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Index
Cover
Contents
Acknowledgments
Illustrations
Introduction: How to See One Billion Images
Looking at Culture with Computers
Cultural Analytics: Five Ideas
Cultural Analytics: Twelve Research Challenges
What Cultural Analytics Is Not
Cultural Analytics, Media Theory, and Software Studies
Using This Book in Classes
I Studying Culture at Scale
1 From New Media to More Media
“From New Media to More Media” (2008)
Observing Global Culture in Real Time
Cultural Analytics in Historical Context
2 The Science of Culture?
Analyzing, Visualizing, and Interacting with Cultural Data: Examples
History versus Present, Professionals versus Amateurs
The Regular versus the Particular
The Science of Culture? Deterministic Laws, Statistical Models, Simulation
3 Culture Industry and Media Analytics
A New Stage in Media Technology History
Media Analytics Examples
The Two Parts of Media Analytics
Automation: Media Analysis
Automation: Media Actions
Media Analytics and Cultural Analytics
II Representing Culture as Data
4 Types of Cultural Data
Media: Social Networks and Professional Networks
Behavior: Digital and Physical Traces
Representing Interaction
Events, Places, Organizations
5 Cultural Sampling
The Islands and the Ocean
Museums versus Libraries
Creating Representative Samples
How to See the Invisible
The Limitations of Random Samples
Statistics as Reduction
Why We Need Big Data to Study Cultures
Is Sampling Necessary?
6 Metadata and Features
From a World to a Dataset
Metadata and Features
Data = Objects + Features
Statistics in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: From a Single to Multiple Variables
Interpretation, Explanation, Automation
The Semantic Gap
7 Language, Categories, and Senses
Data Types
Measurement Scales
Language and Senses
Senses and Numbers
Measuring Perceptions
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Analysis
Prescriptive Aesthetics and Modernisms
Analysis Examples: 776 van Gogh Paintings and One Million Manga Pages
More Examples: One Million Artworks and 42,571 Movies
The Society of Categories
III Exploring Cultural Data
8 Information Visualization
What Is Visualization?
Reduction and Space
Visualization without Reduction
Artistic Media Visualization
Cultural Time Series
Beyond Information Visualization
9 Exploratory Media Analysis
Against Search
The Interface
Image Processing and Computer Vision
Using Image Features for Exploratory Media Analysis
Seeing versus Analyzing
10 Methods of Media Visualization
Image Montage
Sampling versus Summarization
Temporal Sampling
Spatial Sampling
Remapping
Conclusion: Can We Think without Categories?
Do We Want to “Explain” Culture?
Is the Goal of Cultural Analytics to Study Patterns? (Yes and No)
How to Think without Categories
Learning to See at a New Scale
Notes
Index
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