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Index
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Volume I
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Introduction by Daniel J. Boorstin
A Note on Piranesi
Introduction
The Grandeur That was Rome
A List of Illustrations
The Author’s Prefatory Notes
Chapter I: The Extent and Military Force of the Empire in the Age of the Antonines Which was in the Years 98–180 A.D.
Chapter II: Of the Union and Internal Prosperity of the Roman Empire in the Age of the Antonines · Art · Character
Chapter III: Of the Constitution of the Roman Empire in the Age of the Antonines · Rulers from Augustus to Domitian
Chapter IV: The Cruelty, Follies, and Murder of Commodus · Election of Pertinax · His Attempts to Reform the State · His Assassination by Prætorian Guards · Indignation
Chapter V: Public Sale of the Empire to Didius Julianus by The Prætorian Guards · Clodius Albinus in Britain, Pescennius Niger in Syria, and Septimius Severus in Pannonia, Declare Against the Murderers of Pertinax · Civil Wars, and Victory of Severus Over His Three Rivals · Relaxation of Discipline · New Maxims of Government
Chapter VI: The Death of Severus · Tyranny of Caracalla · Usurpation of Macrinus · Follies of Elagabalus · Virtues of Alexander Severus · Licentiousness of the Army · General State of the Roman Finances · Tax & Tribute
Chapter VII: The Elevation, and Tyranny, of Maximin · Rebellion in Africa and Italy, Under the Authority of the Senate · Civil Wars and Seditions · Violent Deaths of Maximin and His Son, of Maximus and Balbinus, and of the Three Gordians · Usurpation and Games of Philip
Chapter VIII: Of the State of Persia After the Restoration of the Monarchy by Artaxerxes · His Character and Maxims
Chapter IX: The State of Germany Till the Invasion of the Barbarians, in the Time of the Emperor Decius · 248 A.D.
Chapter X: The Emperors Decius, Gallus, Æmilianus, Valerian, and Gallienus · The General Irruption of the Barbarians · The Thirty Tyrants · Their Real Number Nineteen
Chapter XI: Reign of Claudius · Defeat of the Goths · Victories, Triumph, and Death, of Aurelian · Zenobia’s Character
Chapter XII: Conduct of the Army and Senate After the Death of Aurelian · Reigns of Tacitus, Probus, Carus and His Sons
Chapter XIII: The Reign of Diocletian and His Three Associates, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius · General Re-establishment of Order and Tranquility · The Persian War, Victory, and Triumph · The New form of Administration · The Abdication of Diocletian and Maximian
Chapter XIV: Troubles After the Abdication of Diocletian · Death of Constantius · Elevation of Constantine and Maxentius · Six Emperors at the Same Time · Death of Maximian and Galerius · Victories of Constantine Over Maxentius and Licinius · Reunion of the Empire Under Authority of Constantine · His Laws · General Peace
Chapter XV: The Progress of the Christian Religion, and the Sentiments, Manners, Numbers, and Condition, of the Primitive Christians · Ceremonies, Arts, and Festivals
Chapter XVI: The Conduct of the Roman Government Towards the Christians, From Reign of Nero to That of Constantine · Persecution of Jews & Christians by Domitian
Chapter XVII: Foundation of Constantinople · Political System of Constantine, and His Successors · Military Discipline the Palace · Finances · General Tribute · Free Gifts
Chapter XVIII: Character of Constantine · Gothic War · Death of Constantine · Division of the Empire Among His Three Sons · Persian War · Tragic Deaths of Constantine the Younger and Constans · Usurpation of Magnentius · Civil War · Conquest of Italy · Victory of Constantius
Chapter XIX: Constantius Sole Emperor · Elevation and Death of Gallus · Danger and Elevation of Julian · Sarmatian and Persian Wars · Victories of Julian in Gaul · Paris
Chapter XX: The Motives, Progress, and Effects of the Conversion of Constantine · Legal Establishment and Constitution of the Christian or Catholic Church · The Clergy
