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Index
Half title Title page Imprints page Contents Figures Tables Contributors Foreword Part I Introduction
1 Introduction and overview
References
Part II Foundations: basics of color science
2 Color models and systems
Introduction / overview Color appearance terminology
Color, related, unrelated
Six attributes of appearance
Color-order systems
Definition and types The Munsell Book of Color The Natural Color System (NCS) Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales (OSA UCS)
Basic colorimetry
Definition of colorimetry XYZ xyY and u’v’Y
Color spaces
Definition CIELAB
Color-appearance models
Definition CIECAM02
Just what is sRGB?
Definition sRGB related to basic colorimetry sRGB related to color appearance Others: AdobeRGB, ITU, Transforms, etc
Conclusions/summary References
3 Fundamentals of color vision I: color processing in the eye
Introduction Wavelength, visual optics, and image formation The photoreceptor array and retinal sampling Color vision at the photoreceptors
Phototransduction and univariance Monochromacy, dichromacy, trichromacy, and color matching Cone spectral sensitivities Molecular genetics, genetic variability and color vision deficiencies
Color vision after photopigment isomerization
First-site adaptation and contrast-coding Postreceptoral retinal physiology Recombination of cone signals: chromatic and achromatic processing Psychophysical correlates of cone-opponent and non-cone-opponent codes Relative cone numerosity and the cone-opponent and non-cone-opponent codes Temporal aspects of color vision
Spatial aspects of color vision
Dependence of color matches on spatial frequency Spatial MTFs Foveal and peripheral differences
Conclusion Acknowledgements References
4 Fundamentals of color vision II: higher-order color processing
Psychophysical investigations of higher-level color processing Color and the early visual cortex Later visual cortex and color modules Color constancy Unique hues and color categories Moving colors Color as a series of distributed, parallel transformations Acknowledgements References
5 Evolution of color vision and its reflections in contemporary mammals
Introduction Definitional issues General features of opsins and their evolution Photopigments in early vertebrates What triggered the evolution of color vision? Evolution of mammalian color vision: general features Evolution of primate color vision
Catarrhines Platyrrhines Strepsirrhines
Mammalian S-cone-opsin pseudogenes Utility of mammalian color vision
Dichromatic mammals Rod influences on color vision The utility of color vision in New World monkeys
Conclusion References
6 Some philosophical questions about color
Two kinds of philosophical questions about color 1 The ontology of color
Color objectivism Color eliminativism Color relationalism
The epistemology of color Final remarks Acknowledgements References
Part III Development of and differences in color vision
7 Emergence and early development of color vision and color perception
Introduction The study of color vision
Terminology Photopigments and receptors The neural processing of wavelength information
Spectral sensitivity
Scotopic spectral sensitivity Photopic spectral sensitivity
Wavelength discrimnation
Trichromacy and dichromacy Wavelength discrimination in infants and the brightness problem Are infants trichromats? Does color vision develop?
Attention, perception, and cognition
Subjective dimensions of color Infant attention and preference for color Infant categorization of color Infant memory for color Infant color concepts
Overview Author note References
8 Color vision changes in normal aging
Introduction Methods employed to assess chromatic sensitivity – isolation of color signals The standard normal CAD observer The effects of retinal illuminance and stimulus size Effect of normal aging – subject selection criteria Monocular and binocular thresholds Effect of normal aging on RG and YB thresholds Comparison with other studies Processes that may contribute to color vision changes in normal aging Conclusions Acknowledgements References
9 Individual differences in color vision
Individual differences and the mechanisms of color vision Sources of sensitivity variation
Pre-receptoral screening Photopigments Cone ratios Postreceptoral differences
Personalizing color space Individual differences in color appearance
Achromatic settings Unique hues Binary hues Color naming Gender differences
The relationship between sensitivity and appearance
Achromatic settings Unique hues
Adaptation and individual differences Acknowledgements References
10 Color vision deficiencies
Introduction Basics of color vision
Stage 1: photoreceptors Stage 2: cone opponency Stage 3: pathways leading to color opponency Stage 4: higher visual centers
Congenital CVD
Mechanism and classification Trichromacy Anomalous trichromacy Dichromacy Monochromacy Genetics Prevalence Red-green CVD Blue-yellow color deficiency Consequences of CVD Education Occupations Transport Armed forces Emergency services Other industries Ergonomics – designing the world to suit CVDs Treatment
Acquired CVDs
Progressive retinopathies Optic neuropathies Cortical color vision disorders Toxicity
Measurement of CVDs
Anomaloscopy Pseudo-isochromatic chart tests Pseudo-isochromatic test design Ishihara test HRR test Color Vision Testing Made Easy
Other chart tests
City University Colour Vision Test Neitz Test of Color Vision Arrangement tests Farnsworth–Munsell 100-hue test Farnsworth Panel D15 The Minimal Colour Vision Test Computer-based tests Cambridge Colour Test The Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test The Cone Contrast Test Occupational tests Lighting for color vision testing Genetic testing
Acknowledgements References
Part IV Color categorization
11 Universality of color categorization
Introduction Basic color terms (1969) The encoding sequence after 1969 The World Color Survey The emergence hypothesis Evidence from the WCS for universal constraints on color naming Studies dealing statistically with the entire WCS database Studies devoted to specific languages An argument against the usual data Conclusion References
12 Color categorization across cultures
Variation across cultures Natural divisions of color space The optional use of color Rosch’s investigations of color categories Categorical perception: the two-alternative, forced-choice paradigm Categorical perception: still a useful idea Categorical perception: avoiding labeling Categorical perception: Kay and Kempton (1984) – two ways of seeing Color categories: further issues about universality References
13 Development of color categorization
Overview Infant color categorization
The evidence for infant color categories Challenges to the existence of infant color categories Theoretical issues
The development of linguistic color categorization
Impact of color-term acquisition Learning the terms for color categories
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
14 The meaning of color words in a cross-linguistic perspective
Introduction: what are words for?
