Airport Systems · Planning, Design, and Management by Neufville, Richard de -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Airport Systems: Planning, Design, and Management Copyright Page Dedication Contents Preface Acknowledgments User’s Guide Part One Introduction

1 The future of the airport and airline industry

1-1 The airport industry at the end of the twentieth century 1-2 Long-term growth 1-3 Commercialization 1-4 Globalization 1-5 Electronic commerce

Electronic ticketing Electronic commerce

1-6 Implications for airports systems planning and design Exercises References

2 International differences

2-1 Introduction 2-2 Some physical differences

Check-in facilities Aircraft contact stands

2-3 Some useful distinctions

National differences in diversity of decision making National differences in performance criteria

2-4 Implications for practice

General implications Specific implications

Exercises References

Part Two System planning

3 Dynamic strategic planning

3-1 Forms of planning

Plans Master plans Strategic plans

3-2 Airport systems planning

Airport systems Planning airport systems

3-3 The forecast is “always wrong”

Cost estimation Aggregate forecasts Composition of forecasts Effect of longer planning periods Effect of economic deregulation

3-4 Implications for planning 3-5 Dynamic strategic planning concepts 3-6 Dynamic strategic planning process and methods Exercises References

4 Privatization and deregulation

4-1 The airport and airline industry before privatization and deregulation

Airports Airlines

4-2 Motivations for privatization and deregulation

U.S. airline deregulation Worldwide airline privatization Privatization of airports

4-3 The concept of privatization

Rights to residual income Management control

4-4 Guidelines for airport privatization 4-5 Airline deregulation 4-6 Implications of airline deregulation for airports

Increased volatility Transfer hubs Competition between airports

Exercises References

5 Multi-airport systems

5-1 Introduction 5-2 Basic concepts and issues Definitions

Prevalence Unequal size

5-3 Difficulties

Insufficient traffic at new airport Difficulty in closing old airport Insufficient traffic overall Impractical to allocate traffic Volatility of traffic at secondary airport Overall perspective

5-4 Market dynamics

Concentration due to sales opportunities Airlines concentrate on routes Airlines concentrate at primary airports Factors favoring multi-airport systems

5-5 Planning and developing multi-airport systems

Landbanking Incremental development Flexible facilities Careful marketing

Exercises References

6 Environmental impacts

6-1 Introduction 6-2 Fundamentals of noise measurement

Measuring aircraft noise Certification of aircraft for noise Practical implications

6-3 Mitigating airport noise

Noise monitoring systems Community relations and public participation programs Land-use policies Airport design interventions Surface operations and flight operations Interventions outside airport properties near existing sites Access restrictions Economic incentives

6-4 Air quality and mitigation of air pollution 6-5 Water quality control

Deicing fluids (ADF) Fuel leaks and spills Storm water runoff

6-6 Control of highway and road access traffic 6-7 Wildlife management Exercises References

7 Organization and financing

7-1 Introduction 7-2 Ownership and management of airports 7-3 Organizational structures 7-4 Regulatory constraints on airport user charges

Price caps “Single Till” versus “Dual Till” Residual versus compensatory

7-5 Financing capital investments

Outright government grants Special-purpose user taxes Low-cost loans from international or national development banks Operating surpluses Loans from commercial banks General-obligation bonds Revenue bonds Private financing against specified rights to airport revenues

Exercises References

8 User charges

8-1 Introduction 8-2 Cost and revenue centers 8-3 Guidelines and background for the setting of user charges 8-4 The various types of airport user charges

Landing fee Terminal area air navigation fee Aircraft parking and hangar charges Airport noise charge Passenger service charge Cargo service charge Security charge Ground handling charges En route air navigation fee

8-5 Nonaeronautical charges

Concession fees for aviation fuel and oil Concession fees for commercial activities Revenues from car parking and car rentals Rental of airport land, space in buildings, and assorted equipment Fees charged for airport tours, admissions, etc. Fees derived from provision of engineering services and reimbursable utilities by the airport operator to airport users Non-airport revenues

8-6 Distribution of airport revenues by source 8-7 Comparing user charges at different airports

Government funding Content and quality of services offered Volume of traffic Characteristics of traffic General cost environment Accounting practices Treatment of aeronautical users

8-8 Ground handling services 8-9 Landing fee computation: average-cost pricing 8-10 Historical cost versus current cost Exercises References

Part Three The airside

9 Airfield design

9-1 Introduction 9-2 Airport classification codes and design standards

Practical implications Runway designation and classification

9-3 Wind coverage 9-4 Airport layouts

Land area requirements and related observations Geometric characteristics

9-5 Runway length

Declared distances Usability of a runway Design length

9-6 Runway geometry

Separations from other parts of the airfield Vertical profile

9-7 Taxiways

Special cases

9-8 Aprons 9-9 Physical obstacles Exercises References

10 Airfield capacity

10-1 Introduction 10-2 Measures of runway capacity 10-3 Factors that affect the capacity of a runway system

Number and geometric layout of the runways ATM separation requirements Visibility, ceiling, and precipitation Wind direction and strength Mix of aircraft Mix and sequencing of movements Type and location of runway exits State and performance of the ATM system Noise considerations

