Applied Cryptography by Schneier, Bruce -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Review Title Page Copyright Contents Introduction Foreword By Whitfield Diffie Preface

How to Read this Book Acknowledgments

About The Author 1 Foundations

1.1 Terminology 1.2 Steganography 1.3 Substitution Ciphers and Transposition Ciphers 1.4 Simple XOR 1.5 One-Time Pads 1.6 Computer Algorithms 1.7 Large Numbers

Part I Cryptographic Protocols

2 Protocol Building Blocks

2.1 Introduction to Protocols 2.2 Communications Using Symmetric Cryptography 2.3 One-Way Functions 2.4 One-Way Hash Functions 2.5 Communications Using Public-Key Cryptography 2.6 Digital Signatures 2.7 Digital Signatures with Encryption 2.8 Random and Pseudo-Random-Sequence Generation

3 Basic Protocols

3.1 Key Exchange 3.2 Authentication 3.3 Authentication and Key Exchange 3.4 Formal Analysis of Authentication and Key-Exchange Protocols 3.5 Multiple-Key Public-Key Cryptography 3.6 Secret Splitting 3.7 Secret Sharing 3.8 Cryptographic Protection of Databases

4 Intermediate Protocols

4.1 Timestamping Services 4.2 Subliminal Channel 79 4.3 Undeniable Digital Signatures 4.4 Designated Confirmer Signatures 4.5 Proxy Signatures 4.6 Group Signatures 4.7 Fail-Stop Digital Signatures 4.8 Computing with Encrypted Data 4.9 Bit Commitment 4.10 Fair Coin Flips 4.11 Mental Poker 4.12 One-Way Accumulators 4.13 All-or-Nothing Disclosure of Secrets 4.14 Key Escrow

5 Advanced Protocols

5.1 Zero-Knowledge Proofs 5.2 Zero-Knowledge Proofs of Identity 5.3 Blind Signatures 5.4 Identity-Based Public-Key Cryptography 5.5 Oblivious Transfer 5.6 Oblivious Signatures 5.7 Simultaneous Contract Signing 5.8 Digital Certified Mail 5.9 Simultaneous Exchange of Secrets

6 Esoteric Protocols

6.1 Secure Elections 6.2 Secure Multiparty Computation 6.3 Anonymous Message Broadcast 6.4 Digital Cash

Part II Cryptographic Techniques

7 Key Length

7.1 Symmetric Key Length 7.2 Public-Key Key Length 7.3 Comparing Symmetric and Public-Key Key Length 7.4 Birthday Attacks against One-Way Hash Functions 7.5 How Long Should a Key Be? 7.6 Caveat Emptor

8 Key Management

8.1 Generating Keys 8.2 Nonlinear Keyspaces 8.3 Transferring Keys 8.4 Verifying Keys 8.5 Using Keys 8.6 Updating Keys 8.7 Storing Keys 8.8 Backup Keys 8.9 Compromised Keys 8.10 Lifetime of Keys 8.11 Destroying Keys 8.12 Public-Key Key Management

9 Algorithm Types and Modes

9.1 Electronic Codebook Mode 9.2 Block Replay 9.3 Cipher Block Chaining Mode 9.4 Stream Ciphers 9.5 Self-Synchronizing Stream Ciphers 9.6 Cipher-Feedback Mode 9.7 Synchronous Stream Ciphers 9.8 Output-Feedback Mode 9.9 Counter Mode 9.10 Other Block-Cipher Modes 9.11 Choosing a Cipher Mode 9.12 Interleaving 9.13 Block Ciphers versus Stream Ciphers

10 Using Algorithms

10.1 Choosing an Algorithm 10.2 Public-Key Cryptography versus Symmetric Cryptography 10.3 Encrypting Communications Channels 10.4 Encrypting Data for Storage 10.5 Hardware Encryption versus Software Encryption 10.6 Compression, Encoding, and Encryption 10.7 Detecting Encryption 10.8 Hiding Ciphertext in Ciphertext 10.9 Destroying Information

Part III Cryptographic Algorithms

11 Mathematical Background

11.1 Information Theory 11.2 Complexity Theory 11.3 Number Theory 11.4 Factoring 11.5 Prime Number Generation 11.6 Discrete Logarithms in a Finite Field

12 Data Encryption Standard (Des)

12.1 Background 12.2 Description of DES 12.3 Security of DES 12.4 Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis 12.5 The Real Design Criteria 12.6 DES Variants 12.7 How Secure Is DES Today?

