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Index
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Abbreviations
Introduction
Why Bother?
How God Looks at Us: Imagers of God
Where God Wants Us: At Home with God
What God Has Planned for Us: Eternal Rule with Christ
What to Expect
Chapter 1: Old Testament Terminology for the Heavenly Host
Terms that Describe Nature
1. “Spirit” (rûaḥ; Plural: rûaḥôṯ)
2. “Heavenly Ones” (šamayim)
3. “Stars” (kōḵeḇı̂m)
4. “Holy Ones” (qedōšı̂m)
5. “Gods”/“Divine Beings” (ʾelōhı̂m)
Terms that Describe Status in Hierarchy
Terms that Describe Function
1. “Angel” (malʾāk; Plural: malʾāḵı̂m)
2. “Minister” (Verb: šrt, Piel Stem: šērēt)
3. “Watcher” (ʿı̂r; Plural: ʿı̂rı̂n)
4. “Host” (ṣabaʾ; Plural: ṣeḇaʾôt); “Mighty Ones” (gibborı̂m, ʾabbı̂rı̂m)
5. “Mediator” (mēlı̂ṣ)
6. “Cherubim” (keruḇı̂m); “Seraphim” (śerāp̱ı̂m)
Summary
Chapter 2: The Heavenly Host in Service to God
Shared Abilities for Service
Participation in God’s Heavenly Council
1. Contributing to Council Resolutions
2. Bearing Witness to God’s Decrees
3. Assisting in God’s Governance of the Human World
Responsive Obedience to Divine Decisions
1. Delivering Divine Decrees
2. Explaining Divine Activity
3. Executing Divine Judgment
Praising the Most High God
Chapter 3: Important Angels
The Angel of Yahweh
The Commander of Yahweh’s Army
The Destroying Angel of Passover
Gabriel, Michael, and the Prince of the Host
Chapter 4: The Language of the Heavenly Host in Second Temple Judaism
General Congruence
Rejection of Divine Plurality?
Vocabulary of the Heavenly Host in the Septuagint (LXX)
Vocabulary of the Heavenly Host in the Dead Sea Scrolls
Chapter 5: Second Temple Jewish Angelology
Nature and Abilities
Angels as Men
Naming the Angels
The Heavenly Host: Soldiers of the Most High
The Divine Council: Scenes of Praise and Judgment
Guarding, Interceding, Interpreting
Prominent Angels as Second Yahweh Figures
Chapter 6: The Heavenly Host in the New Testament
New Testament Terminology for the Heavenly Host
New Testament Angelology: Nature, Abilities, Status
New Testament Angelology: Service in Heaven and on Earth
1. Ministry on Behalf of Believers
2. Judgment of Unbelievers
3. Service in Heaven
Chapter 7: Special Topics in New Testament Angelology
Who Are the “Angels of the Seven Churches” in Revelation 1–3?
1. Proposed Identifications
2. Features of the Text as Clues to Identification
Can “Fallen Angels” Be Redeemed?
Are Fallen Angels Included in Reconciling “All Things”?
Are Angels Denied Redemption?
Who Are the “Elect Angels” in 1 Timothy 5:21?
What Are “Tongues of Angels”?
Chapter 8: Myths and Questions about Angels
“Angels Have Wings … and They’re Women, Too”
“Is the Angel of the Bottomless Pit Good or Evil?”
“Angels Can No Longer Rebel”
“Angels Exist outside Time and Space”
“Angels Can Read Minds and Manipulate the Material World”
“Angels Take People to Heaven”
“Believers Have the Authority to Command Angels”
“Christians Become Angels When They Die”
Bibliography
Index of Subjects and Modern Authors
Index of Scripture and Other Ancient Literature
Old Testament
New Testament
Deuterocanonical Works
Old Testament Pseudepigrapha
Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Texts
Philo
Josephus
Mishnah, Talmud, and Related Literature
Targumic Texts and Other Rabbinic Works
Apostolic Fathers
New Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha
Classical and Ancient Christian Writings
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