Handbook of Color Psychology (Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology) by Elliot, Andrew J. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Half title Title page Imprints page Contents Figures Tables Contributors Foreword Part I Introduction

1 Introduction and overview

References

Part II Foundations: basics of color science

2 Color models and systems

Introduction / overview Color appearance terminology

Color, related, unrelated

Six attributes of appearance

Color-order systems

Definition and types The Munsell Book of Color The Natural Color System (NCS) Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales (OSA UCS)

Basic colorimetry

Definition of colorimetry XYZ xyY and u’v’Y

Color spaces

Definition CIELAB

Color-appearance models

Definition CIECAM02

Just what is sRGB?

Definition sRGB related to basic colorimetry sRGB related to color appearance Others: AdobeRGB, ITU, Transforms, etc

Conclusions/summary References

3 Fundamentals of color vision I: color processing in the eye

Introduction Wavelength, visual optics, and image formation The photoreceptor array and retinal sampling Color vision at the photoreceptors

Phototransduction and univariance Monochromacy, dichromacy, trichromacy, and color matching Cone spectral sensitivities Molecular genetics, genetic variability and color vision deficiencies

Color vision after photopigment isomerization

First-site adaptation and contrast-coding Postreceptoral retinal physiology Recombination of cone signals: chromatic and achromatic processing Psychophysical correlates of cone-opponent and non-cone-opponent codes Relative cone numerosity and the cone-opponent and non-cone-opponent codes Temporal aspects of color vision

Spatial aspects of color vision

Dependence of color matches on spatial frequency Spatial MTFs Foveal and peripheral differences

Conclusion Acknowledgements References

4 Fundamentals of color vision II: higher-order color processing

Psychophysical investigations of higher-level color processing Color and the early visual cortex Later visual cortex and color modules Color constancy Unique hues and color categories Moving colors Color as a series of distributed, parallel transformations Acknowledgements References

5 Evolution of color vision and its reflections in contemporary mammals

Introduction Definitional issues General features of opsins and their evolution Photopigments in early vertebrates What triggered the evolution of color vision? Evolution of mammalian color vision: general features Evolution of primate color vision

Catarrhines Platyrrhines Strepsirrhines

Mammalian S-cone-opsin pseudogenes Utility of mammalian color vision

Dichromatic mammals Rod influences on color vision The utility of color vision in New World monkeys

Conclusion References

6 Some philosophical questions about color

Two kinds of philosophical questions about color 1 The ontology of color

Color objectivism Color eliminativism Color relationalism

The epistemology of color Final remarks Acknowledgements References

Part III Development of and differences in color vision

7 Emergence and early development of color vision and color perception

Introduction The study of color vision

Terminology Photopigments and receptors The neural processing of wavelength information

Spectral sensitivity

Scotopic spectral sensitivity Photopic spectral sensitivity

Wavelength discrimnation

Trichromacy and dichromacy Wavelength discrimination in infants and the brightness problem Are infants trichromats? Does color vision develop?

Attention, perception, and cognition

Subjective dimensions of color Infant attention and preference for color Infant categorization of color Infant memory for color Infant color concepts

Overview Author note References

8 Color vision changes in normal aging

Introduction Methods employed to assess chromatic sensitivity – isolation of color signals The standard normal CAD observer The effects of retinal illuminance and stimulus size Effect of normal aging – subject selection criteria Monocular and binocular thresholds Effect of normal aging on RG and YB thresholds Comparison with other studies Processes that may contribute to color vision changes in normal aging Conclusions Acknowledgements References

9 Individual differences in color vision

Individual differences and the mechanisms of color vision Sources of sensitivity variation

Pre-receptoral screening Photopigments Cone ratios Postreceptoral differences

Personalizing color space Individual differences in color appearance

Achromatic settings Unique hues Binary hues Color naming Gender differences

The relationship between sensitivity and appearance

Achromatic settings Unique hues

Adaptation and individual differences Acknowledgements References

10 Color vision deficiencies

Introduction Basics of color vision

Stage 1: photoreceptors Stage 2: cone opponency Stage 3: pathways leading to color opponency Stage 4: higher visual centers

Congenital CVD

Mechanism and classification Trichromacy Anomalous trichromacy Dichromacy Monochromacy Genetics Prevalence Red-green CVD Blue-yellow color deficiency Consequences of CVD Education Occupations Transport Armed forces Emergency services Other industries Ergonomics – designing the world to suit CVDs Treatment

Acquired CVDs

Progressive retinopathies Optic neuropathies Cortical color vision disorders Toxicity

Measurement of CVDs

Anomaloscopy Pseudo-isochromatic chart tests Pseudo-isochromatic test design Ishihara test HRR test Color Vision Testing Made Easy

Other chart tests

City University Colour Vision Test Neitz Test of Color Vision Arrangement tests Farnsworth–Munsell 100-hue test Farnsworth Panel D15 The Minimal Colour Vision Test Computer-based tests Cambridge Colour Test The Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test The Cone Contrast Test Occupational tests Lighting for color vision testing Genetic testing

