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Index
Instructions for online access Title Page Table of Contents Copyright Dedication Contributors Preface Videos Volume 1
Part I The Field of Pediatrics
Chapter 1 Overview of Pediatrics
Vital Statistics About Children's Health Globally The Changing Pediatric World The New Morbidities Chronic Illness and Children With Special Health Care Needs Systems of Care Bibliography
Chapter 2 Child Health Disparities
Determinants of Health and Health Disparities Disparities in Child Health and Healthcare: Approaches to Eradicating Disparities: Interventions Keywords Racism as Social Determinant Explaining Racial Disparities: A Taxonomy of Racism Opportunities to Address Racism Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 3 Global Child Health
Global Burden and Trends in Child Health Social Determinants of Child Health Evidence-Based Interventions and Innovations to Address Child Health Inequities Challenges in Global Health Bibliography
Chapter 4 Quality and Value in Healthcare for Children
The Need for Improvement in Quality and Value What Is Quality? Framework for Quality Developing Guidelines to Establish the Standard for Quality Improving Quality Measuring Quality Analyzing Quality Data Comparing and Reporting Quality Implications of the U.S. Healthcare Reform for Quality Information Technology and Quality Improvement Expanding Individual Quality Improvement Initiatives to Scale Bibliography
Chapter 5 Safety in Healthcare for Children
Error vs Harm Safety Frameworks Identifying and Analyzing Harm, Errors, and Latent Threats Safety Culture Reliability Science and High-Reliability Organizations Serious Harm Events and Healthcare-Associated Conditions Safety Opportunities and Gaps Emerging Areas of Safety Research and Improvement Bibliography
Chapter 6 Ethics in Pediatric Care
Assent and Parental Permission Treatment of Critically Ill Children Neonatal Ethics Declaring Death and Organ Donation Religious or Cultural Objections to Treatment Pediatric Ethics Committees and Ethics Consultation Newborn Screening Genetics, Genomics, and Precision Medicine Adolescent Healthcare Research Balancing Maternal and Fetal Interests Justice and Pediatric Ethics Emerging Issues Bibliography
Chapter 7 Pediatric Palliative Care
Care Settings Communication, Advance Care Planning, and Anticipatory Guidance Bibliography
Chapter 8 Domestic and International Adoption
Domestic Adoption Intercountry Adoption Role of Pediatricians Bibliography
Chapter 9 Foster and Kinship Care
Epidemiology Legislation in the United States Early Childhood Trauma Leads to Poor Health Outcomes Health Issues Healthcare for Children and Adolescents in Foster Care Bibliography
Chapter 10 Medical Evaluation of the Foreign-Born Child
Commonly Encountered Infections Immunizations Bibliography
Chapter 11 Cultural Issues in Pediatric Care
What Is Culture? Culturally Informed Care Bibliography
Chapter 12 Maximizing Children's Health
Periodicity Schedule and Guidelines Tasks of Well-Child Care Infancy and Early Childhood Middle Childhood and Adolescence Office Intervention for Behavioral and Mental Health Issues Evidence Caring for the Child and Youth in the Context of the Family and Community Bibliography
Chapter 13 Injury Control
Scope of the Problem Principles of Injury Control Risk Factors for Childhood Injuries Mechanisms of Injury Psychosocial Consequences of Injuries Bibliography
Chapter 14 Impact of Violence on Children
Impacts of Violence Keywords Bullying and Cyberbullying School Violence Treatment and Prevention of Bullying and School Violence Bibliography Resources Keywords Screening Recommendations (see Table 14.1) Bibliography Resources Keywords Susceptibility of Children in Times of War Psychological Impact of War Efforts to Protect Children From the Effects of War Role of Pediatricians and Allied Health Professionals Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 15 Child Trafficking for Sex and Labor
Clinical Presentation Approach to the Potentially Trafficked Child Examination and Diagnostic Testing Referrals and Resources Bibliography
Chapter 16 Abused and Neglected Children
Definitions Incidence and Prevalence Etiology Clinical Manifestations General Principles for Assessing Possible Abuse and Neglect General Principles for Addressing Child Maltreatment Outcomes of Child Maltreatment Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Advocacy Keywords Definition Presentation of Sexual Abuse Role of General Pediatrician in Assessment and Management of Possible Sexual Abuse Physical Examination of the Child With Suspected Sexual Abuse Additional Management Sexual Abuse Prevention Bibliography Keywords Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 17 Strategies for Health Behavior Change
Unified Theory of Behavior Change Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change Common Factors Approach Motivational Interviewing Shared Decision-Making Bibliography
Part II Growth, Development, and Behavior
Chapter 18 Developmental and Behavioral Theories
Biopsychosocial Model and Ecobiodevelopmental Framework: Models of Development Bibliography
Chapter 19 Positive Parenting and Support
The Importance of Parenting The Role of the Family Parenting Styles Child Temperament Child Behavioral Problems Defining Positive Parenting Parenting as an Intervention The Role of the Pediatrician Bibliography
Chapter 20 Assessment of Fetal Growth and Development
Somatic Development Neurologic Development Behavioral Development Psychologic Changes in Parents Threats to Fetal Development Bibliography
Chapter 21 The Newborn
Parental Role in Mother–Infant Attachment The Infant's Role in Mother–Infant Attachment Implications for the Pediatrician Bibliography
Chapter 22 The First Year
Age 0-2 Months Age 2-6 Months Age 6-12 Months Bibliography
Chapter 23 The Second Year
Age 12-18 Months Age 18-24 Months Bibliography
Chapter 24 The Preschool Years
Structural Development of the Brain Physical Development Language, Cognition, and Play Bibliography
Chapter 25 Middle Childhood
Physical Development Cognitive Development Social, Emotional, and Moral Development Bibliography
Chapter 26 Adolescence Chapter 27 Assessment of Growth
Techniques to Measure Growth Growth Curves Other Growth Considerations Bibliography
Chapter 28 Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance and Screening
Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance Developmental and Behavioral Screening Beyond Surveillance and Screening Bibliography
Chapter 29 Childcare
Provision, Regulation, and Use of Childcare in America Childcare's Role in Child Health and Development Role of Pediatric Providers in Childcare Bibliography
Chapter 30 Loss, Separation, and Bereavement
Separation and Loss Divorce Move/Family Relocation Separation Because of Hospitalization Military Families Parental/Sibling Death Grief and Bereavement Developmental Perspective Role of the Pediatrician in Grief Treatment Spiritual Issues Bibliography
Chapter 31 Sleep Medicine
Basics of Sleep and Chronobiology Developmental Changes in Sleep Common Sleep Disorders Health Supervision Evaluation of Pediatric Sleep Problems Bibliography
Part III Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders
Chapter 32 Psychosocial Assessment and Interviewing
Aims of Assessment Presenting Problems General Principles of the Psychosocial Interview Indications for Referral Psychiatric Diagnostic Evaluation Special Considerations in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Infants and Young Children Bibliography
Chapter 33 Psychopharmacology
Stimulants and Other ADHD Medications Antidepressants Antipsychotics Mood Stabilizers Medication Use in Physical Illness Bibliography
Chapter 34 Psychotherapy and Psychiatric Hospitalization
Psychotherapy Psychiatric Hospitalization Bibliography
Chapter 35 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Epidemiology Risk Factors Assessment Management Bibliography
Chapter 36 Rumination and Pica
Epidemiology Etiology and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Bibliography Epidemiology Etiology and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Bibliography
