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Index
Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents 1. What Is Radicalization?
Who are we to talk about radicalization and terrorism? What kind of bias do we bring to the book? What are some of the issues related to radicalization that this book will not cover? What does radicalization mean? What is the difference between activists and radicals? Does radicalization always lead to terrorism? Is radicalization always bad? Do people at the extreme of radicalization, like Osama bin Laden or Ayman al-Zawahiri, share the same path of radicalization? Who studies radicalization? What are some of the methods used to study radicalization? How can researchers believe anything people say on surveys or interviews about radicalization? How can research on radicalization help the government fight terrorism?
2. What Is Terrorism and Who Becomes a Terrorist?
What kind of violence is called terrorism? Is terrorism something old or something new? What is the difference between terrorism “from above” and terrorism “from below”? What are three big examples of state terrorism? What are three examples of non-state terrorism? Which is more dangerous, state or non-state terrorism? Are terrorists just crazy? Are terrorists psychopaths? Do terrorists love hurting others? Are they doing it for money?
3. How Are Individuals Radicalized to Join a Terrorist Group?
How can personal grievance radicalize an individual? How can political grievance radicalize an individual? How can slippery slope radicalize an individual? How can thrill-seeking and desire for status radicalize an individual? How can “unfreezing” and need for escape radicalize an individual? How can love radicalize an individual? Is one mechanism enough to radicalize an individual? Is there a profile of individuals who join a terrorist group?
4. How Are Small Groups Radicalized to Use Terrorism as a Tactic?
How can interaction of like-minded people make them more extreme? How can competition with government and security forces radicalize an activist group? How can competition with other activist groups radicalize a group?
5. How Are Mass Publics Radicalized to Support Terrorism?
How can overreaction to a terror attack build support for terrorists (jujitsu politics)? What emotions can push terrorists’ targets toward overreaction? How does dehumanization of the enemy contribute to radicalization? How does a martyr draw new support for the martyr’s cause? Are suicide bombers martyrs as they claim? What is a political frame and how can it radicalize a mass public? What is a political narrative and how can it radicalize a mass public?
6. What Is the Relation Between Radical Ideas and Radical Action?
I know someone who has radical ideas; Is this person dangerous? Is there a conveyor belt from extreme opinion to extreme action? How do individuals with radical opinions ever move to radical action? How does radicalization of action affect radicalization of opinion? Why is radicalization of opinion a different psychology from radicalization of action? Is Hizb ut-Tahrir the best Western ally against al-Qaeda and Islamic State? How does the internet encourage radicalization and terrorism? What kind of internet content radicalized Sidique Khan and the 7/7 bombers? What kind of internet content radicalized Jihad Jane? What kind of internet content radicalized Momin Khawaja? Why might victim videos and jihad videos be particularly powerful in moving individuals to extremist action? Why does ISIS post videos of beheadings and other barbaric acts? How can we protect young people from online radicalization?
7. What Is Different About Lone Wolf Terrorists?
Who is a lone wolf terrorist? Are lone wolf terrorist attacks increasing? Why are lone wolf terrorists a challenge to theories of radicalization? Can individual-level mechanisms explain lone wolf terrorists? What are the personal characteristics of lone wolf terrorists? What is different about lone wolf terrorists?
8. Are Suicide Bombers Suicidal?
What percentage of suicidal individuals kill themselves? Why do people commit suicide? Who is a suicide bomber? When do terrorists use suicide attacks? Why do individuals agree to sacrifice their lives in a suicide attack? Do suicide terrorists have personality problems? Are terrorists suicidal?
9. Is It Possible to Prevent Radicalization to Terrorism?
What if we just jailed every ISIS sympathizer? Can we identify violent political actors before they act? Does the British Prevent program work? Does the Aarhus model work? Does the Quilliam program work? Does the WORDE program work? How many US terrorists are arrested with the help of tips from private citizens? How many US terrorists are arrested with the help of undercover agents and informants? How does CVE compare with military counterinsurgency programs? Is it possible to prevent radicalization to terrorism?
10. Is It Possible to Deradicalize Terrorists?
What is the difference between deradicalization and desistence? How many countries have some form of deradicalization/disengagement program for convicted terrorists? What do we know about the effectiveness of the best studied deradicalization programs? Can deradicalization success be measured in terms of how many militants return to terrorism? How does the Saudi program work? How did the US program in Iraq work? What does the United Kingdom do? How does terrorism end?
11. What Are Mass Identity Manipulations (MIMs)—Pictures, Songs/Chants, Rumors, Rituals, and Symbols?
What is a mass identity? What are MIMs—mass identity manipulations? How does visual art (posters, murals, graffiti, cartoons, photographs, films) contribute to mass radicalization? How does music (songs, chants) contribute to mass radicalization? How does rumor contribute to mass radicalization? How does mass ritual (demonstrations, rallies, parades, marches, dances) contribute to mass radicalization? How do group symbols (flags, pictograms, salutes, gestures) contribute to mass radicalization? How do political slogans contribute to mass radicalization? What do all mass identity manipulations have in common?
12. Is Mass Radicalization a Problem in the United States?
Is there mass radicalization in the United States today? How does mass radicalization differ from individual and group radicalization? What are some of the factors driving mass radicalization in the United States? What is a meta-opinion? How can meta-opinions affect mass radicalization? How do meta-opinions influence individual political opinion and political action? How can the internet help form meta-opinion? How can social media contribute to mass radicalization in the United States? Were Americans especially vulnerable to radicalization through internet social media? Why were Americans more vulnerable to social media propaganda? What can the government do to lower radicalization in the United States?
13. Conclusion: What Everyone Needs to Know About Radicalization and Extremism
What is wrong with radicalization and extremism? What kinds of radicals and extremists are governments concerned about? How has radicalization evolved? What is new about radicalizing media today? What is different about mass identity manipulations today? Can we understand radicalization if we focus only on the radicals? Can we understand radicalization if we focus on ideology? Can we understand terrorism if we define it as an attempt to terrorize us? Can we win against terrorism with the same weapons used in the war on drugs? Can we understand terrorism as a form of group conflict—the warfare of the weak? What can we do as individuals to build resilience against radicalization and extremism? What can we do as a community to build resilience against radicalization, extremism, and terrorism?
Notes Further Reading Index
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