Acknowledgements References

Part IV Color categorization

11 Universality of color categorization

Introduction Basic color terms (1969) The encoding sequence after 1969 The World Color Survey The emergence hypothesis Evidence from the WCS for universal constraints on color naming Studies dealing statistically with the entire WCS database Studies devoted to specific languages An argument against the usual data Conclusion References

12 Color categorization across cultures

Variation across cultures Natural divisions of color space The optional use of color Rosch’s investigations of color categories Categorical perception: the two-alternative, forced-choice paradigm Categorical perception: still a useful idea Categorical perception: avoiding labeling Categorical perception: Kay and Kempton (1984) – two ways of seeing Color categories: further issues about universality References

13 Development of color categorization

Overview Infant color categorization

The evidence for infant color categories Challenges to the existence of infant color categories Theoretical issues

The development of linguistic color categorization

Impact of color-term acquisition Learning the terms for color categories

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

14 The meaning of color words in a cross-linguistic perspective

Introduction: what are words for?

How can we identify the meaning of words – any words? The “NSM” approach to semantic and conceptual analysis

The meaning of visual descriptors in languages without color words

“Bright” and “dull” in Burarra Salient visual prototypes in Warlpiri

Color words in languages that do have color words

Different ways of thinking about the sky in English, Russian, and Polish Different ways of thinking about blood in English and Hungarian

Defining “color”

The color of something (in a colloquial sense) Color (in a technical sense)

Conclusion A coda References

Part V Color symbolism and association

15 Early color symbolism

Introduction Evolutionary background Interpretations

Symbolism An “esthetic sense” or “decoration” Individual display

Female–female competition Displays of creative ability Displays of individual uniqueness Discussion

Group displays

The female cosmetic coalitions hypothesis (FCCH) Color symbolism via association with ritual A semiotic evolution of “social ritual” “Badging” between groups of strangers Signals of within-group cohesion Non-symbolic rites of passage Pigments as honest, low-cost signals

All in one

The early pigment record Evaluation

Temporal predictions Color selection Quantitative Costs Interlineage comparison Observers

Summary Early color symbolism Acknowledgements References

16 Symbolic use of color in ritual, tradition, and folklore

Introduction Driving forces behind the use of color and appearance in oral tradition

The economic driving force The historical driving force

Political Supernatural

The social driving force

Healing uses of color Rites of passage Calendar customs Food

The color triad

Body decoration in the wider world

Driving forces behind the use of color in archeological contexts Conclusion References

17 Color in camouflage, mimicry, and warning signals

Introduction Color and vision among animals How do animals use color? Camouflage

Types of camouflage Background matching

Behavioral adaptations

Disruptive coloration Camouflage via countershading Distractive markings Masquerade Motion dazzle

Warning coloration and aposematism

Warning coloration as a true indicator of toxicity Aposematism and mimicry Batesian mimicry

Conclusions Acknowledgements References

18 Use of color in warnings

Introduction

Warnings as a method of hazard control Communication-human information processing (C-HIP) model

Hazard comprehension: meaning conveyed by color

Cross-cultural differences in hazard and color perception Color with signal words Color in warning graphics Colored containers and labels Multicolor warnings Mismatch between signal word and color Discussion about inconsistent findings Fluorescent colors Summary of color’s effect on hazard perceptions

Color and attention switch

Reaction time research Eye-movement research Influence of fluorescent colors on attention switch Behavioral compliance

Other warning and color topics

Legibility studies and attention maintenance Color in combination with other features enhances memory Computerized displays used in future warnings

Implications and conclusions References

19 Color emotion and color harmony

Introduction Studies of color emotion

Underlying factors of color emotion Hue-related color-emotion models (warm/cool) Lightness-related color-emotion models (heavy/light) Chroma-related color emotion models (active/passive) Additivity of color emotion Cultural effects on color emotion

Studies of color harmony

Conventional theories of color harmony Psychophysical models of two-color harmony Ou and Luo (2006) Nayatani and Sakai (2009) Szabó et al. (2009) Psychophysical models of three-color harmony Szabó et al. (2009) Ou et al. (2011) Common principles of color harmony based on psychophysical data

References

20 Do metaphors color our perception of social life?

A brief overview of conceptual metaphor theory Color metaphors and social life

Metaphors involving the colors black and white Metaphors involving the color red

Future research considerations

Metaphors involving other colors Mediation and moderation Individual differences

Summary and conclusion References

Part VI Color preferences

21 Ecological aspects of color preference

The ecological valence theory of color preference Comparisons with other color-preference models An ecological approach to individual differences An ecological approach to cultural differences Subcultural group differences in color preferences

Effects of university affiliation Effects of political affiliation

The development of color preferences Causal evidence for ecological effects Color preferences as a feedback loop Conclusion Acknowledgements References