Chapter 37 Motor Disorders and Habits
Description Clinical Course Epidemiology Differential Diagnosis Comorbidities Etiology Sequelae Screening Assessment Treatment Description Clinical Course Epidemiology Comorbidity Differential Diagnosis Etiology Treatment Habits Bibliography
Chapter 38 Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Associated With Medical Conditions Safety and Efficacy Concerns About SSRIs Bibliography
Chapter 39 Mood Disorders
Description Epidemiology Clinical Course Differential Diagnosis Comorbidity Sequelae Etiology and Risk Factors Prevention Screening/Case Finding Early Intervention Treatment Level of Care Bibliography Description Epidemiology Clinical Course Differential Diagnosis Comorbidity Sequelae Etiology and Risk Factors Prevention Case Finding Treatment Level of Care Bibliography
Chapter 40 Suicide and Attempted Suicide
Epidemiology Risk Factors Assessment and Intervention Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 41 Eating Disorders
Definitions Epidemiology Pathology and Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Complications Treatment Prognosis Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 42 Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
Description Epidemiology Clinical Course Differential Diagnosis Comorbidity Sequelae Etiology and Risk Factors Prevention Screening/Case Finding Early Intervention Treatment Level of Care Bibliography
Chapter 43 Tantrums and Breath-Holding Spells
Bibliography
Chapter 44 Lying, Stealing, and Truancy
Lying Stealing Truancy Bibliography
Chapter 45 Aggression
Bibliography
Chapter 46 Self-Injurious Behavior
Bibliography
Chapter 47 Childhood Psychoses
Description Epidemiology Clinical Course Differential Diagnosis Comorbidity Sequelae Etiology and Risk Factors Neuroanatomic Abnormalities Prevention Screening/Case Finding Assessment Treatment Bibliography Bibliography Diagnosis and Treatment Bibliography Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Bibliography
Part IV Learning and Developmental Disorders
Chapter 48 Neurodevelopmental and Executive Function and Dysfunction
Terminology and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathogenesis Core Neurodevelopmental Functions Clinical Manifestations Assessment and Diagnosis Treatment Bibliography
Chapter 49 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 50 Dyslexia
Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Management Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 51 Math and Writing Disabilities
Keywords Math Learning Disability Defined Epidemiology Causes of Math Learning Disability Treatment and Interventions Bibliography Keywords Epidemiology Skill Deficits Associated With Impaired Writing Treatment Bibliography
Chapter 52 Language Development and Communication Disorders
Normal Language Development Language and Communication Disorders Motor Speech Disorders Hearing Impairment Hydrocephalus Rare Causes of Language Impairment Noncauses of Language Delay Treatment Prognosis Comorbid Disorders Keywords Epidemiology Genetics Etiology Comorbidities Developmental Progression Treatment Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 53 Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability
Definition Etiology Epidemiology Pathology and Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Evaluation Differential Diagnosis Diagnostic Psychologic Testing Complications Prevention Treatment Supportive Care and Management Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 54 Autism Spectrum Disorder
Definition Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms Epidemiology Etiology Differential Diagnosis Comorbid Conditions Screening Assessment Treatment and Management Outcome Bibliography
Part V Nutrition
Chapter 55 Nutritional Requirements
Dietary Reference Intakes Energy Fat Protein Carbohydrates Fiber Micronutrients Water Measuring Nutritional Adequacy Bibliography
Chapter 56 Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Feeding During the First Year of Life Cow's Milk Protein–Based Formulas Soy Formulas Protein Hydrolysate Formulas Amino Acid Formulas Milk and Other Fluids in Infants and Toddlers Complementary Feeding Feeding Toddlers and Preschool-Age Children Feeding School-Age Children and Adolescents Nutrition Issues of Importance Across Pediatric Ages Bibliography
Chapter 57 Nutrition, Food Security, and Health
Malnutrition as the Intersection of Food Insecurity and Health Insecurity Food Security Undernutrition Severe Acute Malnutrition Bibliography
Chapter 58 Refeeding Syndrome
Bibliography
Chapter 59 Malnutrition
Clinical Manifestations Etiology and Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 60 Overweight and Obesity
Epidemiology Body Mass Index Etiology Comorbidities Identification Evaluation Intervention Prevention Keywords Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Management Etiology: Studies and Hypotheses Differential Diagnosis Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 61 Vitamin A Deficiencies and Excess
Overview of Vitamin A Metabolism of Vitamin A Functions of Vitamin A and Mechanisms of Action Vitamin A Deficiency Hypervitaminosis A Bibliography
Chapter 62 Vitamin B Complex Deficiencies and Excess
Keywords Thiamine Deficiency Thiamine Toxicity Bibliography Keywords Riboflavin Deficiency Riboflavin Toxicity Bibliography Keywords Niacin Deficiency Niacin Toxicity Bibliography Keywords Vitamin B6 Deficiency Vitamin B6 Toxicity Bibliography Keywords Bibliography Keywords Folate Deficiency Folate Toxicity Bibliography Keywords Vitamin B12 Deficiency Bibliography
Chapter 63 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency and Excess
Dietary Needs and Sources of Vitamin C Vitamin C Deficiency Vitamin C Toxicity Bibliography
Chapter 64 Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets) and Excess
Rickets Vitamin D Disorders Calcium Deficiency Phosphorus Deficiency Rickets of Prematurity Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis Hypervitaminosis D Bibliography
Chapter 65 Vitamin E Deficiency
Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Findings Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 66 Vitamin K Deficiency
Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 67 Micronutrient Mineral Deficiencies
Bibliography
Part VI Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Chapter 68 Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders
Keywords Total Body Water Fluid Compartments Electrolyte Composition Osmolality Point-of-Care Testing Bibliography Keywords Regulation of Osmolality Regulation of Volume Bibliography Keywords Sodium Metabolism Hypernatremia Hyponatremia Bibliography Keywords Potassium Metabolism Hyperkalemia Hypokalemia Bibliography Keywords Magnesium Metabolism Hypomagnesemia Hypermagnesemia Bibliography Keywords Phosphorus Metabolism Hypophosphatemia Hyperphosphatemia Bibliography Keywords Acid-Base Physiology Normal Acid-Base Balance Clinical Assessment of Acid-Base Disorders Metabolic Acidosis Metabolic Alkalosis Respiratory Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis Bibliography
Chapter 69 Maintenance and Replacement Therapy
Maintenance Therapy Maintenance Water Intravenous Solutions Glucose Selection of Maintenance Fluids Variations in Maintenance Water and Electrolytes Replacement Fluids Bibliography
Chapter 70 Deficit Therapy
Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Findings Calculation of the Fluid Deficit Approach to Severe Dehydration Monitoring and Adjusting Therapy Hyponatremic Dehydration Hypernatremic Dehydration Bibliography
Chapter 71 Fluid and Electrolyte Treatment of Specific Disorders
Acute Diarrhea Pyloric Stenosis Perioperative Fluids
Part VII Pediatric Drug Therapy
Chapter 72 Pediatric Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoproteomics
Definition of Terms Developmental or Pediatric Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Drug Biotransformation: Applications to Pediatric Therapy Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters Polymorphisms in Drug Receptors Current and Future Applications in Pediatrics Bibliography
Chapter 73 Principles of Drug Therapy
General Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles Impact of Ontogeny on Drug Disposition Impact of Ontogeny on Pharmacodynamics Additional Considerations in Pediatric Therapeutics Drug Formulation and Administration Adherence and Compliance Drug-Drug Interactions Adverse Drug Reactions Personalized Medicine Bibliography
Chapter 74 Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
Preanesthetic Evaluation Preoperative Preparation General Anesthesia Induction of General Anesthesia Maintenance of Anesthesia Postanesthesia Care Unit Postoperative Pain Management Keywords Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 75 Procedural Sedation
Bibliography
Chapter 76 Pediatric Pain Management
Definition and Categories of Pain Assessment and Measurement of Pain in Children Conceptual Framework for Treatment of Pediatric Pain Unconventional Medications in Pediatric Pain Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Pain Invasive Interventions for Treating Pain Intrathecal Analgesia Nerve Ablation and Destruction Considerations for Special Pediatric Populations Chronic and Recurrent Pain Syndromes Managing Complex Chronic Pain Problems Bibliography
Chapter 77 Poisoning
Prevention Approach to the Poisoned Patient Principles of Management Select Compounds in Pediatric Poisoning Bibliography
Chapter 78 Complementary Therapies and Integrative Medicine
Dietary Supplements Dietary Supplement Safety Dietary Supplement Efficacy Massage and Chiropractic Mind-Body Therapies Acupuncture Cannabis Bibliography
Part VIII Emergency Medicine and Critical Care
Chapter 79 Emergency Medical Services for Children
Primary Care Physician and Office Preparedness Pediatric Prehospital Care The Emergency Department Keywords Communications and Dispatch Center Medical Control Physician Transport Team Ground vs Air Ambulance Transport Physiology Safety Family-Centered Care Referring Hospital Responsibilities Educational Outreach Bibliography Keywords Outcome Measures in Emergency Medical Services for Children Risk Adjustment Bibliography Keywords Continuum-of-Care Model Humanitarian Disasters Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 80 Triage of the Acutely Ill Child
Assessment of Vital Signs History Physical Examination Management Disposition Bibliography
Chapter 81 Pediatric Emergencies and Resuscitation
Approach to the Emergency Evaluation of a Child Recognition and Treatment of Respiratory Distress and Failure Recognition and Management of Shock Recognition of Bradyarrhythmias and Tachyarrhythmias Recognition and Management of Cardiac Arrest Vascular Access Nonvascular Emergency Procedures Postresuscitation Care Bibliography
Chapter 82 Acute Care of Multiple Trauma
Epidemiology Regionalization and Trauma Teams Primary Survey Secondary Survey Psychological and Social Support Bibliography
Chapter 83 Spinal Cord Injuries in Children
Clinical Manifestations Clearing the Cervical Spine in Children Treatment Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 84 Care of Abrasions and Minor Lacerations
Lacerations and Cuts Abrasions Bibliography
Chapter 85 Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization
Neurocritical Care Principles Traumatic Brain Injury Bibliography
Chapter 86 Brain Death
Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis Observation Periods Ancillary Studies Documentation Supportive Care Objections to the Idea of Brain Death Bibliography
Chapter 87 Syncope
Mechanisms Evaluation Treatment Keywords Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Management Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 88 Shock
Epidemiology Types of Shock Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Treatment Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 89 Respiratory Distress and Failure
Respiratory Distress Respiratory Failure Monitoring a Child in Respiratory Distress and Respiratory Failure Management Keywords Basic Concepts of Ventilator Management Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation Invasive Mechanical Ventilation Additional Ventilatory Modalities Conventional Ventilator Settings Patient-Ventilator Asynchrony Monitoring Respiratory Mechanics Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 90 Altitude-Associated Illness in Children (Acute Mountain Sickness)
Etiology General Effects of Hypobaric Hypoxia Acute Mountain Sickness High-Altitude Cerebral Edema High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema Special Considerations Bibliography
Chapter 91 Drowning and Submersion Injury
Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Management Prognosis Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 92 Burn Injuries
Epidemiology Prevention Acute Care, Resuscitation, and Assessment Treatment Electrical Burns Bibliography
Chapter 93 Cold Injuries
Pathophysiology Etiology Clinical Manifestations Cold-Induced Fat Necrosis (Panniculitis) Bibliography
Part IX Human Genetics
Chapter 94 Integration of Genetics Into Pediatric Practice
Diagnostic Testing Predictive Testing Predispositional Testing Pharmacogenetic Testing Talking to Families Genetic Counseling Physiologic Therapies Replacement Therapies Bibliography
Chapter 95 The Genetic Approach in Pediatric Medicine
The Burden of Genetic Disorders in Childhood The Changing Paradigm of Genetics in Medicine Ethics Issues Bibliography
Chapter 96 The Human Genome
Fundamentals of Molecular Genetics Genetic Variation Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Genetic Disease Human Genome Project Bibliography
Chapter 97 Patterns of Genetic Transmission
Family History and Pedigree Notation Mendelian Inheritance Y-Linked Inheritance Inheritance Associated With Pseudoautosomal Regions Digenic Inheritance Pseudogenetic Inheritance and Familial Clustering Nontraditional Inheritance Multifactorial and Polygenic Inheritance Bibliography
Chapter 98 Cytogenetics
Bibliography Aneuploidy and Polyploidy Down Syndrome Bibliography Translocations Inversions Deletions and Duplications Insertions Isochromosomes Marker and Ring Chromosomes Bibliography Turner Syndrome Klinefelter Syndrome 47,XYY Bibliography Bibliography Pallister-Killian Syndrome Hypomelanosis of Ito Uniparental Disomy Imprinting Bibliography
Chapter 99 Genetics of Common Disorders
Linkage Mapping Genetic Association Bibliography
Chapter 100 Epigenome-Wide Association Studies and Disease
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Disease: Viable Yellow Mouse Model Epigenetics and Regulation of Gene Expression Pediatric Diseases Involving Epigenetic Processes Epigenome-Wide Association Studies: DNA Methylation Cell Fate Variability as Model for Epigenetics and Disease Epigenetic Disease and Therapeutic Interventions Bibliography
Chapter 101 Genetic Approaches to Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases
Scope of Genetic Disease Clinical Evaluation Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Arrays Exome Sequencing Gene Function Studies Pediatric Issues The Diagnostic Spectrum Bibliography
Part X Metabolic Disorders
Chapter 102 An Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Newborn Screening Clinical Manifestations of Genetic Metabolic Diseases Treatment Bibliography
Chapter 103 Defects in Metabolism of Amino Acids
