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Index
Illustrations
List of contributors
Preface
Introduction
PART ONE
Neuromuscular aspects of movement
1 Skeletal muscle function
1.1 Aims
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Physiological aspects of muscle and joint function
1.4 Mechanical aspects of muscle and joint function
1.5 Isokinetic dynamometry applications
1.6 Practical 1: Assessment of muscle function during isokinetic knee extension and flexion
1.7 Practical 2: Assessment of isometric force–joint position relationship
1.8 Practical 3: Assessment of knee joint proprioception performance: reproduction of passive joint positioning
1.9 Practical 4: Assessment of knee joint proprioception performance: reproduction of net joint moment
Further reading and useful websites
References
2 Assessment of neuromuscular performance using electromyography
2.1 Aims
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Factors influencing the electromyographic signal
2.4 EMG electrodes
2.5 Overview of hardware
2.6 Recording of data
2.7 Selected applications utilizing EMG techniques
2.8 Measurement utility: Principles of measurement and evaluation in indices of neuromuscular performance involving EMG
2.9 Practical 1. Assessment of electromechanical delay of the knee flexors associated with static maximal voluntary muscle actions
2.10 Practical 2. Assessment of electromyographic signal amplitude and force of the knee flexors associated with static voluntary muscle actions
Further reading and useful websites
References
PART TWO
Oxygen transport system and exercise
3 Lung function
3.1 Aims
3.2 Assessment of resting lung function
3.3 Sources of variation in lung function testing
3.4 Prediction of lung function
3.5 Interpretation of lung function tests
3.6 Post-exercise changes in lung function
3.7 Adaptations to external stimuli
3.8 Ventilation
3.9 Ventilatory responses to exercise
3.10 Practical exercises
3.11 Practical 1: Assessment of resting lung function
3.12 Practical 2: Assessment of lung function during exercise
3.13 Practical 3: Measurement of oxygen uptake by closed-circuit calorimetry
Further reading and useful websites
References
4 Haematology
4.1 Aims
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Health and Safety and the Human Tissue Act
4.4 Blood sampling and handling
4.5 Blood treatment after collection
4.6 Measurement of circulating haemoglobin concentration
4.7 Measurement of red cell parameters
4.8 Anaemia and measurement of iron status
4.9 Altitude training, blood doping and erythropoietin
4.10 Blood and plasma volume changes
Further reading and useful websites
References
5 Cardiovascular function
5.1 Aims
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Cardiovascular adjustments during exercise
5.4 Control of blood flow at rest and during exercise
5.5 Control of skin blood flow during exercise
5.6 Measurement of blood pressure
5.7 Measurement of peripheral blood flow
5.8 Practical exercises
5.9 Practical 1: Skin blood flow response to reactive hyperaemia and exercise
5.10 Practical 2: Acute effects of exercise on cardiovascular function
5.11 Practical 3: Exercise pressor response
Further reading and useful websites
References
PART THREE Assessment of energy and efficiency
6 Metabolic Rate and Energy Balance
6.1 Aims
6.2 Basal metabolic rate
6.3 Measurement of energy expenditure
6.4 Practical 1: Estimation of body surface area and Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
6.5 Practical 2: Estimation of RMR from fat-free mass
6.6 Practical 3: Measurement of oxygen uptake using the Douglas bag technique
6.7 Practical 4: The respiratory quotient
6.8 Practical 5: Estimation of RMR using the Douglas bag technique
6.9 Practical 6: Energy balance
6.10 Summary
Further reading and useful websites
References
7 Maximal oxygen uptake, economy and efficiency
7.1 Aims
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Direct determination of maximal oxygen uptake
7.4 Prediction of maximal oxygen uptake
7.5 Economy
7.6 Efficiency
7.7 Load carriage
7.8 Practical 1: Direct determination of using a discontinuous cycle ergometer protocol
7.9 Practical 2: Measurement of running economy
7.10 Practical 3: Combined measurement of running economy, lactate threshold and turnpoint, and
7.11 Practical 4: Measurement of loaded running efficiency
7.12 Practical 5: Measurement of the efficiency of cycling and stepping
7.13 Practical 6: The effects of load carriage on the economy of walking
Further reading
References
8 Thermoregulation
8.1 Aims
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Processes of heat loss/heat gain
8.4 Control of body temperature
8.5 Thermoregulation and other control systems
8.6 Measurement of body temperature
8.7 Thermoregulatory responses to exercise
8.8 Environmental factors
8.9 Anthropometry and heat exchange
8.10 Practical exercises
8.11 Practical 1: Muscular efficiency
8.12 Practical 2: Thermoregulatory responses to exercise
8.13 Practical 3: Estimation of partitional heat exchange
Further reading
References
PART FOUR Assessment and regulation of energy expenditure and exercise intensity
9 Control of exercise intensity using heart rate, perceived exertion and other non-invasive procedures
9.1 Aims
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Using oxygen consumption and heart rate to prescribe exercise intensity
9.4 Using the rating of perceived exertion to prescribe exercise intensity
9.5 Effort perception in children
9.6 Practical 1: Use of ratings of perceived exertion to determine and control the intensity of cycling exercise
9.7 Practical 2: Analysis of the effort of estimation and production test data shown in Tables 5, 6 and 7.
9.8 Practical 3: Relationship between power output, perceived exertion (CR10), heart rate and blood lactate
9.9 Practical 4: The Borg Cycling Strength Test with constant load
9.10 Summary
Further reading and useful websites
References
10 Aerobic exercise performance
10.1 Aims
10.2 Introduction
10.3 Exercise intensity domains
10.4 From moderate to heavy exercise: the lactate/gas exchange threshold
10.5 From heavy to severe exercise: the maximal lactate steady-state and critical power
10.6 From severe to extreme:
10.7 Conclusion
10.8 Practical exercises
10.9 Practical 1: The Tlac (lactate threshold) and OBLA (onset of blood lactate accumulation)
10.10 Practical 2: Gas exchange and ventilatory threshold
10.11 Practical 3: Critical power
10.12 Practical 4: Lactate minimum speed
10.13 Practical 5: Heart rate deflection point (Conconi Test)
Further reading
References
11 Assessment of maximal-intensity exercise
11.1 Aims
11.2 Introduction
11.3 Terms and nomenclature
11.4 Historical background
11.5 Screening
11.6 Procedures for assessing maximal intensity exercise
11.7 Assessment of metabolism
11.8 Summary and conclusion
11.9 Practical 1: Wingate test
11.10 Practical 2: Optimization procedures
11.11 Practical 3: Correction procedures
11.12 Practical 4: Assessment of maximal accumulated oxygen deficit
Further reading and useful websites
References
Appendix: Relationships between units of energy, work, power and speed
Index
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