Timer 558 Timer CMOS 555 Timer 5555 Timer 7555 Timer 7556 Timer 4047B Timer Dual Monostable Timers
Values
555 Timer Values Time Calculation in Monostable Mode Time Calculation in Astable Mode Dual Monostable Timers
How to Use It
555 Monostable Mode 555 Astable Mode Separate Control of High and Low Output Times 555 Fifty Percent Astable Duty Cycle: 1 555 Fifty Percent Astable Duty Cycle: 2 Use of the 555 Control Pin 555 Flip-Flop Emulation 555 Hysteresis 555 and Coupling Capacitors 555 Loudspeaker Connection Burst Mode “You Lose” Game Sound
What Can Go Wrong
Dead Timer CMOS Confused with Bipolar The Pulse that Never Ends Erratic Chip Behavior Interference with Other Components Erratic Behavior of Output Devices Fatal Damage Caused by Inductive Loads
10. logic gate
What It Does
Origins
How It Works
Inversion Single-Input Gates Gates with More than Two Inputs Boolean Notation Arithmetical Operations Other Operations
Variants
Part Numbers Families Family Interoperability Gates per Chip Two Inputs, Single Gate Three Inputs, Single Gate Single Gate, Selectable Function Two Inputs, Dual Gate Original 74xx 14-Pin Format Quad Two-Input 74xx Pinouts Triple Three-Input 74xx Pinouts Dual Four-Input 74xx Pinouts Single Eight-Input 74xx Pinouts 74xx Inverters Additional Variations Pinouts in the Original 4000 Series 4000 Series Inverters
How to Use It
Which Family Applications
What Can Go Wrong
Static Floating Pins Family Incompatibilities Overloaded Outputs Output Pulled Down Incorrect Polarity and Voltages Bent Pins Unclean Input Analog Input
11. flip-flop
What It Does How It Works
NAND-Based SR Flip-Flop NOR-Based SR Flip-Flop Forbidden States The JK Flip-Flop Master-Slave Flip-Flop D-Type Flip-Flops Summary
Variants
Packaging
Values How to Use It What Can Go Wrong
Ambiguous Documentation Faulty Triggering Metastability Other Issues
12. shift register
What It Does
Schematic Representation
How It Works
Abbreviations and Acronyms Parallel Outputs and Inputs
Variants
Serial In, Serial Out Serial In, Parallel Out Parallel In, Serial Out Parallel In, Parallel Out Universal
Values
Power Considerations Three-State Output
How to Use It
Dual Inputs Preloading the Shift Register Polling a Keyboard Arithmetical Operations Buffering
What Can Go Wrong
Confusing Classification Inadequate Setup Time Unconnected Input Output Enable Issues Floating Output Bus
13. counter
What It Does
Schematic Representation
How It Works
Modulus and Modulo Pin Identifiers
Variants
Ripple versus Synchronous Ring, Binary, and BCD Clock Sources Rising Edge and Falling Edge Multiple Stages Single and Dual High-State, Low-State, and Three-State Descending Output Programmable Counters Examples
Values What Can Go Wrong
Lock-Out Asynchronous Artifacts Noise
14. encoder
What It Does
Schematic Symbol Similar Devices
How It Works Variants Values How to Use It
Cascaded Encoders
What Can Go Wrong
15. decoder
What it Does
Input Devices LED Driver Schematic Symbol Similar Devices
How It Works Variants Values How to Use It What Can Go Wrong
Glitches Unhelpful Classification Active-Low and Active-High
16. multiplexer
What It Does
Differential Multiplexer Similar Devices
How It Works
Schematic Symbol Pin Identifiers
Variants Values How to Use It
Other Application Notes
What Can Go Wrong
Pullup Resistors Break Before Make Signal Distortion Limits of CMOS Switching Transients
17. LCD
What It Does How It Works Variants
Active and Passive Types Crystal Types Seven-Segment Displays Additional Segments Dot-Matrix Displays Color Backlighting Options Zero-Power Displays
How to Use It
Numeric Display Modules Alphanumeric Display Module
What Can Go Wrong
Temperature Sensitivity Excessive Multiplexing DC Damage Bad Communications Protocol Wiring Errors
18. incandescent lamp
What It Does History How It Works
Spectrum Non-Incandescent Sources Power Consumption
Variants
Miniature Lamps Panel-Mount Indicator Lamps Halogen or Quartz-Halogen Oven Lamps Base Variants
Values
Power Illuminance Intensity MSCP Efficacy Efficiency
How to Use It