Keywords Severe Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency (Classic Phenylketonuria) Hyperphenylalaninemia Caused by Deficiency of the Cofactor Tetrahydrobiopterin Tetrahydrobiopterin Defects Without Hyperphenylalaninemia Bibliography Keywords Tyrosinemia Type I (Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase Deficiency, Hepatorenal Tyrosinemia) Tyrosinemia Type II (Tyrosine Aminotransferase Deficiency, Richner-Hanhart Syndrome, Oculocutaneous Tyrosinemia) Tyrosinemia Type III (Primary Deficiency of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase) Hawkinsinuria Transient Tyrosinemia of the Newborn Alkaptonuria Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency Albinism Bibliography Keywords Homocystinuria (Homocystinemia) Hypermethioninemia Primary Cystathioninemia (Cystathioninuria) Bibliography Keywords Sulfite Oxidase Deficiency and Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency Bibliography Keywords Hartnup Disorder Bibliography Keywords Maple Syrup Urine Disease Branched-Chain α-Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Kinase Deficiency Branched-Chain Amino Acid Transporter Deficiency Isovaleric Acidemia Multiple Carboxylase Deficiencies (Defects of Biotin Cycle) 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA Carboxylase Deficiency 3-Methylglutaconic Acidurias β-Ketothiolase (3-Oxothiolase) Deficiency (Mitochondrial Acetoacetyl-CoA Thiolase [T2] Deficiency) Cytosolic Acetoacetyl-CoA Thiolase Deficiency Mitochondrial 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Synthase Deficiency 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase Deficiency (3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaric Aciduria) Succinyl-CoA:3-Oxoacid-CoA Transferase Deficiency Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency Propionic Acidemia (Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase Deficiency) Isolated Methylmalonic Acidemias Combined Methylmalonic Aciduria and Homocystinuria (cblC, cblD, cblF, cblJ, and cblX Defects) Isolated Homocystinuria Combined Malonic and Methylmalonic Aciduria (ACSF3-Related Disorder) Bibliography Hypoglycinemia Hyperglycinemia Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia (Glycine Encephalopathy) Sarcosinemia Primary Trimethylaminuria Hyperoxaluria and Oxalosis Bibliography Keywords 3-Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Phosphoserine Aminotransferase Deficiency 3-Phosphoserine Phosphatase Deficiency Bibliography Keywords Hyperprolinemia Type I Hyperprolinemia Type II Prolidase Deficiency Disorders of De Novo Proline Synthesis Bibliography Keywords Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Deficiency (Glutathionemia) Genetic Disorders of Metabolism of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Bibliography Keywords Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency (Infantile Parkinsonism, Autosomal Recessive Dopa-Responsive Dystonia, Autosomal Recessive Segawa Syndrome Aromatic l-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency Dopamine β-Hydroxylase Deficiency Monoamine Oxidase a Deficiency Disorders of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Metabolism Defects in Neurotransmitter Transporter Proteins Histidine Decarboxylase Deficiency Hyperprolinemia 3-Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Phosphoserine Aminotransferase Deficiency Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia Bibliography Keywords Genetic Causes of Hyperammonemia Clinical Manifestations of Hyperammonemia Diagnosis Treatment of Acute Hyperammonemia Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase 1 and N-Acetylglutamate Synthase Deficiencies Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency Citrullinemia Argininosuccinate Lyase Deficiency (Argininosuccinic Aciduria) Arginase 1 Deficiency (Hyperargininemia) Transient Hyperammonemia of the Newborn Disorders of Ornithine Metabolism Congenital Glutamine Deficiency Bibliography Keywords Bibliography Keywords Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)–Dependent Epilepsy Glutaric Aciduria Type 1 (Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency) Lysinuric Protein Intolerance (Familial Protein Intolerance) Bibliography Keywords Etiology and Pathology Clinical Manifestations Atypical Canavan Disease Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 104 Defects in Metabolism of Lipids
Keywords Defects in the β-Oxidation Cycle Defects in the Carnitine Cycle Defects in the Electron Transfer Pathway Defects in the Ketone Synthesis Pathway Defects in Ketone Body Utilization Bibliography Keywords Peroxisomal Disorders Adrenoleukodystrophy Bibliography Keywords Epidemiology of Blood Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease Blood Lipids and Atherogenesis Plasma Lipoprotein Metabolism and Transport Hyperlipoproteinemias Bibliography Keywords GM1 Gangliosidosis The GM2 Gangliosidoses Gaucher Disease Niemann-Pick Disease Fabry Disease Fucosidosis Schindler Disease Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Multiple-Sulfatase Deficiency Krabbe Disease Farber Disease Wolman Disease and Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease Bibliography Keywords I-Cell Disease Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy Bibliography
Chapter 105 Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates
Keywords Liver Glycogenoses Muscle Glycogenoses Bibliography Keywords Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl Transferase Deficiency Galactosemia Galactokinase Deficiency Uridine Diphosphate Galactose-4-Epimerase Deficiency Bibliography Keywords Deficiency of Fructokinase (Essential or Benign Fructosuria) Deficiency of Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase (Aldolase B, Hereditary Fructose Intolerance) Bibliography Keywords Disorders of Gluconeogenesis Disorders of Pyruvate Metabolism Bibliography Keywords Essential Pentosuria Transaldolase Deficiency Ribose-5-Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency Bibliography Sialidosis and Galactosialidosis Aspartylglucosaminuria α-Mannosidosis Bibliography Keywords Congenital Disorders of Protein N-Glycosylation Congenital Disorders of Protein O-Glycosylation Defects in Lipid Glycosylation and in Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor Biosynthesis Defects in Multiple Glycosylation Pathways and in Other Pathways, Including Dolicholphosphate Biosynthesis Defects Congenital Disorders of Deglycosylation Therapeutic Summary Bibliography
Chapter 106 Mitochondrial Disease Diagnosis
Overview of Mitochondrial Disease When to Suspect Mitochondrial Disease Mitochondrial Disease Inheritance Diagnostic Testing for Mitochondrial Disease Treatment Principles for Mitochondrial Disease Bibliography
Chapter 107 Mucopolysaccharidoses
Disease Entities Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Bibliography
Chapter 108 Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
Gout Abnormalities in Purine Salvage Disorders Linked to Purine Nucleotide Synthesis Disorders Resulting From Abnormalities in Purine Catabolism Disorders of Pyrimidine Metabolism Bibliography
Chapter 109 Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (Progeria)
Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Findings Molecular Pathogenesis Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Patient Resources Bibliography
Chapter 110 The Porphyrias
The Heme Biosynthetic Pathway Classification and Diagnosis of Porphyrias δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase Deficient Porphyria Acute Intermittent Porphyria Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Hepatoerythropoietic Porphyria Hereditary Coproporphyria Variegate Porphyria Erythropoietic Protoporphyria and X-Linked Protoporphyria Dual Porphyria Porphyria Resulting From Tumors Bibliography
Chapter 111 Hypoglycemia
Definition Significance and Sequelae Substrate, Enzyme, and Hormonal Integration of Glucose Homeostasis Clinical Manifestations Classification of Hypoglycemia in Infants and Children Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Bibliography
Part XI The Fetus and the Neonatal Infant
Chapter 112 Overview of Morbidity and Mortality
Infant Mortality Major Causes of Infant Death Infant Mortality Reduction Bibliography
Chapter 113 The Newborn Infant
General Appearance Skin Skull Face Neck Chest Lungs Heart Abdomen Genitals Anus Extremities Neurologic Examination Bibliography Maintenance of Body Heat Antiseptic Skin and Cord Care Newborn Prophylaxis and Screening Bibliography Bibliography Rooming-in and Breastfeeding Bibliography
Chapter 114 High-Risk Pregnancies
Genetic Factors Maternal Factors Bibliography
Chapter 115 The Fetus
Bibliography Bibliography Infectious Diseases Noninfectious Diseases (see Table 114.2) Bibliography Bibliography Bibliography Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 116 Fetal Intervention and Surgery
Fetal Therapy Ethics Obstructive Uropathy Nonobstructive Renal Disease Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation Myelomeningocele Other Indications Fetal Centers Bibliography
Chapter 117 The High-Risk Infant