How can we identify the meaning of words – any words? The “NSM” approach to semantic and conceptual analysis
The meaning of visual descriptors in languages without color words
“Bright” and “dull” in Burarra Salient visual prototypes in Warlpiri
Color words in languages that do have color words
Different ways of thinking about the sky in English, Russian, and Polish Different ways of thinking about blood in English and Hungarian
Defining “color”
The color of something (in a colloquial sense) Color (in a technical sense)
Conclusion A coda References
Part V Color symbolism and association
15 Early color symbolism
Introduction Evolutionary background Interpretations
Symbolism An “esthetic sense” or “decoration” Individual display
Female–female competition Displays of creative ability Displays of individual uniqueness Discussion
Group displays
The female cosmetic coalitions hypothesis (FCCH) Color symbolism via association with ritual A semiotic evolution of “social ritual” “Badging” between groups of strangers Signals of within-group cohesion Non-symbolic rites of passage Pigments as honest, low-cost signals
All in one
The early pigment record Evaluation
Temporal predictions Color selection Quantitative Costs Interlineage comparison Observers
Summary Early color symbolism Acknowledgements References
16 Symbolic use of color in ritual, tradition, and folklore
Introduction Driving forces behind the use of color and appearance in oral tradition
The economic driving force The historical driving force
Political Supernatural
The social driving force
Healing uses of color Rites of passage Calendar customs Food
The color triad
Body decoration in the wider world
Driving forces behind the use of color in archeological contexts Conclusion References
17 Color in camouflage, mimicry, and warning signals
Introduction Color and vision among animals How do animals use color? Camouflage
Types of camouflage Background matching
Behavioral adaptations
Disruptive coloration Camouflage via countershading Distractive markings Masquerade Motion dazzle
Warning coloration and aposematism
Warning coloration as a true indicator of toxicity Aposematism and mimicry Batesian mimicry
Conclusions Acknowledgements References
18 Use of color in warnings
Introduction
Warnings as a method of hazard control Communication-human information processing (C-HIP) model
Hazard comprehension: meaning conveyed by color
Cross-cultural differences in hazard and color perception Color with signal words Color in warning graphics Colored containers and labels Multicolor warnings Mismatch between signal word and color Discussion about inconsistent findings Fluorescent colors Summary of color’s effect on hazard perceptions
Color and attention switch
Reaction time research Eye-movement research Influence of fluorescent colors on attention switch Behavioral compliance
Other warning and color topics
Legibility studies and attention maintenance Color in combination with other features enhances memory Computerized displays used in future warnings
Implications and conclusions References
19 Color emotion and color harmony
Introduction Studies of color emotion
Underlying factors of color emotion Hue-related color-emotion models (warm/cool) Lightness-related color-emotion models (heavy/light) Chroma-related color emotion models (active/passive) Additivity of color emotion Cultural effects on color emotion
Studies of color harmony
Conventional theories of color harmony Psychophysical models of two-color harmony Ou and Luo (2006) Nayatani and Sakai (2009) Szabó et al. (2009) Psychophysical models of three-color harmony Szabó et al. (2009) Ou et al. (2011) Common principles of color harmony based on psychophysical data