Chapter XXI: Persecution of Heresy · The Schism of the Donatists the Arian Controversy · Athanasius · Distracted State of the Church & Empire Under Constantine & His Sons
Chapter XXII: Julian is Declared Emperor by the Legions of Gaul · His March and Success · The Death of Constantius · Civil Administration of Julian · His Fine Character
Chapter XXIII: The Religion of Julian · Universal Toleration · He Attempts to Restore and Reform the Pagan Worship; To Rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem · His Artful Persecution of the Christians · Mutual Zeal and Injustice
Chapter XXIV: Residence of Julian at Antioch · His Successful Expedition Against the Persians · Passage of the Tigris · The Retreat and Death of Julian · Election of Jovian · He Saves the Roman Army by A Disgraceful Peace Treaty
Chapter XXV: The Government and Death of Jovian · Election of Valentinian, Who Associates His Brother Valens, and Makes the Final Division of the Eastern and Western Empires · Revolt of Procopius · Civil and Ecclesiastical Administration · Germany · Britain · Africa · The East · The Danube · Death of Valentinian · His Two Sons, Gratian and Valentinian II., Succeed to The Western Empire · The Eastern Emperor is Without Influence
Chapter XXVI: Manners of the Pastoral Nations · Progress of the Huns · Flight of the Goths · They Pass the Danube · Gothic War · Defeat and Death of Valens · Gratian Invests Theodosius with the Eastern Empire · His Character and Success · Peace and Settlement of the Goths
Volume II
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
A List of Illustrations
Map
Chapter XXVII: Death of Gratian · Ruin of Arianism · St. Ambrose · First Civil War, Against Maximus · Character, Administration, and Penance of Theodosius · Death of Valentinian II. · Second Civil War, Against Eugenius · Death of Theodosius · Corruption of Times · Infantry Disarm
Chapter XXVIII: Final Destruction of Paganism · Introduction of the Worship of Saints and Relics, Among the Christians
Chapter XXIX: Final Division of the Roman Empire Between the Sons of Theodosius · Reign of Arcadius and Honorius · Administration of Rufinus and Stilicho · Revolt and Defeat of Gildo in Africa · Condemnation by the Senate
Chapter XXX: Revolt of the Goths · They Plunder Greece · Two Great Invasions of Italy by Alaric And Radagaisus · They are Repulsed by Stilicho · The Germans Overrun Gaul · Usurpation of Constantine in the West · Disgrace and Death of Stilicho · His Memory Persecuted · Claudian
Chapter XXXI: Invasion of Italy by Alaric · Manners of the Roman Senate and People · Rome is Thrice Besieged and at Length Pillaged by the Goths · Death of Alaric · The Goths Evacuate Italy · Fall of Constantine · Gaul and Spain Occupied by Barbarians · Freedom of Britain
Chapter XXXII: Arcadius Emperor of the East · Administration and Disgrace of Eutropius · Revolt of Gainas · Persecution of St. John Chrysostom · Theodosius II. Emperor of the East · His Sister Pulcheria · His Wife Eudocia · The Persian War, and Division of Armenia · Lustre on Decline
Chapter XXXIII: Death of Honorius · Valentinian III. Emperor of the West · Administration of his Mother Placidia · Aetius and Boniface · The Conquest of Africa by the Vandals
Chapter XXXIV: The Character, Conquests, and Court of Attila, King of the Huns · Death of Theodosius the Younger · Elevation of Marcian by Pulcheria to the Empire of the East
Chapter XXXV: Invasion of Gaul by Attila · He is Repulsed by Aetius and the Visigoths · Attila Invades and Evacuates Italy · The Deaths of Attila, Aetius, and Valentinian III · Symptoms of the Ruin of the Roman Government
Chapter XXXVI: Sack of Rome by Genseric, King of the Vandals · His Naval Depredations · Succession of the Last Emperors of the West, Maximus, Avitus, Majorian, Severus, Anthemius, Olybrius, Glycerius, Nepos, Augustulus · Total Extinction of the Western Empire · Reign and Character of Odoacer, First Barbarian King of Italy