Relative Advantages Derating
What Can Go Wrong
High Temperature Environment Fire Risk Current Inrush Replacement Problems
19. neon bulb
What It Does How It Works
Construction Ionization Negative Resistance
How to Use It
Limited Light Output Efficiency Ruggedness Power-Supply Testing Life Expectancy
Variants
Nixie Tubes
What Can Go Wrong
False Indication Failure in a Dark Environment Premature Failure with DC Premature Failure through Voltage Fluctuations Replacement
20. fluorescent light
What It Does How It Works
Ballast and Starter Flicker
Variants
CCFLs Sizes Comparisons
Values
Brightness Spectrum
What Can Go Wrong
Unreliable Starting Terminal Flicker Cannot Dim Burned Out Electrodes Ultraviolet Hazard
21. laser
What It Does How It Works
Laser Diode Coherent Light
Variants
CO2 Lasers Fiber Lasers Crystal Lasers
Values How to Use It
Common Applications
What Can Go Wrong
Risk of Injury Inadequate Heat Sink Uncontrolled Power Supply Polarity
22. LED indicator
What It Does
Schematic Symbols Common Usage
How It Works
Multicolor LEDs and Color Mixing
Variants
Size and Shape Intensity Efficacy Diffusion Wavelength and Color Temperature Internal Resistor Multicolored Infrared Ultraviolet
Values
Forward Current Low-Current LEDs Forward Voltage Color Rendering Index Life Expectancy Light Output and Heat View Angle
How to Use It
Polarity Series Resistor Value LEDs in Parallel Multiple Series LEDs Comparisons with Other Light Emitters Other Applications
What Can Go Wrong
Excessive Forward Voltage Excessive Current and Heat Storage Issues Polarity Internal Resistors
23. LED area lighting
What It Does
Trends in Cost and Efficiency Schematic Symbol
How It Works
Visible Differences Side-by-Side Comparison Heat Dissipation Efficacy Dimming Ultraviolet Output Color Variation
Variants
Comparisons
Values What Can Go Wrong
Wrong Voltage Overheating Fluorescent Ballast Issues Misleading Color Representation
24. LED display
What It Does How It Works Variants
LCD comparisons Seven-Segment Displays Multiple Numerals Additional Segments Dot-Matrix Displays Pixel Arrays Multiple Bar Display Single Light Bar
Values How to Use It
Seven-Segment Basics Driver Chips and Multiplexing Sixteen-Segment Driver Chip Dot-Matrix LED Display Modules Pixel Arrays Multiple Bar Display Driver One-Digit Hexadecimal Dot Matrix
What Can Go Wrong
Common Anode versus Common Cathode Incorrect Series Resistance Multiplexing Issues
25. vacuum-fluorescent display
What It Does How It Works
Anode, Cathode, and Grid
How to Use It
Modern Application
Variants
Color Character Sets and Pictorial Design Comparisons
What Can Go Wrong
Fading
26. electroluminescence
What It Does How It Works
Phosphors Derivation
Variants
Panels Flexible Ribbons Rope Light OLED
27. transducer
What It Does How It Works Variants
Electromagnetic Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducer Formats
Values
Frequency Range Sound Pressure Weighted Sound Values Unweighted Values Measurement Location Limitations Voltage Current
How to Use It
Appropriate Sound Intensity Volume Control AC Supply Self-Drive Transducer Circuit
What Can Go Wrong
Overvoltage Leakage Component Mounting Problems Moisture Transducer-Indicator Confusion Connection with a Microcontroller
28. audio indicator
What It Does How It Works
Audio Frequency History
Variants
Sound Patterns Formats
Values
Voltage Current Frequency Duty Cycle
How to Use It
Appropriate Sound Intensity Volume Control Wiring
What Can Go Wrong
29. headphone
What It Does How It Works
Audio Basics
Variants
Moving Coil Other Types Mechanical Design
Values
Intensity Frequency Response Distortion Impedance
What Can Go Wrong
Overdriving Hearing Damage Mismatched Impedance Incorrect Wiring
30. speaker
What It Does How It Works
Construction Multiple Drivers Venting Resonance Miniature Speakers
Variants
Electrostatic Speaker Powered Speakers Wireless Speakers Innovative Designs
Values What Can Go Wrong
Damage Magnetic Field Vibration
Index About the Author Colophon Copyright
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