10-4 Range of airfield capacities and capacity coverage 10-5 A model for computing the capacity of a single runway 10-6 Generalizations and extensions of the capacity model 10-7 Capacity of other elements of the airfield

Capacity of the taxiway system Capacity of the aprons

Exercises References

11 Airfield delay

11-1 Introduction 11-2 The characteristics of airside delays 11-3 Policy implications and practical guidelines 11-4 The annual capacity of a runway system 11-5 Computing delays in practice Exercises References

12 Demand management

12-1 Introduction 12-2 Background and motivation 12-3 Administrative approaches to demand management

Schedule coordination: the IATA approach Experience in the United States

12-4 Economic approaches to demand management

Congestion pricing in theory Congestion pricing in practice

12-5 Hybrid approaches to demand management

Slots plus congestion pricing Buying and selling slots Slot auctions

12-6 Policy considerations Exercises References

13 Air traffic management

13-1 Introduction 13-2 Generations of ATM systems 13-3 Description of ATM system and processes in terminal airspace

Airspace structure Handling of a typical airline flight Airport traffic control tower Terminal airspace control center Surveillance Navigation for precision instrument approaches En-route control center

13-4 Air traffic flow management

Objectives and limitations of ATFM ATFM operations Ground delay programs

13-5 Collaborative decision making

Additional technical issues and extensions of CDM Prospects

13-6 Near- and medium-term enhancements

GPS-based navigation Automatic dependent surveillance Digital communications Weather data Automation and decision-support systems

Exercises References

Part Four The landside

14 Configuration of passenger buildings

14-1 Importance of selection 14-2 Systems requirements for airport passenger Buildings

Passenger perspective Airline perspective Owners’ perspective Retail perspective Government agencies Balance

14-3 Five basic configurations

Finger piers Satellites Midfield concourses Linear buildings Transporters Centralized and dispersed

14-4 Evaluation of configurations

Walking distances Aircraft delays Transporter economics Flexibility

14-5 Assessment of configurations 14-6 Hybrid configurations in practice Exercises References

15 Overall design of passenger buildings

15-1 Specification of traffic loads

The issue Peak-hour basis for design Nature of loads

15-2 Shared use reduces design loads

Drivers for shared use Analysis methods Overall implications of sharing

15-3 Space requirements for waiting areas

Importance of level of service Importance of dwell time

15-4 Space requirements for passageways

The formulas Effective width

15-5 Areas for baggage handling and mechanical systems Exercises References

16 Detailed design of passenger buildings

16-1 Design standards 16-2 Identification of hot spots 16-3 Analysis of possible hot spots 16-4 Simulation of passenger buildings 16-5 Specific facilities

Queues Check-in areas Security and border checkpoints Moving walkways Waiting lounges Concession Space Baggage claim areas Curbside and equivalent areas

Exercises References

17 Ground access and distribution

17-1 Introduction 17-2 Regional airport access

Nature of airport access traffic Distribution of airport access traffic Preferences of the users Needs of airport operators

17-3 Cost-effective solutions

The issue Door-to-door analysis Rail solutions Highway solutions

17-4 Parking

Hourly parking Structured parking Long-term parking Rental car parking Employee parking

17-5 On-airport access 17-6 Within-airport people movers

Technologies Location Capacity of network

17-7 Within-airport distribution of checked bags

Security systems Information systems Mechanical systems Capacity

Exercises References

Part Five Reference material

18 Data validation

18-1 The issue

Errors Incompleteness

18-2 The resolution Exercises References

19 Models of airport operations

19-1 Background 19-2 Classification of models

Level of detail Methodology Coverage

19-3 Airside models and issues in model selection

Principal existing airside models Selection criteria

19-4 Models of passenger building operations

Model availability Data requirements Repeated versus one-time model use Model development process Communicating the results

Exercises References

20 Forecasting

20-1 Forecasting assumptions 20-2 Fundamental mathematics 20-3 Forecasts 20-4 Scenarios 20-5 Integrated procedure Exercises References

21 Cash flow analysis

21-1 Introduction 21-2 Discounting and the discount rate 21-3 Present and annual value of monetary flows 21-4 Notes on computing 21-5 Measures of project effectiveness Exercises References

22 Decision and options analysis

22-1 The issue 22-2 Decision analysis concept 22-3 Decision analysis method 22-4 Options analysis concept

Financial options “Real” options

22-5 Options analysis method Exercises References

23 Flows and queues at airports

23-1 Introduction 23-2 Describing an airport queuing system

The user generation process The service process The queuing process

23-3 Typical measures of performance and level of service (LOS)

Utilization ratio Expected waiting time and expected number in queue Variability Reliability Maximum queue length The psychology of queues

23-4 Short-term behavior of queuing systems 23-5 Cumulative diagrams 23-6 Long-term behavior of queuing systems

Little’s law Relationship between congestion and utilization

23-7 Policy implications Exercises References

24 Peak-hour analysis

24-1 Introduction 24-2 Definition of the design peak hour 24-3 Conversion of annual forecasts into DPH Forecasts 24-4 DPH estimates of aircraft movements 24-5 DPH estimates of flows of arriving passengers and of departing passengers Exercises References

Index About the Authors

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