Chapter XXXVII: Origin, Progress, and Effects of the Monastic Life · Conversion of The Barbarians to Christianity and Arianism · Persecution of the Vandals in Africa · Extinction of Arianism Among Barbarians · Jews in Spain
Chapter XXXVIII: Reign and Conversion of Clovis · His Victories Over the Alemanni, Burgundians, and Visigoths · Establishment of the French Monarchy in Gaul · Laws of the Barbarians · State of the Romans · The Visigoths of Spain · Conquest of Britain by the Saxons · King Arthur
Chapter XXXIX: Zeno and Anastasius, Emperors of the East · Birth, Education, and First Exploits of Theodoric the Ostrogoth · His Invasion and Conquest of Italy · The Gothic Kingdom of Italy · State of the West · Military and Civil Government · The Senator Boethus · Death of Symmachus · The Last Acts and Death of Theodoric
Chapter XL: Elevation of Justin the Elder · Reign of Justinian: I. The Empress Theodora · II. Factions of the Circus, and Sedition of Constantinople · III. Trade and Manufacture of Silk · IV. Finances and Taxes · V. Edifices of Justinian · Church of St. Sophia · Fortification and Frontiers of Eastern Empire · Abolition of Schools of Athens and the Roman Consulship by Justinian
Chapter XLI: Conquests of Justinian in the West · Character and First Campaigns of Belisarius · He Invades and Subdues the Vandal Kingdom of Africa · His Triumph · The Gothic War · He Recovers Sicily, Naples, and Rome · Siege of Rome by The Goths · Their Retreat and Losses · Surrender of Ravenna · Glory of Belisarius · His Domestic Shame and Misfortunes · His Wife Antonina
Chapter XLII: State of The Barbaric World · Establishment of The Lombards on the Danube · Tribes and Inroads of the Sclavonians · Origin, Empire, and Embassies of the Turks · The Flight of the Avars · Chosroes I. Or Nushirvan King of Persia · His Reign and Wars with The Romans · The Colchian or Lazic War · The Æthiopians
Chapter XLIII: Rebellions of Africa · Restoration of the Gothic Kingdom by Totila · Loss and Recovery of Rome · Final Conquest of Italy by Narses · Extinction of the Ostrogoths · Defeat of the Franks and Alemanni · Last Victory, Disgrace, and Death of Belisarius · Death and Character of Justinian · Comet, Earthquakes, Plague
Chapter XLIV: Idea of the Roman Jurisprudence · The Laws of the Kings · The Twelve Tablets of the Decemvirs · The Laws of the People · The Decrees of the Senate · The Edicts of the Magistrates and Emperors · Authority of the Civilians · Code, Pandects, Novels, and Institutes of Justinian: · I. Rights of Persons · II. Rights of Things III. Private Injury & Action · IV. Crime & Punishment
Chapter XLV: Reign of the Younger Justin · Embassy of the Avars · Their Settlement on the Danube · Conquest of Italy by the Lombards · Adoption and Reign of Tiderius · of Maurice · State of Italy Under the Lombards and the Exarchs of Ravenna · Distress of Rome · Character and Pontificate of Gregory the First · The Saviour of Rome
Chapter XLVI: Revolutions of Persia After the Death of Chosroes or Nushirvan · His Son Hormouz, A Tyrant, is Deposed · Usurpation of Bahram · Flight and Restoration of Chosroes II. · His Gratitude to the Romans · The Chagan of the Avars · Revolt of the Army Against Maurice · His Death · Tyranny of Phocas · Elevation of Heraclius · The Persian War · Chosroes Subdues Syria, Egypt, and Asia Minor · Siege of Constantinople by the Persians and Avars · Victories and Triumph of Heraclius
Chapter XLVII: Theological History of the Doctrine of the Incarnation · The Human and Divine Nature of Christ · Enmity of the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Constantinople · St. Cyril and Nestorius · Third General Council of Ephesus · Heresy of Eutyches · Fourni General Council of Chalcedon · Civil and Ecclesiastical Discord · Intolerance of Justinian · The Three Chapters · The Monothelite Controversy · State of the Oriental Sects · I. The Nestorians · II. The Jacobites · III. The Maronites · IV. The Armenians · V. The Copts