22 Biological, cultural, and developmental influences on color preferences

Introduction A brief history of color preference studies The origins of color preference Color-preference models: universality and individuality Cultural influences on color preference Sex differences in color preference Age differences in color preference Summary and conclusions References

Part VII Color effects on psychological and biological functioning

23 The role of color in the voluntary and involuntary guidance of selective attention

Voluntary, top-down selection by color

Top-down guidance of feature-based attentional selection by color Top-down guidance of space-based attentional selection by color Top-down color guidance in pop-out search: dimensional weighting Top-down color guidance in attention-demanding search: guided search Top-down guidance of temporal attentional selection by color Involuntary attentional selection by color Bottom-up feature-based attentional selection by color Bottom-up space-based attentional selection by color The effect of irrelevant color singletons Contingent attentional capture The nature of attentional control settings for color Capture by unexpected color singletons Capture by color singletons matching the contents of working memory Capture by colors associated with reward Color and attentional disengagement Bottom-up temporal selection by color

Color-specific effects in attention allocation Summary and conclusions References

24 Color and mate choice in non-human animals

Introduction Sexual selection mechanisms and mate choice Colors shown by different taxa Color and mate choice in non-humans

Color and mate choice in non-primates Color and mate choice in non-human primates

What is being “chosen”? Form and function Current and future directions Conclusion References

25 Color in romantic contexts in humans

Red and romance: society and biology Red and perceptions of female attractiveness Red and approach-oriented behavior Mediation of red and perceived attractiveness for men viewing women Women’s use of red as a sexual signal Black and perceived attractiveness for men viewing women Red and male attractiveness Future directions References

26 Color in competition contexts in non-human animals

Sexual selection and the adaptive significance of color Color as a signal of competitive ability Color in primates Competition and color in male primates

Mandrills

Drills Vervets Rhesus macaques Geladas Summary of competition and color in male primates

Competition and color in female primates

Female color and dominance rank Do females attend to female color? Summary of competition and color in female primates

Conclusions and future directions References

27 Color in achievement contexts in humans

Introduction Color-in-context (CIC) theory The meaning of red in achievement contexts Red in sporting contexts Red in intellectual performance contexts Context further considered Concluding words References

28 Color and face perception

Introduction Evolutionary significance of color in faces Face recognition Color as a valid cue to health Developmental versus current health cues Dominance and aggression Color distribution Conclusions Acknowledgements References

29 Eating with our eyes: on the color of flavor

Introduction The profound effect of food coloring on flavor perception The consumer response to color-induced disconfirmed expectation Modeling the multisensory integration of flavor perception Why have changes of food color sometimes failed to influence flavor perception? The influence of product-extrinsic color cues on multisensory flavor perception Conclusions References

30 Non-visual effects of colored light

Preface Introduction Iris reflex Nocturnal melatonin suppression Melatonin, cortisol, and alpha amylase Cortisol-awakening response Alertness and sleepiness Hunger Seasonal affective disorder Conclusions Acknowledgements References

Part VIII Psychological effects on color perception

31 Memory effects on color perception

Introduction Memory color effects on color appearance

The idea of memory color effects Classic studies Recent developments Achromatic adjustments Color discrimination Neurobiological evidence

Memory color effects on other aspects of color perception

Scene and object recognition Color memory Color naming Color constancy Summary and implications

Determinants of memory color effects

Perceptual information and recognizability Color diagnosticity and familiarity Daylight axis and asymmetries of color space Adaptation and measurement precision Summary and implications

Broader implications and conclusions

Functional segregation Modularity and cognitive penetrability Perceptual learning and constructivism Concept of color and color realism

Acknowledgements References

32 Affect-related influences on color perception

Emotion, color, and color-emotion associations

What do we mean by emotion? Why should color and emotion be linked? What emotion-relevant color associations do people have?

Affective influences on color perception

Affective valence as brightness Anger/hostility as redness

Concluding thoughts References

Part IX Color phenomena

33 Color appearance phenomena and visual illusions

Introduction Classic color-appearance phenomena The Hunt effect The Stevens effect Surround impact: Bartleson–Breneman equations Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect Abney effect Discounting the illuminant Related and unrelated colors Afterimages Spatially complex appearance phenomena and visual illusions Contrast and brightness Simultaneous contrast Mach bands The grids: Hermann and scintillating Revisting spatially complex contrast and brightness The Craik–O’Brien–Cornsweet effect Adelson’s checker-shadow illusion Spatial color phenomena Color contrast and induction Color assimilation and spreading Neon spreading and the watercolor effect Crispening The last words on color appearance and visual illusions References

34 Synesthetic experiences of color

Introduction to synesthesia The nature of color correspondences in synesthesia

Sound-to-color Letters-to-color Numbers-to-color Somatosensation-to-color Chemosensation-to-color

Color cognition in synesthetes

Perception of color Mental imagery Memory for color

Conclusions References

Index

← Prev
Back
Next →

← Prev
Back
Next →