Apache Cookbook by Bowen, Rich -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Apache Cookbook

Preface

What’s in This Book Platform Notes Other Books Other Sources How This Book Is Organized Conventions Used in This Book

Programming Conventions Typesetting Conventions Documentation Conventions

The online manual (“man”) pages on a Unixish system The Apache Web server documentation

Using Code Examples We’d Like to Hear from You Safari® Enabled Acknowledgments

Ken Coar Rich Bowen

1. Installation

Installing from Red Hat Linux’s Packages

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Installing from Debian Packages

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Installing Apache on Windows

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Downloading the Apache Sources

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Building Apache from the Sources

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Installing with ApacheToolbox

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Starting, Stopping, and Restarting Apache

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Uninstalling Apache

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Which Version of Apache to Use

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Upgrading Using config.nice

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Starting Apache at Boot

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Useful configure Options

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Finding Apache’s Files

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

2. Adding Common Modules

Installing a Generic Third-Party Module

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Installing mod_dav on a Unixish System

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Installing mod_dav on Windows

Problem Solution Discussion

Using Windows Explorer to test mod_dav

See Also

Installing mod_perl on a Unixish System

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Installing mod_php on a Unixish System

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Installing mod_php on Windows

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Installing mod_ssl

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Finding Modules Using modules.apache.org

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Installing mod_security

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Why Won’t This Module Work?

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

3. Logging

Getting More Details in Your Log Entries

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Getting More Detailed Errors

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging POST Contents

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging a Proxied Client’s IP Address

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging Client MAC Addresses

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging Cookies

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Not Logging Image Requests from Local Pages

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Rotating Logfiles at a Particular Time

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Rotating Logs on the First of the Month

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging Hostnames Instead of IP Addresses

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Maintaining Separate Logs for Each Virtual Host

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging Proxy Requests

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging Errors for Virtual Hosts to Multiple Files

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging Server IP Addresses

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging the Referring Page

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging the Name of the Browser Software

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging Arbitrary Request Header Fields

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging Arbitrary Response Header Fields

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging Activity to a MySQL Database

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging to syslog

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging User Directories

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

4. Virtual Hosts

Setting Up Name-Based Virtual Hosts

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Designating One Name-Based Virtual Host as the Default

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Setting Up Address-Based Virtual Hosts

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating a Default Address-Based Virtual Host

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Mixing Address-Based and Name-Based Virtual Hosts

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Mass Virtual Hosting with mod_vhost_alias

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Mass Virtual Hosting Using Rewrite Rules

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Logging for Each Virtual Host

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Splitting Up a Logfile

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Port-Based Virtual Hosts

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Displaying the Same Content on Several Addresses

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Defining Virtual Hosts in a Database

Problem Solution Discussion

5. Aliases, Redirecting, and Rewriting

Mapping a URL to a Directory

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating a New URL for Existing Content

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Giving Users Their Own URLs

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Aliasing Several URLs with a Single Directive

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Mapping Several URLs to the Same CGI Directory

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating a CGI Directory for Each User

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Redirecting to Another Location

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Redirecting Several URLs to the Same Destination

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Permitting Case-Insensitive URLs

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Showing Highlighted PHP Source without Symlinking

Problem Solution Alternate Solution Discussion See Also

Replacing Text in Requested URLs

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Rewriting Path Information to CGI Arguments

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Denying Access to Unreferred Requests

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Redirecting Unreferred Requests to an Explanation Page

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Rewriting Based on the Query String

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Redirecting All—or Part—of Your Server to SSL

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Turning Directories into Hostnames

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Redirecting All Requests to a Single Host

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Turning Document Names into Arguments

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Rewriting Elements between Path and Query String

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Rewriting a Hostname to a Directory

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Turning URL Segments into Query Arguments

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Using AliasMatch, ScriptAliasMatch, and RedirectMatch

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

6. Security

Using System Account Information for Web Authentication

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Setting Up Single-Use Passwords

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Expiring Passwords

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Limiting Upload Size

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Restricting Images from Being Used Off-Site

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Requiring Both Weak and Strong Authentication

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Managing .htpasswd Files

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Making Password Files for Digest Authentication

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Relaxing Security in a Subdirectory

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Lifting Restrictions Selectively

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Authorizing Using File Ownership

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Storing User Credentials in a MySQL Database

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Accessing the Authenticated Username

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Obtaining the Password Used to Authenticate

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Preventing Brute-Force Password Attacks

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Using Digest Versus Basic Authentication

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Accessing Credentials Embedded in URLs

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Securing WebDAV

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Enabling WebDAV Without Making Files Writable by the Web User

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Restricting Proxy Access to Certain URLs

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Protecting Files with a Wrapper

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Protecting Server Files from Malicious Scripts

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Setting Correct File Permissions

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Running a Minimal Module Set

Problem Solution Discussion

Apache 1.3 Apache 2.x

See Also

Restricting Access to Files Outside Your Web Root

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Limiting Methods by User

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Restricting Range Requests

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Rebutting DoS Attacks with mod_evasive

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Chrooting Apache with mod_security

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Migrating to 2.2 Authentication

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Blocking Worms with mod_security

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Mixing Read-Only and Write Access to a Subversion Repository

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Using Permanent Redirects to Obscure Forbidden URLs