Chapter XLVIII: Characters of the Greek Emperors of Constantinople, From the Time of Heraclius to The Latin Conquest
Volume III
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
A List of Illustrations
Map
Chapter XLIX: Introduction, Worship, and Persecution of Images · Revolt of Italy and Rome · Temporal Dominion of the Popes · Conquest of Italy by the Franks · Character and Coronation of Charlemagne · Decay of the Empire in the West · Independence of Italy · Constitution of the Germanic Body · The German Emperor Charles IV
Chapter L: Description of Arabia and Its Inhabitants · Birth, Character, and Doctrine of Mahomet · He Preaches at Mecca · Flies to Medina · Propagates His Religion by the Sword · Voluntary or Reluctant Submission of the Arabs · His Death and Successors · The Claims and Fortunes of Ali His Descendants · Success of Mahomet
Chapter LI: The Conquest of Persia, Syria, Egypt, Africa, and Spain, by the Arabs or Saracens · Empire of the Caliphs, or Successors of Mahomet · State of the Christians, &. Under Their Government · Decline of Christianity
Chapter LII: The Two Sieges of Constantinople by the Arabs · Their Invasion of France, and Defeat by Charles Martel · Civil War of the Ommiades and Abbassides · Learning of the Arabs · Luxury of the Caliphs · Naval Enterprises on Crete, Sicily, and Rome · Decay and Division of the Empire of the Caliphs · Defeats and Victories of the Greek Emperors · Nicephorus, Phocas & Zimisces
Chapter LIII: State of the Eastern Empire in the Tenth Century · Extent and Division · Wealth and Revenue · Palace of Constantinople · Titles and Offices · Pride and Power of the Emperors · Tactics of the Greeks, Arabs, and Franks · The Loss of Latin · Solitude of the Greeks
Chapter LIV: Origin and Doctrine of the Paulicians · Their Persecution by the Greek Emperors · Revolt in Armenia, &. · Transplantation into Thrace · Propagation in the West · The Seeds and Consequences of the Reformation
Chapter LV: The Bulgarians · Origin, Migrations, and Settlement of the Hungarians · Their Inroads in the East and West · The Monarchy of Russia · Geography and Trade · Wars of the Russians Against the Greek Empire · Conversion of the Barbarians · Baptism of Wolodomir
Chapter LVI: The Saracens, Franks, and Greeks, in Italy · First Adventures and Settlement of the Normans · Character and Conquests of Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia · Deliverance of Sicily by His Brother Roger · Victories of Robert Over the Emperors of the East and West · Roger, King of Sicily, Invades Africa and Greece · The Emperor Manuel Comnenus · Wars of the Greeks and Normans · Emperor Henry VI. · Extinction of Normans
Chapter LVII: The Turks of the House of Seljuk · Their Revolt Against Mahmud, Conqueror of Hindostan · Togrul Subdues Persia, and Protects the Caliphs · Defeat and Captivity of the Emperor Romanus Diogenes by Alp Arslan · Power and Magnificence of Malek Shah · Conquest of Asia Minor and Syria · State and Oppression of Jerusalem · Pilgrimages to the Holy Sepulchre
Chapter LVIII: Origin and Numbers of the First Crusade · Characters of the Latin Princes · Their March to Constantinople · Policy of the Greek Emperor Alexius · Conquest of Nice, Antioch, and Jerusalem, by the Franks · Deliverance of the Holy Sepulchre · Godfrey of Bouillon, First King of Jerusalem · The French or Latin Kingdom
Chapter LIX: Preservation of the Greek Empire · Numbers, Passage, and Events of the Second and Third Crusades · St. Bernard · Reign of Saladin in Egypt and Syria · His Conquest of Jerusalem · Naval crusades · Richard the First of England · Pope Innocent the Third; and the Fourth and Fifth Crusades · The Emperor Frederic the Second · Louis the Ninth of France; and the Two Last Crusades · Expulsion of the Franks by the Mamelukes