Keywords Monozygotic vs Dizygotic Twins Incidence Etiology Atypical Twinning Complications Twin Syndromes (TRAP, TTTS) Diagnosis Prognosis Treatment Bibliography Keywords Incidence Etiology Assessment of Gestational Age Nursery Care Immaturity of Drug Metabolism Morbidity and Mortality Bibliography Keywords Moderate Preterm Infant Late Preterm Infant Bibliography Keywords Small for Gestational Age and IUGR Large-for-Gestational-Age Infants Postterm Infants Bibliography Keywords Discharge From the Hospital Postdischarge Follow-Up Bibliography
Chapter 118 Transport of the Critically Ill Newborn
Regionalized Care of Newborns Levels of Neonatal Care Transport of the Critically Ill Neonate Bibliography
Chapter 119 Clinical Manifestations of Diseases in the Newborn Period
Abnormal Movements Altered Mental Status Apnea Congenital Anomalies Cyanosis Gastrointestinal Disturbances Hypotension Jaundice Pain Bibliography Bibliography Bibliography Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 120 Nervous System Disorders
Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Prognosis Prevention Treatment Bibliography Etiology Pathophysiology and Pathology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Bibliography Bibliography Brachial Palsy Phrenic Nerve Paralysis Facial Nerve Palsy Bibliography
Chapter 121 Neonatal Resuscitation and Delivery Room Emergencies
Neonatal Resuscitation Resuscitation of the Preterm Infant Special Circumstances in the Delivery Room Injury During Delivery Ongoing Care After Resuscitation Bibliography
Chapter 122 Respiratory Tract Disorders
Keywords The First Breath Breathing Patterns in Newborns Keywords Apnea of Prematurity Treatment Prognosis Apnea of Prematurity and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Bibliography Keywords Incidence Etiology and Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Prevention Treatment Complications Bibliography Keywords Incidence Etiology and Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Prevention Treatment Prognosis Bibliography Keywords Incidence and Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Bibliography Keywords Bibliography Keywords Keywords Clinical Manifestations Prevention Treatment Prognosis Bibliography Keywords Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Bibliography Keywords Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (Bochdalek) Bibliography Bibliography Keywords Etiology and Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Bibliography Keywords Bibliography
Chapter 123 Digestive System Disorders
Keywords Meconium Plugs Meconium Ileus Meconium Peritonitis Bibliography Keywords Pathology and Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Prevention Bibliography Keywords Etiology Clinical Manifestations Differential Diagnosis Physiologic Jaundice (Icterus Neonatorum) Pathologic Hyperbilirubinemia Jaundice Associated With Breastfeeding Neonatal Cholestasis Congenital Atresia of the Bile Ducts Bibliography Keywords Clinical Manifestations Incidence and Prognosis Prevention Treatment of Hyperbilirubinemia Bibliography
Chapter 124 Blood Disorders
Keywords Normal Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Concentrations in Newborn Infants Classification of Anemia and Diagnostic Evaluation Treatment Options for Neonatal Anemia Bibliography Keywords Hemolytic Disease Caused by Rh Incompatibility Hemolytic Disease Caused by Blood Group A and B Incompatibility Other Forms of Hemolytic Disease Bibliography Keywords Bibliography Keywords Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy Neonatal Thrombocytopenia Bibliography Keywords Bibliography
Chapter 125 The Umbilicus
Umbilical Cord Hemorrhage Granuloma Infections Umbilical Hernia Congenital Omphalocele Tumors Bibliography
Chapter 126 Abstinence Syndromes
Keywords Treatment Bibliography Keywords Bibliography Keywords Epidemiology Diagnostic Criteria Clinical Features Interventions and Treatment Outcomes The Pediatrician's Role Bibliography
Chapter 127 The Endocrine System
Keywords Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Prognosis Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 128 Dysmorphology
Classification of Birth Defects Molecular Mechanisms of Malformations Approach to the Dysmorphic Child Bibliography
Chapter 129 Epidemiology of Infections
Incidence and Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Findings General Approach to Management Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 130 Healthcare-Acquired Infections
Incidence Epidemiology Pathogenesis Types of Infection Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 131 Congenital and Perinatal Infections
General Approach Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Specific Infectious Agents General Approach Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Specific Infectious Agents Diagnosis Bibliography
Part XII Adolescent Medicine
Chapter 132 Adolescent Physical and Social Development
Physical Development Neurologic, Cognitive, and Moral Development Psychosocial Development Implications for Providers, Parents, and Policymakers Bibliography
Chapter 133 Gender and Sexual Identity
Terms and Definitions Factors That Influence Sexual Identity Development Nonconformity in Gender Expression Among Children and Adolescents Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Identities Among Children and Adolescents Bibliography
Chapter 134 Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents
Prevalence of Homosexuality and Bisexuality in Youth Development of Sexual Orientation in Childhood and Adolescence Stigma, Risk, and Resilience Health Recommendations for Care Bibliography
Chapter 135 Transgender Care
Cultural and Clinical Competence Gender Literacy Assessment Treatment Families Bibliography
Chapter 136 The Epidemiology of Adolescent Health Problems
Access to Healthcare Bibliography
Chapter 137 Delivery of Healthcare to Adolescents
Bibliography Interviewing the Adolescent Psychosocial Assessment Physical Examination Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 138 Transitioning to Adult Care
Bibliography
Chapter 139 Violent Behavior
Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 140 Substance Abuse
Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Screening for Substance Abuse Disorders Diagnosis Complications Treatment Prognosis Prevention Pharmacology and Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Bibliography Keywords Cigarettes Pharmacology Clinical Manifestations Electronic Cigarettes (E-Cigarettes) Hookah Treatment Bibliography Keywords Clinical Manifestations Synthetic Marijuana Bibliography Keywords Clinical Manifestations Complications Diagnosis Treatment Bibliography Keywords Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Phencyclidine Bibliography Clinical Manifestations Treatment Bibliography Clinical Manifestations Treatment Bibliography Clinical Manifestations Treatment Bibliography Clinical Manifestations Withdrawal Overdose Syndrome Treatment Bibliography Clinical Manifestations Treatment Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 141 The Breast
Female Disorders Male Disorders Bibliography
Chapter 142 Menstrual Problems
Normal Menstruation Menstrual Irregularities Keywords History and Physical Examination Laboratory Studies Treatment Bibliography Keywords Irregular Menstrual Bleeding Heavy and Prolonged Menstrual Bleeding Laboratory Findings Treatment Bibliography Keywords Bibliography Keywords Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 143 Contraception
Contraceptive Effectiveness Keywords Sexual Activity Use of Contraception Among Teens Bibliography Keywords Bibliography Keywords Intrauterine Devices Implants Bibliography Keywords Depo-Provera Progestin-Only Pills Bibliography Keywords Combined Oral Contraceptives Transdermal Patch Vaginal Ring Contraindications Bibliography Keywords Copper IUD Ulipristal Acetate Levonorgestrel Bibliography Keywords Condoms Bibliography Keywords Diaphragm, Cervical Cap, and Sponge Keywords Spermicides Withdrawal Fertility Awareness–Based Methods Lactational Amenorrhea Method Bibliography
Chapter 144 Adolescent Pregnancy
Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Pregnancy Counseling and Initial Management Adolescent Fathers Medical Complications of Mothers and Babies Psychosocial Outcomes/Risks for Mother and Child Prevention of Teen Pregnancies Bibliography
Chapter 145 Adolescent Sexual Assault
Epidemiology Types of Rape Clinical Manifestations Interview and Physical Examination Laboratory Data Treatment Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 146 Sexually Transmitted Infections
Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Screening Common Infections and Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 147 Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions
Prevalence Symptom/Disorder Overlap Psychiatric Comorbidities Predisposing Factors Natural History Proposed Pathophysiology Treatment Keywords Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Management Prognosis Bibliography Bibliography
Part XIII Immunology
Section 1 Evaluation of the Immune System
Chapter 148 Evaluation of Suspected Immunodeficiency
Section 2 The T-, B-, and NK-Cell Systems
Chapter 149 Lymphocyte Development and Function Chapter 150 Primary Defects of Antibody Production Chapter 151 Primary Defects of Cellular Immunity Chapter 152 Immunodeficiencies Affecting Multiple Cell Types
Section 3 The Phagocytic System
Chapter 153 Neutrophils Chapter 154 Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells Chapter 155 Eosinophils Chapter 156 Disorders of Phagocyte Function Chapter 157 Leukopenia Chapter 158 Leukocytosis
Section 4 The Complement System
Chapter 159 Complement Components and Pathways Chapter 160 Disorders of the Complement System
Section 5 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Chapter 161 Principles and Clinical Indications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Chapter 162 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation From Alternative Sources and Donors Chapter 163 Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Rejection, and Venoocclusive Disease Chapter 164 Infectious Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Chapter 165 Late Effects of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Part XIV Allergic Disorders
Chapter 166 Allergy and the Immunologic Basis of Atopic Disease
Key Elements of Allergic Diseases Mechanisms of Allergic Tissue Inflammation Genetic Basis of Atopy Bibliography
Chapter 167 Diagnosis of Allergic Disease
Allergy History Physical Examination Diagnostic Testing Bibliography
Chapter 168 Allergic Rhinitis
Etiology and Classification Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Differential Diagnosis Complications Laboratory Findings Treatment Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 169 Childhood Asthma
Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Treatment Prognosis Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 170 Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)
Etiology Pathology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Findings Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Avoiding Triggers Complications Prognosis Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 171 Insect Allergy
Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 172 Ocular Allergies
Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Bibliography
Chapter 173 Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema
Etiology and Pathogenesis Physical Urticaria Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria and Angioedema Treatment Hereditary Angioedema Bibliography
Chapter 174 Anaphylaxis
Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Findings Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 175 Serum Sickness
Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 176 Food Allergy and Adverse Reactions to Foods
Genetics Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 177 Adverse Reactions to Drugs
Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Bibliography
Part XV Rheumatic Diseases of Childhood (Connective Tissue Disease, Collagen Vascular Diseases)
Chapter 178 Evaluation of Suspected Rheumatic Disease
Symptoms Suggestive of Rheumatic Disease Signs Suggestive of Rheumatic Disease Laboratory Testing Imaging Studies Bibliography
Chapter 179 Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases
Pediatric Rheumatology Teams and Primary Care Physicians Therapeutics Bibliography
Chapter 180 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Epidemiology Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Treatment Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 181 Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Spondyloarthritides
Epidemiology Etiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 182 Reactive and Postinfectious Arthritis
Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 183 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Etiology Epidemiology Pathology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Treatment Complications Prognosis Keywords Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 184 Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Treatment Complications Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 185 Scleroderma and Raynaud Phenomenon
Etiology and Pathogenesis Classification Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Treatment Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 186 Behçet Disease
Epidemiology Etiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 187 Sjögren Syndrome
Epidemiology Etiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 188 Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes and Other Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases
Classification of Autoinflammatory Disorders Autoinflammatory Diseases With Periodic or Prominent Fevers Other Mendelian Autoinflammatory Diseases Genetically Complex Autoinflammatory Diseases Bibliography
Chapter 189 Amyloidosis
Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Treatment Prognosis Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 190 Sarcoidosis
Etiology Epidemiology Pathology and Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Findings Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 191 Kawasaki Disease
Etiology Epidemiology Pathology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Radiology Findings Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 192 Vasculitis Syndromes
Epidemiology Pathology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Treatment Complications Prognosis Bibliography Epidemiology Pathology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Treatment Complications Prognosis Bibliography Epidemiology Pathology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Treatment Complications Prognosis Bibliography Epidemiology Pathology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Treatment Complications Prognosis Bibliography Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 193 Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes
Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Bibliography Bibliography Bibliography Bibliography Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 194 Miscellaneous Conditions Associated With Arthritis
Relapsing Polychondritis Mucha-Habermann Disease/Pityriasis Lichenoides Et Varioliformis Acuta Sweet Syndrome Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy Plant Thorn Synovitis Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis Bibliography
Part XVI Infectious Diseases
Section 1 General Considerations
Chapter 195 Diagnostic Microbiology Chapter 196 The Microbiome and Pediatric Health
Section 2 Preventive Measures
Chapter 197 Immunization Practices Chapter 198 Infection Prevention and Control Chapter 199 Childcare and Communicable Diseases Chapter 200 Health Advice for Children Traveling Internationally Chapter 201 Fever Chapter 202 Fever Without a Focus in the Neonate and Young Infant Chapter 203 Fever in the Older Child Chapter 204 Fever of Unknown Origin Chapter 205 Infections in Immunocompromised Persons Chapter 206 Infection Associated With Medical Devices
Section 3 Antibiotic Therapy
Chapter 207 Principles of Antibacterial Therapy
