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Index
On the Recent Historiography of Hitler and National Socialism1 (1996–2020)
Hitler’s Weltanschauung and the Ideology of National Socialism
The Götz Aly Debate – Hitler’s Beneficiaries
Volksgemeinschaft – Myth, Promise, Reality?
How Modern was National Socialism?
National Socialist Revolution?
Recent Hitler Biographies: Kershaw, Ullrich, Longerich, Pyta and Simms
National Socialism and Anti-Communism
Notes
Bibliography: ‘On the Recent Historio-graphy of Hitler and National Socialism (1996–2020)’
Foreword
Translator’s Note
I Introduction
II Hitler and the Revolution
1. The ‘So-Called Revolution’ of November 1918
2. Hitler’s Concept of the State and the ‘Obligation to Rebel’
3. Hitler’s Definition of Revolution
4. Hitler’s View of Historic Revolutions
a. The French Revolution of 1789
b. The Proclamation of the Third Republic in September 1870
c. The 1848 Revolution in Germany
d. The Jews as Leaders of Revolutions and a ‘Negative Example’ for Hitler
5. Hitler’s Revolutionary Claim
a. From 1919 to the Hitler Putsch of 1923
b. The Problem of Compatibility between Revolutionary Claim and the Tactics of Legality
Aside: Was Hitler Toying with the Idea of a Violent Revolution in August 1932?
c. Hitler’s Portrayal of the NS Revolution: One of the Greatest Upheavals in History – but in a Measured and Disciplined Form
Aside: ‘... And So We Became Revolutionaries.’
d. The Importance of National Socialism for the History of the World:The Beginning of a Turning-Point in History
e. Continuation or End of the NS Revolution? Hitler’s ContradictoryStatements and the ‘Röhm Revolt’
III Hitler’s Social Objectives and His Assessment of the Major Classes ofModern Society
1. Hitler on the Importance and Origin of the Social Issue
2. The Importance and Substantiation of theConcept of ‘Equal Opportunity’ in Hitler’s Social Programme
3. Hitler’s Position on the Major Classesand Levels of Modern Bourgeois Society
a. The Bourgeoisie
Anti-Social Stance, Ignoring the Worker Question, Rejection of Workers’ Justified Claims
Profit Greed, ‘Materialism’
Criticism of Bourgeois Nationalism
Bourgeois Parties: No Weltanschauung, Only Fighting for Seats in Parliament
‘Weakness, Lack of Decisiveness, Lack of Energy, Cowardice’
Inability to Provide Political Leadership
The Bourgeoisie’s Political Mission Has Ended
b. The Working Class
Definition of the ‘Workers’ Party’
Hitler’s Reasons for Concentrating on the Worker: The Workers as a ‘Source of Strength and Energy’
Increasing the Worker’s Social Standing; Upgrading Manual Labour
Social Legislation
c. The Lower Middle Class
d. The Farmers
4. The Definition of ‘Volksgemeinschaft’ in Hitler’s Weltanschauung
IV Hitler’s Central Objective: The Revolutionizing of Politics andEconomics and the Restructuring ofthe Economic System
1. The Underestimation of the Importanceof Economic Questions for Hitler’s Thinking
2. Hitler’s Position on Political Economy
3. The ‘Secondary Role of Economics’ and the ‘Primacy of Polities’
4. Warnings about theWeb of Interests between Business and Politics
5. Market and Plan
6. Private Ownership and Nationalization
7. Hitler’s Criticism of Capitalism in His Early Speeches
V Hitler: An Opponent of Modern Industrial Society? Modernistic andAnti-Modernistic Elements in Hitler’sWeltanschauung
1. Agrarian Utopia as an Ultimate Objective? Criticism of a Misunderstanding in the Interpretation of the Function and Implications of ‘Lebensraum in the East’ in Hitler’s Concept
a. Substantiation of the Lebensraum Concept within the Framework of Hitler’s Economic Concepts: Criticism of Economic Expansion and the Autarky Concept
The Discrepancy between Population Growth and Lebensraum
German Economic Expansion as the Cause of the First World War
The Theory of ‘Shrinking Markets’ as an Argument against the Strategy of Economic Expansion
The Result of Economic Expansion: A Disproportionality concerning Agriculture and Industry, Urbanization and Migration from the Land
Lebensraum and the Autarky Concept
b. Creation of an Agrarian Supplementary Territory by means of Agrarian Settlement
c. Lebensraum as a Source of Raw Materials
d. Lebensraum as a Market
e. The De-Industrialization of Russia
Aside: Hitler’s Criticism of the Export of Capital
2. Hitler’s Position on Modern Industrial Society
a. Positive Remarks by Hitler about Modern Industrial Society
The Constant Increase of the Standard of Living as a Premise
The Highly Industrialized Economy of the USA as an Example
Hitler on Industrialization and Technical Advancement
b. Hitler on the Destruction of the Environment as a Result of Industrialization
3. Hitler’s Scientific View of the Worldand His Criticism of Rosenberg’s and Himmler’s ‘Mysticism’
VI Hitler’s Concepts and Objectives in His Domestic Policies
1. Hitler’s Criticism of Democracy
a. Criticism of the ‘Majority Principle’
b. Hitler’s Criticism of the Pluralistic System: The Common Good versus ‘Special Interests’
c. Democracy as a Form of Rule by Capital
d. Democracy as a Sign of Decadence and Weakness
e. Hitler on Political Freedom
2. The ‘Historic Minority’ as a Subject of Revolution
a. The Principles of Élite Recruitment in the Movement Phase and the Theory of the ‘Historic Minority’
b. The Problems of Élite Recruitment in the System Phase
Aside: Hitler’s Principle: Draw Conclusions about the Racefrom the ‘Ability’ and not Vice Versa
3. The Führer State
a. Hitler on the Constitution and the Question of Succession
b. The ‘Führer Principle’
c. Dictatorship as the ‘Highest Form of Democracy’
d. Hitler on Federalism and Unitarianism
VII Hitler’s Self-Assessment in the Political Spectrum
1. ‘Left’ or ‘Right’?
2. National Socialism as theSynthesis between Nationalism and Socialism
3. Hitler’s Assessment ofRelated and Opposing Political Movements and Systems
a. Social Democracy
b. Communism
c. Hitler’s Relationship with Marxism
d. Hitler’s Position towards Stalin
e. Hitler’s Criticism of Italian Fascism and the Reactionary Franco Regime in Spain
VIII Final Considerations
Notes
Bibliography
Abbreviations
Index of Names
The Author
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