13 Other Block Ciphers

13.1 Lucifer 13.2 Madryga 13.3 NewDES 13.4 FEAL 13.5 REDOC 13.6 LOKI 13.7 Khufu and Khafre 13.8 RC2 13.9 IDEA 13.10 MMB 13.11 CA-1.1 13.12 Skipjack

14 Still Other Block Ciphers

14.1 GOST 14.2 CAST 14.3 Blowfish 14.4 SAFER 14.5 3-Way 14.6 Crab 342 14.7 SXAL8/MBAL 14.8 RC5 14.9 Other Block Algorithms 14.10 Theory of Block Cipher Design 14.11 Using One-Way Hash Functions 14.12 Choosing a Block Algorithm

15 Combining Block Ciphers

15.1 Double Encryption 15.2 Triple Encryption 15.3 Doubling the Block Length 15.4 Other Multiple Encryption Schemes 15.5 CDMF Key Shortening 15.6 Whitening 15.7 Cascading Multiple Block Algorithms 15.8 Combining Multiple Block Algorithms

16 Pseudo-Random-Sequence Generators and Stream Ciphers

16.1 Linear Congruential Generators 16.2 Linear Feedback Shift Registers 16.3 Design and Analysis of Stream Ciphers 16.4 Stream Ciphers Using LFSRs 16.5 A5 16.6 Hughes XPD/KPD 16.7 Nanoteq 390 16.8 Rambutan 16.9 Additive Generators 16.10 Gifford 392 16.11 Algorithm M 16.12 PKZIP 394

17 Other Stream Ciphers and Real Random-Sequence Generators

17.1 RC4 397 17.2 SEAL 17.3 WAKE 400 17.4 Feedback with Carry Shift Registers 17.5 Stream Ciphers Using FCSRs 17.6 Nonlinear-Feedback Shift Registers 17.7 Other Stream Ciphers 17.8 System-Theoretic Approach to Stream-Cipher Design 17.9 Complexity-Thematic Approach to Stream-Cipher Design 17.10 Other Approaches to Stream-Cipher Design 17.11 Cascading Multiple Stream Ciphers 17.12 Choosing a Stream Cipher 17.13 Generating Multiple Streams from a Single Pseudo-Random-Sequence Generator 17.14 Real Random-Sequence Generators

18 One-Way Hash Functions

18.1 Background 18.2 Snefru 18.3 N-Hash 18.4 MD4 18.5 MD5 18.6 MD2 18.7 Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) 18.8 RIPE-MD 18.9 HAVAL 18.10 Other One-Way Hash Functions 18.11 One-Way Hash Functions Using Symmetric Block Algorithms 18.12 Using Public-Key Algorithms 18.13 Choosing a One-Way Hash Function 18.14 Message Authentication Codes

19 Public-Key Algorithms

19.1 Background 19.2 Knapsack Algorithms 19.3 RSA 19.4 Pohlig-Hellman 19.5 Rabin 19.6 ElGamal 19.7 McEliece 19.8 Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems 19.9 LUC 19.10 Finite Automaton Public-Key Cryptosystems

20 Public-Key Digital Signature Algorithms

20.1 Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) 20.2 DSA Variants 20.3 GOST Digital Signature Algorithm 20.4 Discrete Logarithm Signature Schemes 20.5 Ong-Schnorr-Shamir 20.6 ESIGN 20.7 Cellular Automata 20.8 Other Public-Key Algorithms

21 Identification Schemes

21.1 Feige-Fiat-Shamir 21.2 Guillou-Quisquater 21.3 Schnorr 21.4 Converting Identification Schemes to Signature Schemes

22 Key-Exchange Algorithms

22.1 Diffie-Hellman 22.2 Station-to-Station Protocol 22.3 Shamir’s Three-Pass Protocol 22.4 COMSET 22.5 Encrypted Key Exchange 22.6 Fortified Key Negotiation 22.7 Conference Key Distribution and Secret Broadcasting

23 Special Algorithms for Protocols

23.1 Multiple-Key Public-Key Cryptography 23.2 Secret-Sharing Algorithms 23.3 Subliminal Channel 23.4 Undeniable Digital Signatures 23.5 Designated Confirmer Signatures 23.6 Computing with Encrypted Data 23.7 Fair Coin Flips 23.8 One-Way Accumulators 23.9 All-or-Nothing Disclosure of Secrets 23.10 Fair and Failsafe Cryptosystems 23.11 Zero-Knowledge Proofs of Knowledge 23.12 Blind Signatures 23.13 Oblivious Transfer 23.14 Secure Multiparty Computation 23.15 Probabilistic Encryption 23.16 Quantum Cryptography

Part IV The Real World

24 Example Implementations

24.1 IBM Secret-Key Management Protocol 24.2 MITRENET 24.3 ISDN 24.4 STU-III 24.5 Kerberos 24.6 KryptoKnight 24.7 SESAME 24.8 IBM Common Cryptographic Architecture 24.9 ISO Authentication Framework 24.10 Privacy-Enhanced Mail (PEM) 24.11 Message Security Protocol (MSP) 24.12 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) 24.13 Smart Cards 24.14 Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) 24.15 Universal Electronic Payment System (UEPS) 24.16 Clipper 24.17 Capstone 24.18 AT&T Model 3600 Telephone Security Device (TSD)

25 Politics

25.1 National Security Agency (NSA) 25.2 National Computer Security Center (NCSC) 25.3 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 25.4 RSA Data Security, Inc. 25.5 Public Key Partners 25.6 International Association for Cryptographic Research (IACR) 25.7 RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation (RIPE) 25.8 Conditional Access for Europe (CAFE) 25.9 ISO/IEC 9979 25.10 Professional, Civil Liberties, and Industry Groups 25.11 Sci.crypt 25.12 Cypherpunks 25.13 Patents 25.14 U.S. Export Rules 25.15 Foreign Import and Export of Cryptography 25.16 Legal Issues

Afterword by Matt Blaze Part V Source Code

Source Code References

Index Eula

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