Section 4 Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Chapter 208 Staphylococcus Chapter 209 Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) Chapter 210 Group A Streptococcus Chapter 211 Group B Streptococcus Chapter 212 Non–Group A or B Streptococci Chapter 213 Enterococcus Chapter 214 Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) Chapter 215 Listeria monocytogenes Chapter 216 Actinomyces Chapter 217 Nocardia
Section 5 Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Chapter 218 Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus) Chapter 219 Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus) Chapter 220 Kingella kingae Chapter 221 Haemophilus influenzae Chapter 222 Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi) Chapter 223 Moraxella catarrhalis Chapter 224 Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis) Chapter 225 Salmonella Chapter 226 Shigella Chapter 227 Escherichia coli Chapter 228 Cholera Chapter 229 Campylobacter Chapter 230 Yersinia Chapter 231 Aeromonas and Plesiomonas Chapter 232 Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas Chapter 233 Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Chapter 234 Brucella Chapter 235 Legionella Chapter 236 Bartonella
Section 6 Anaerobic Bacterial Infections
Chapter 237 Botulism (Clostridium botulinum) Chapter 238 Tetanus (Clostridium tetani) Chapter 239 Clostridium difficile Infection Chapter 240 Other Anaerobic Infections
Section 7 Mycobacterial Infections
Chapter 241 Principles of Antimycobacterial Therapy Chapter 242 Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Chapter 243 Hansen Disease (Mycobacterium leprae) Chapter 244 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Section 8 Spirochetal Infections
Chapter 245 Syphilis (Treponema pallidum) Chapter 246 Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections Chapter 247 Leptospira Chapter 248 Relapsing Fever (Borrelia) Chapter 249 Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)
Section 9 Mycoplasmal Infections
Chapter 250 Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chapter 251 Genital Mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum)
Section 10 Chlamydial Infections
Chapter 252 Chlamydia pneumoniae Chapter 253 Chlamydia trachomatis Chapter 254 Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
Section 11 Rickettsial Infections
Chapter 255 Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses Chapter 256 Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi) Chapter 257 Typhus Group Rickettsioses Chapter 258 Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis Chapter 259 Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Section 12 Fungal Infections
Chapter 260 Principles of Antifungal Therapy Chapter 261 Candida Chapter 262 Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Chapter 263 Malassezia Chapter 264 Aspergillus Chapter 265 Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum) Chapter 266 Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis and Blastomyces gilchristii) Chapter 267 Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides Species) Chapter 268 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Chapter 269 Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii) Chapter 270 Mucormycosis Chapter 271 Pneumocystis jirovecii
Section 13 Viral Infections
Chapter 272 Principles of Antiviral Therapy Chapter 273 Measles Chapter 274 Rubella Chapter 275 Mumps Chapter 276 Polioviruses Chapter 277 Nonpolio Enteroviruses Chapter 278 Parvoviruses Chapter 279 Herpes Simplex Virus Chapter 280 Varicella-Zoster Virus* Chapter 281 Epstein-Barr Virus Chapter 282 Cytomegalovirus Chapter 283 Roseola (Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7) Chapter 284 Human Herpesvirus 8 Chapter 285 Influenza Viruses* Chapter 286 Parainfluenza Viruses* Chapter 287 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Chapter 288 Human Metapneumovirus Chapter 289 Adenoviruses Chapter 290 Rhinoviruses Chapter 291 Coronaviruses Chapter 292 Rotaviruses, Caliciviruses, and Astroviruses Chapter 293 Human Papillomaviruses Chapter 294 Arboviral Infections Chapter 295 Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, and Severe Dengue Chapter 296 Yellow Fever Chapter 297 Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Chapter 298 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Chapter 299 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Chapter 300 Rabies Chapter 301 Polyomaviruses Chapter 302 Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Chapter 303 Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (1 and 2) Chapter 304 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
Section 14 Antiparasitic Therapy
Chapter 305 Principles of Antiparasitic Therapy
Section 15 Protozoan Diseases
Chapter 306 Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis Chapter 307 Amebiasis Chapter 308 Giardiasis and Balantidiasis Chapter 309 Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora, Cyclospora, and Microsporidia Chapter 310 Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis) Chapter 311 Leishmaniasis (Leishmania) Chapter 312 African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness; Trypanosoma brucei Complex) Chapter 313 American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease; Trypanosoma cruzi) Chapter 314 Malaria (Plasmodium) Chapter 315 Babesiosis (Babesia) Chapter 316 Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
Section 16 Helminthic Diseases
Chapter 317 Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides) Chapter 318 Hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma spp.) Chapter 319 Trichuriasis (Trichuris trichiura) Chapter 320 Enterobiasis (Enterobius vermicularis) Chapter 321 Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis) Chapter 322 Lymphatic Filariasis (Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Wuchereria bancrofti) Chapter 323 Other Tissue Nematodes Chapter 324 Toxocariasis (Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans) Chapter 325 Trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis) Chapter 326 Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma) Chapter 327 Flukes (Liver, Lung, and Intestinal) Chapter 328 Adult Tapeworm Infections Chapter 329 Cysticercosis Chapter 330 Echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis)
Volume 2
Part XVII The Digestive System
Section 1 Clinical Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Disease
Chapter 331 Normal Digestive Tract Phenomena Chapter 332 Major Symptoms and Signs of Digestive Tract Disorders
Section 2 The Oral Cavity
Chapter 333 Development and Developmental Anomalies of the Teeth Chapter 334 Disorders of the Oral Cavity Associated With Other Conditions Chapter 335 Malocclusion Chapter 336 Cleft Lip and Palate Chapter 337 Syndromes With Oral Manifestations Chapter 338 Dental Caries Chapter 339 Periodontal Diseases Chapter 340 Dental Trauma Chapter 341 Common Lesions of the Oral Soft Tissues Chapter 342 Diseases of the Salivary Glands and Jaws Chapter 343 Diagnostic Radiology in Dental Assessment
Section 3 The Esophagus
Chapter 344 Embryology, Anatomy, and Function of the Esophagus Chapter 345 Congenital Anomalies Chapter 346 Obstructing and Motility Disorders of the Esophagus Chapter 347 Dysmotility Chapter 348 Hiatal Hernia Chapter 349 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Chapter 350 Eosinophilic Esophagitis, Pill Esophagitis, and Infective Esophagitis Chapter 351 Esophageal Perforation Chapter 352 Esophageal Varices Chapter 353 Ingestions
Section 4 Stomach and Intestines
Chapter 354 Normal Development, Structure, and Function of the Stomach and Intestines Chapter 355 Pyloric Stenosis and Other Congenital Anomalies of the Stomach Chapter 356 Intestinal Atresia, Stenosis, and Malrotation Chapter 357 Intestinal Duplications, Meckel Diverticulum, and Other Remnants of the Omphalomesenteric Duct Chapter 358 Motility Disorders and Hirschsprung Disease Chapter 359 Ileus, Adhesions, Intussusception, and Closed-Loop Obstructions Chapter 360 Foreign Bodies and Bezoars Chapter 361 Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children Chapter 362 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Chapter 363 Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis Chapter 364 Disorders of Malabsorption Chapter 365 Intestinal Transplantation in Children With Intestinal Failure Chapter 366 Acute Gastroenteritis in Children Chapter 367 Chronic Diarrhea Chapter 368 Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Chapter 369 Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome Chapter 370 Acute Appendicitis Chapter 371 Surgical Conditions of the Anus and Rectum Chapter 372 Tumors of the Digestive Tract Chapter 373 Inguinal Hernias