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

7. SSL

Installing SSL

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Installing SSL on Windows

Problem Solution Discussion

Generating Self-Signed SSL Certificates

Problem Solution Discussion

Generating the private key Generating the certificate signing request Removing the passphrase Signing your key Configuring the server The easy way

See Also

Generating a Trusted CA

Problem Solution Discussion

Importing the CA

See Also

Serving a Portion of Your Site via SSL

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Authenticating with Client Certificates

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

SSL Virtual Hosts

Problem Solution Discussion

Ignore the problem Use one certificate on several hosts Use more than one address

Wildcard Certificates

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

8. Dynamic Content

Enabling a CGI Directory

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Enabling CGI Scripts in Non-ScriptAliased Directories

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Specifying a Default Document in a CGI Directory

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Using Windows File Extensions to Launch CGI Programs

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Using Extensions to Identify CGI Scripts

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Testing that CGI Is Set Up Correctly

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Reading Form Parameters

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Invoking a CGI Program for Certain Content Types

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Getting SSIs to Work

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Displaying Last Modified Date

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Including a Standard Header

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Including the Output of a CGI Program

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Running CGI Scripts as a Different User with suexec

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Installing a mod_perl Handler from CPAN

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Writing a mod_perl Handler

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Enabling PHP Script Handling

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Verifying PHP Installation

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Parsing CGI Output for Server Side Includes

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Parsing ScriptAlias Script Output for Server-Side Includes

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Getting mod_perl to Handle All Perl Scripts

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Enabling Python Script Handling

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

9. Error Handling

Handling a Missing Host Field

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Changing the Response Status for CGI Scripts

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Customized Error Messages

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Providing Error Documents in Multiple Languages

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Redirecting Invalid URLs to Some Other Page

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Making Internet Explorer Display Your Error Page

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Notification on Error Conditions

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

10. Proxies

Securing Your Proxy Server

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Preventing Your Proxy Server from Being Used as an Open Mail Relay

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Forwarding Requests to Another Server

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Blocking Proxied Requests to Certain Places

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Proxying mod_perl Content to Another Server

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Configuring a Caching Proxy Server

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Filtering Proxied Content

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Requiring Authentication for a Proxied Server

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Load Balancing with mod_proxy_balancer

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Proxied Virtual Host

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Refusing to Proxy FTP

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

11. Performance

Determining How Much Memory You Need

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Benchmarking Apache with ab

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Tuning KeepAlive Settings

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Getting a Snapshot of Your Site’s Activity

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Avoiding DNS Lookups

Problem Solution Discussion

HostNameLookups Allow and Deny from hostnames

See Also

Optimizing Symbolic Links

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Minimizing the Performance Impact of .htaccess Files

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Disabling Content Negotiation

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Optimizing Process Creation

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Tuning Thread Creation

Problem Solution Discussion

Setting the number of threads on single-child MPMs Number of threads when using the worker MPM Setting the number of threads when using netware or the perchild MPM

See Also

Caching Frequently Viewed Files

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Distributing Load Evenly Between Several Servers

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Caching Directory Listings

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Speeding Up Perl CGI Programs with mod_perl

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Caching Dynamic Content

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

12. Directory Listings

Generating Directory/Folder Listings

Problem Solution Discussion

Enabling directory listings Disabling directory indexing below an enabled directory

See Also

Display a Standard Header and Footer on Directory Listings

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Applying a Stylesheet

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Hiding Things from the Listing

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Searching for Certain Files in a Directory Listing

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Sorting the List

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Allowing a Client-Specified Sort Order

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Specifying How the List Will Be Formatted

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Allowing the Client to Specify the Formatting

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Adding Descriptions to Files

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Autogenerated Document Titles

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Changing the Listing Icons

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Listing the Directories First

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Ordering by Version Number

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Allowing the End User to Specify Version Sorting

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Complete User Control of Output

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Don’t Allow the End User to Modify the Listing

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Suppressing Certain Columns

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Showing Forbidden Files

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Aliases in Directory Listings

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

13. Miscellaneous Topics

Placing Directives Properly

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Renaming .htaccess Files

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Generating Directory/Folder Listings

Problem Solution Discussion

Enabling directory listings Disabling directory indexing below an enabled directory

See Also

Solving the “Trailing Slash” Problem

Problem Solution Discussion

Incorrect ServerName Invalid Alias directive

See Also

Setting the Content-Type According to Browser Capability

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Handling Missing Host: Header Fields

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Alternate Default Document

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Setting Up a Default “Favicon”

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Directory Listings in ScriptAliased Directories

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Enabling .htaccess Files

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Converting IBM/Lotus Server-Side Includes to Apache

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

A. Using Regular Expressions in Apache

What Directives Use Regular Expressions?

Regular Expression Basics Examples

Redirecting several URLs Catching common misspellings

For More Information

B. Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting Methodology

In the Error Log Characterize the Problem

Debugging the Configuration Debugging Premature End of Script Headers Common Problems on Windows

Cannot Determine Hostname Finding WS2_32.DLL on Windows Fixing WSADuplicateSocket Errors Handling System Error 1067

Fixing Build-Time Error Messages

__inet Symbols

Getting Server-Side Includes to Work Debugging Rewrites That Result in “Not Found” Errors .htaccess Files Having No Effect Address Already in Use

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