References
20 Do metaphors color our perception of social life?
A brief overview of conceptual metaphor theory Color metaphors and social life
Metaphors involving the colors black and white Metaphors involving the color red
Future research considerations
Metaphors involving other colors Mediation and moderation Individual differences
Summary and conclusion References
Part VI Color preferences
21 Ecological aspects of color preference
The ecological valence theory of color preference Comparisons with other color-preference models An ecological approach to individual differences An ecological approach to cultural differences Subcultural group differences in color preferences
Effects of university affiliation Effects of political affiliation
The development of color preferences Causal evidence for ecological effects Color preferences as a feedback loop Conclusion Acknowledgements References
22 Biological, cultural, and developmental influences on color preferences
Introduction A brief history of color preference studies The origins of color preference Color-preference models: universality and individuality Cultural influences on color preference Sex differences in color preference Age differences in color preference Summary and conclusions References
Part VII Color effects on psychological and biological functioning
23 The role of color in the voluntary and involuntary guidance of selective attention
Voluntary, top-down selection by color
Top-down guidance of feature-based attentional selection by color Top-down guidance of space-based attentional selection by color Top-down color guidance in pop-out search: dimensional weighting Top-down color guidance in attention-demanding search: guided search Top-down guidance of temporal attentional selection by color Involuntary attentional selection by color Bottom-up feature-based attentional selection by color Bottom-up space-based attentional selection by color The effect of irrelevant color singletons Contingent attentional capture The nature of attentional control settings for color Capture by unexpected color singletons Capture by color singletons matching the contents of working memory Capture by colors associated with reward Color and attentional disengagement Bottom-up temporal selection by color
Color-specific effects in attention allocation Summary and conclusions References
24 Color and mate choice in non-human animals
Introduction Sexual selection mechanisms and mate choice Colors shown by different taxa Color and mate choice in non-humans
Color and mate choice in non-primates Color and mate choice in non-human primates
What is being “chosen”? Form and function Current and future directions Conclusion References
25 Color in romantic contexts in humans
Red and romance: society and biology Red and perceptions of female attractiveness Red and approach-oriented behavior Mediation of red and perceived attractiveness for men viewing women Women’s use of red as a sexual signal Black and perceived attractiveness for men viewing women Red and male attractiveness Future directions References
26 Color in competition contexts in non-human animals
Sexual selection and the adaptive significance of color Color as a signal of competitive ability Color in primates Competition and color in male primates
Mandrills
Drills Vervets Rhesus macaques Geladas Summary of competition and color in male primates
Competition and color in female primates
Female color and dominance rank Do females attend to female color? Summary of competition and color in female primates
Conclusions and future directions References
27 Color in achievement contexts in humans
Introduction Color-in-context (CIC) theory The meaning of red in achievement contexts Red in sporting contexts Red in intellectual performance contexts Context further considered Concluding words References
28 Color and face perception
Introduction Evolutionary significance of color in faces Face recognition Color as a valid cue to health Developmental versus current health cues Dominance and aggression Color distribution Conclusions Acknowledgements References
29 Eating with our eyes: on the color of flavor
Introduction The profound effect of food coloring on flavor perception The consumer response to color-induced disconfirmed expectation Modeling the multisensory integration of flavor perception Why have changes of food color sometimes failed to influence flavor perception? The influence of product-extrinsic color cues on multisensory flavor perception Conclusions References
30 Non-visual effects of colored light
Preface Introduction Iris reflex Nocturnal melatonin suppression Melatonin, cortisol, and alpha amylase Cortisol-awakening response Alertness and sleepiness Hunger Seasonal affective disorder Conclusions Acknowledgements References
Part VIII Psychological effects on color perception
31 Memory effects on color perception
Introduction Memory color effects on color appearance
The idea of memory color effects Classic studies Recent developments Achromatic adjustments Color discrimination Neurobiological evidence
Memory color effects on other aspects of color perception
Scene and object recognition Color memory Color naming Color constancy Summary and implications
Determinants of memory color effects
Perceptual information and recognizability Color diagnosticity and familiarity Daylight axis and asymmetries of color space Adaptation and measurement precision Summary and implications
Broader implications and conclusions
Functional segregation Modularity and cognitive penetrability Perceptual learning and constructivism Concept of color and color realism
Acknowledgements References
32 Affect-related influences on color perception
Emotion, color, and color-emotion associations
What do we mean by emotion? Why should color and emotion be linked? What emotion-relevant color associations do people have?
Affective influences on color perception
Affective valence as brightness Anger/hostility as redness
Concluding thoughts References
Part IX Color phenomena
33 Color appearance phenomena and visual illusions
Introduction Classic color-appearance phenomena The Hunt effect The Stevens effect Surround impact: Bartleson–Breneman equations Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect Abney effect Discounting the illuminant Related and unrelated colors Afterimages Spatially complex appearance phenomena and visual illusions Contrast and brightness Simultaneous contrast Mach bands The grids: Hermann and scintillating Revisting spatially complex contrast and brightness The Craik–O’Brien–Cornsweet effect Adelson’s checker-shadow illusion Spatial color phenomena Color contrast and induction Color assimilation and spreading Neon spreading and the watercolor effect Crispening The last words on color appearance and visual illusions References
34 Synesthetic experiences of color
Introduction to synesthesia The nature of color correspondences in synesthesia
Sound-to-color Letters-to-color Numbers-to-color Somatosensation-to-color Chemosensation-to-color
Color cognition in synesthetes
Perception of color Mental imagery Memory for color
Conclusions References
Index
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