Chapter LX: Schism of the Greeks and Latins · State of Constantinople · Revolt of the Bulgarians · Isaac Angelus Dethroned by His Brother Alexius · Origin of The Fourth Crusade · Alliance of the French and Venetians with the Son of Isaac · Their Naval Expedition to Constantinople · The Two Sieges, and Final Conquest of the City by the Latins · Sacrilege, Mockery, Destruction
Chapter LXI: Partition of the Empire by the French and Venetians · Five Latin Emperors of the Houses of Flanders and Courtenay · Their Wars Against the Bulgarians and Greeks · Weakness and Poverty of the Latin Empire · Recovery of Constantinople by the Greeks · General Consequences of Crusades · Digression · The Courtenays
Chapter LXII: The Greek Emperors of Nice and Constantinople · Elevation and Reign of Michael Palaeologus · His False Union with the Pope and the Latin Church · Hostile Designs of Charles of Anjou · Revolt of Sicily · War of the Catalans in Asia and Greece · Revolutions and Present State of Athens · Its People Elude Tyranny
Chapter LXIII: Civil Wars, and Ruin of the Greek Empire · Reigns of Andronicus, the Elder and Younger, and John Palaeologus · Regency, Revolt, Reign, and Abdication, of John Cantacuzene · Establishment of a Genoese Colony at Pera or Galata · Their Wars with the Empire and City of Constantinople · Genoese Victory Over Venetians
Chapter LXIV: Conquests of Zingis Khan and the Moguls from China to Poland · Escape of Constantinople and the Greeks · Origin of the Ottoman Turks in Bithynia · Reigns and Victories of Othman, Orchan, Amurath the First, and Bajazet the First · Foundation and Progress of the Turkish Monarchy in Asia and Europe · Danger of Constantinople and the Greek Empire · John Palaeologus
Chapter LXV: Elevation of Timour, or Tamerlane, to the Throne of Samarcand · His Conquests in Persia, Georgia, Tartary, Russia, India, Syria, and Anatolia · His Turkish War Defeat and Captivity of Bajazet · Death of Timour · Civil War of the Sons of Bajazet · Restoration of the Turkish Monarchy by Mahomet the First · Siege of Constantinople by Amurath the Second · Turkish Merit
Chapter LXVI: Applications of the Eastern Emperors to the Popes · Visits to the West, of John the First, Manuel, and John the Second, Palaeologus · Union of the Greek and Latin Churches, Promoted by the Council of Basil, and Concluded at Ferrara and Florence · State of Literature at Constantinople · Its Revival in Italy by the Greek Fugitives · Curiosity & Emulation of the Latins
Chapter LXVII: Schism of the Greeks and Latins · Reign and Character of Amurath the Second · Crusade of Ladislaus, King of Hungary · His Defeat and Death · John Huniades · Scanderbeg · Constantine Palaeologus, Last Emperor of the East · Embassies of Phranza · Byzantine Court
Chapter LXVIII: Reign and Character of Mahomet the Second · Siege, Assault, and Final Conquest, of Constantinople, by the Turks · Death of Constantine Palaeologus · Servitude of the Greeks · Extinction of the Roman Empire in the East · Consternation of Europe · Conquests and Death of Mahomet the Second · His Lofty Aspirations
Chapter LXIX: State of Rome from the Twelfth Century · Temporal Dominion of the Popes · Seditions of the City · Political Heresy of Arnold of Brescia · Restoration of the Republic · The Senators · Pride of the Romans · Their Wars · They are Deprived of the Election and Presence of the Popes, Who Retire to Avignon · The Jubilee · Noble Families of Rome · Colonna and Ursini Feud
Chapter LXX: Character and Coronation of Petrarch · Restoration of the Freedom and Government of Rome by the Tribune Rienzi · His Virtues and Vices, His Expulsion and Death · Return of the Popes from Avignon · Great Schism of the West · Re-Union of the Latin Church · Last Struggles of Roman Liberty · Statues of Rome · Final Settlement of the Ecclesiastical Government
Chapter LXXI: Prospect of the Ruins of Rome in the Fifteenth Century · Four Causes of Decay and Destruction · Example of the Coliseum · Ignorance and Barbarism of Romans · Renovation of the City · Conclusion
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