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Index
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
About the editors
About the contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Online resources
1. Introduction
1.1 A brief history of camera trapping
1.2 Efficiency of camera trapping and advantages over other wildlife detection methods
2. Camera features related to specific ecological applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Camera trap systems
2.3 Camera features to consider when choosing models
2.4 Camera performance in relation to study designs
2.4.1 Faunal inventories
2.4.2 Occupancy studies (species and community-level)
2.4.3 Capture–recapture
2.4.4 Behavioural studies
2.5 Review of currently available camera trap models and comparative performance tests
2.6 Limitations and future developments of camera technology
3. Field deployment of camera traps
3.1 Pre-field planning
3.2 Setting camera traps in the field
3.2.1 Site selection and placement
3.2.2 Trail settings
3.2.3 Checklist of actions to activate the camera trap
3.2.4 Checking and retrieving camera traps
3.2.5 Checklist of actions when checking and removing the camera trap
3.3 After the fieldwork
4. Camera trap data management and interoperability
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Camera trap data
4.2.1 Camera trap conceptual components
4.3 Managing camera trap data: Wild.ID
4.3.1 Setting up a camera trap project
4.3.2 Processing camera trap data
4.3.3 Retrofitting legacy camera trap data
4.3.4 Additional camera trap data management tools
4.4 Camera trap data interoperability
4.5 Wildlife Insights – the camera trap data network
4.6 The future: more repositories, better data management and analytical services
5. Presence/absence and species inventory
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Raw descriptors: naïve occupancy and detection rate as a relative abundance index
5.3 Sampling design
5.4 Sampling completeness
5.5 Case study
5.5.1 Raw data format (.CSV file)
5.5.2 Importing data in R
5.5.3 Deriving sampling effort, events and species’ list
5.5.4 Naïve occupancy
5.5.5 Species accumulation
5.5.6 Activity pattern
5.5.7 Presentation and interpretation of results
5.6 Conclusions
6. Species-level occupancy analysis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Theoretical framework and modelling approach
6.2.1 Basic single-season model
6.2.2 Covariate modeling and assessing model fit
6.2.3 Multi-season occupancy models
6.3 Sampling design
6.4 Survey effort and sampling completeness
6.4.1 Deciding the best number of sites and sampling duration
6.4.2 Post-hoc discretisation of sampling duration in sampling occasions
6.5 Case study
6.5.1 Single-season occupancy analysis
6.5.2 Multi-season occupancy analysis
6.6 Conclusions
7. Capture–recapture methods for density estimation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Equipment and field practices
7.2.1 Camera traps
7.2.2 Focal species and other members of its guild
7.2.3 Camera trap sites and camera trap placement
7.3 Survey design
7.3.1 Season, survey duration and demographic closure
7.3.2 Spatial sampling and geographic closure
7.4 Case study: the Eurasian lynx
7.4.1 Analytical steps during field work
7.4.2 Dates and times in R
7.4.3 Analysis with secr
7.4.4 Abundance and density estimation in conventional (i.e. non-spatial) capture–recapture models
7.5 Conclusions
8. Behavioural studies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Advantages and disadvantages of camera trapping compared to other technologies used to study animal behaviour
8.3 Application of camera trapping in behavioural studies
8.4 The importance of choosing the site in relation to a variety of study aims
8.5 Diel activity pattern and activity pattern overlap between species
8.5.1 Definition and assumptions of the activity level measured by means of camera traps
8.5.2 Overlap between pairs of activity patterns
8.6 Case studies
8.6.1 Marking behaviour studies in Eurasian lynx and brown bear
8.6.2 Comparison of activity patterns
8.7 Conclusions
9. Community-level occupancy analysis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Measuring biodiversity while accounting for imperfect detection
9.3 Static (or single-season) multi-species occupancy models
9.3.1 Case study
9.4 Dynamic (or multi-season) multi-species occupancy models
9.4.1 Case study
9.5 Conclusions
10. Camera trapping as a monitoring tool at national and global levels
10.1 Introduction
10.2 A national monitoring system for wildlife: from idea to a functioning system
10.2.1 A global model for national monitoring: The TEAM Camera Trap Network
10.2.2 Goals and targets of a national monitoring system for wildlife
10.2.3 Design of a national monitoring system
10.2.4 Implementation
10.2.5 Cost components
10.3 How a wildlife monitoring system can improve protected area effectiveness: examples from the TEAM Network
10.3.1 African golden cats in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda
10.3.2 Effects of hunting at the Volcán Barva transect, Costa Rica
10.4 Conclusions
11. Camera traps and public engagement
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Principles in citizen science
11.2.1 Categories of public participation in scientific research
11.2.2 General approaches to programme development
11.3 Citizen science research process with a special focus on camera trapping studies
11.3.1 Data collection and identification
11.3.2 Data management and cyber-infrastructure
11.4 Examples of camera trap citizen science projects
11.5 What is the future of citizen science camera trapping?
11.5.1 Training
11.5.2 Data integrity
11.5.3 Motivation, engagement and retention in citizen science
11.5.4 Cultural sensitivity and privacy
11.5.5 Technology and e-innovations in camera trapping
11.6 Conclusions
Appendices
Glossary
Index
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