Attracting Native Pollinators · The Xerces Society Guide to Conserving North American Bees and Butterflies and Their Habitat by The Xerces Society -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Preface: A New World PART 1: Pollinators and Pollination 1. Why Care About Pollinators?

Benefits to Farms, Natural Areas and Ecosystems Benefits to Pest Management Conservation Finding Solutions

2. The Biology of Pollination

How Pollination Works How Pollen Travels Attracting Visitors Pollination Syndromes

3. Meet the Pollinators

Insect Life Stages Bees as Pollinators Solitary Bees Social Bees Wasps Flies Butterflies and Moths Beetles

4. Threats to Pollinators

Habitat Loss, Degradation, and Fragmentation Alien Species Diseases Climate Change Pesticides Genetically Modified Crops

PART 2: Taking Action 5. Strategies to Help Pollinators

Four Steps to Success Recognize Existing Habitat Protect Pollinator Habitat Provide New Habitat Manage Pollinator Habitat

6. Providing Foraging Habitat

Planning Ahead Site Selection Habitat Design Plant Selection Establishing Pollinator Habitat from Seed Establishing Pollinator Habitat from Transplants Maintaining New Plants Other Pollinator Food Sources

7. Reducing Impact of Land Management Practices on Pollinators

Grazing Mowing Fire Alternatives to Pesticides If You Really Must Use Pesticides

8. Nesting and Egg-Laying Sites for Pollinators

Preferred Nest Sites Protecting Natural Nest Sites Creating Artificial Nesting Sites Commercial Native Bee Production Larval Host Plants for Butterflies Nesting Sites for Flies and Beetles

9. Pupation and Overwintering Sites

Bees in Winter Butterfly and Moth Pupae

10. Home, School, and Community Gardens

Gardens and Flower Beds School Yards Garden Nest Sites Regional Plant Lists for Native Pollinator Gardens Lawns

11. Pollinator Conservation on Farms

Native Bees as Crop Pollinators Protecting Existing Resources Creating New Habitat for Crop-Pollinating Bees Bee-Friendly Farm Management

12. Pollinator Conservation in Natural Areas

13. Urban Greenspaces, Parks, and Golf Courses

Planning Habitat Improvements Creating New Habitat Bee-Friendly Park and Golf Course Management

14. Special Considerations for Other Landscapes

Business and School Campuses Ecoroofs Highway and Railroad Rights-of-Way Utility Easements Industrial Sites and Brownfields

15. Grassroots Action

Conservation Recommendations

PART 3: Bees of North America

Bees Are Everywhere The Name Game Family Matters Watching Bees and Other Flower Visitors FAMILY Colletidae FAMILY Andrenidae FAMILY Halictidae FAMILY Megachilidae FAMILY Apidae

PART 4: Creating a Pollinator-Friendly Landscape

Sample Gardens Recommended Pollinator and Butterfly Host Plants

APPENDIX

Ideas for Educators and Parents Glossary Information and Resources About the Authors About the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Index Photography Credits