Section 5 Exocrine Pancreas
Chapter 374 Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Pancreas Chapter 375 Pancreatic Function Tests Chapter 376 Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas Chapter 377 Treatment of Pancreatic Insufficiency Chapter 378 Pancreatitis Chapter 379 Pancreatic Fluid Collections Chapter 380 Pancreatic Tumors
Section 6 The Liver and Biliary System
Chapter 381 Morphogenesis of the Liver and Biliary System Chapter 382 Manifestations of Liver Disease Chapter 383 Cholestasis Chapter 384 Metabolic Diseases of the Liver Chapter 385 Viral Hepatitis Chapter 386 Liver Abscess Chapter 387 Liver Disease Associated With Systemic Disorders Chapter 388 Mitochondrial Hepatopathies Chapter 389 Autoimmune Hepatitis Chapter 390 Drug- and Toxin-Induced Liver Injury Chapter 391 Acute Hepatic Failure Chapter 392 Cystic Diseases of the Biliary Tract and Liver Chapter 393 Diseases of the Gallbladder Chapter 394 Portal Hypertension and Varices Chapter 395 Liver Transplantation
Section 7 Peritoneum
Chapter 396 Peritoneal Malformations Chapter 397 Ascites Chapter 398 Peritonitis Chapter 399 Epigastric Hernia
Part XVIII The Respiratory System
Section 1 Development and Function
Chapter 400 Diagnostic Approach to Respiratory Disease Chapter 401 Chronic or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms Chapter 402 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Chapter 403 Brief Resolved Unexplained Events and Other Acute Events in Infants
Section 2 Disorders of the Respiratory Tract
Chapter 404 Congenital Disorders of the Nose Chapter 405 Acquired Disorders of the Nose Chapter 406 Nasal Polyps Chapter 407 The Common Cold Chapter 408 Sinusitis Chapter 409 Acute Pharyngitis Chapter 410 Retropharyngeal Abscess, Lateral Pharyngeal (Parapharyngeal) Abscess, and Peritonsillar Cellulitis/Abscess Chapter 411 Tonsils and Adenoids Chapter 412 Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction (Croup, Epiglottitis, Laryngitis, and Bacterial Tracheitis) Chapter 413 Congenital Anomalies of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi Chapter 414 Foreign Bodies in the Airway Chapter 415 Laryngotracheal Stenosis and Subglottic Stenosis Chapter 416 Bronchomalacia and Tracheomalacia Chapter 417 Neoplasms of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi Chapter 418 Wheezing, Bronchiolitis, and Bronchitis Chapter 419 Plastic Bronchitis Chapter 420 Emphysema and Overinflation Chapter 421 α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Emphysema Chapter 422 Other Distal Airway Diseases Chapter 423 Congenital Disorders of the Lung Chapter 424 Pulmonary Edema Chapter 425 Aspiration Syndromes Chapter 426 Chronic Recurrent Aspiration Chapter 427 Immune and Inflammatory Lung Disease Chapter 428 Community-Acquired Pneumonia Chapter 429 Pleurisy, Pleural Effusions, and Empyema Chapter 430 Bronchiectasis Chapter 431 Pulmonary Abscess Chapter 432 Cystic Fibrosis Chapter 433 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome, Kartagener Syndrome) Chapter 434 Diffuse Lung Diseases in Childhood Chapter 435 Pulmonary Hemosiderosis Chapter 436 Pulmonary Embolism, Infarction, and Hemorrhage Chapter 437 Atelectasis Chapter 438 Pulmonary Tumors Chapter 439 Pneumothorax Chapter 440 Pneumomediastinum Chapter 441 Hydrothorax Chapter 442 Hemothorax Chapter 443 Chylothorax Chapter 444 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Chapter 445 Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function Chapter 446 Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency
Part XIX The Cardiovascular System
Section 1 Developmental Biology of the Cardiovascular System
Chapter 447 Cardiac Development Chapter 448 The Fetal to Neonatal Circulatory Transition
Section 2 Evaluation of the Cardiovascular System and the Child with A Heart Murmur
Chapter 449 History and Physical Examination in Cardiac Evaluation Chapter 450 Laboratory Cardiac Evaluation
Section 3 Congenital Heart Disease
Chapter 451 Epidemiology and Genetic Basis of Congenital Heart Disease Chapter 452 Evaluation and Screening of the Infant or Child With Congenital Heart Disease Chapter 453 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Chapter 454 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Chapter 455 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Chapter 456 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Chapter 457 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Chapter 458 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Chapter 459 Other Congenital Heart and Vascular Malformations Chapter 460 Pulmonary Hypertension Chapter 461 General Principles of Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease
Section 4 Cardiac Arrhythmias
Chapter 462 Disturbances of Rate and Rhythm of the Heart Chapter 463 Sudden Death
Section 5 Acquired Heart Disease
Chapter 464 Infective Endocarditis Chapter 465 Rheumatic Heart Disease
Section 6 Diseases of the Myocardium and Pericardium
Chapter 466 Diseases of the Myocardium Chapter 467 Diseases of the Pericardium Chapter 468 Tumors of the Heart
Section 7 Cardiac Therapeutics
Chapter 469 Heart Failure Chapter 470 Pediatric Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation
Section 8 Diseases of the Peripheral Vascular System
Chapter 471 Diseases of the Blood Vessels (Aneurysms and Fistulas) Chapter 472 Systemic Hypertension
Part XX Diseases of the Blood
Section 1 The Hematopoietic System
Chapter 473 Development of the Hematopoietic System Chapter 474 The Anemias
Section 2 Anemias of Inadequate Production
Chapter 475 Congenital Hypoplastic Anemia (Diamond-Blackfan Anemia) Chapter 476 Pearson Syndrome Chapter 477 Acquired Pure Red Blood Cell Anemia Chapter 478 Anemia of Chronic Disease and Renal Disease Chapter 479 Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias Chapter 480 Physiologic Anemia of Infancy Chapter 481 Megaloblastic Anemias Chapter 482 Iron-Deficiency Anemia Chapter 483 Other Microcytic Anemias
Section 3 Hemolytic Anemias
Chapter 484 Definitions and Classification of Hemolytic Anemias Chapter 485 Hereditary Spherocytosis Chapter 486 Hereditary Elliptocytosis, Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis, and Related Disorders Chapter 487 Hereditary Stomatocytosis Chapter 488 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria and Acanthocytosis Chapter 489 Hemoglobinopathies Chapter 490 Enzymatic Defects Chapter 491 Hemolytic Anemias Resulting from Extracellular Factors—Immune Hemolytic Anemias Chapter 492 Hemolytic Anemias Secondary to Other Extracellular Factors
Section 4 Polycythemia (Erythrocytosis)
Chapter 493 Polycythemia Chapter 494 Nonclonal Polycythemia
Section 5 The Pancytopenias
Chapter 495 Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes With Pancytopenia Chapter 496 The Acquired Pancytopenias
Section 6 Blood Component Transfusions
Chapter 497 Red Blood Cell Transfusions and Erythropoietin Therapy Chapter 498 Platelet Transfusions Chapter 499 Neutrophil (Granulocyte) Transfusions Chapter 500 Plasma Transfusions Chapter 501 Risks of Blood Transfusions
Section 7 Hemorrhagic and Thrombotic Diseases
Chapter 502 Hemostasis Chapter 503 Hereditary Clotting Factor Deficiencies (Bleeding Disorders) Chapter 504 Von Willebrand Disease Chapter 505 Hereditary Predisposition to Thrombosis Chapter 506 Thrombotic Disorders in Children Chapter 507 Postneonatal Vitamin K Deficiency Chapter 508 Liver Disease Chapter 509 Acquired Inhibitors of Coagulation Chapter 510 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Chapter 511 Platelet and Blood Vessel Disorders
Section 8 The Spleen
Chapter 512 Anatomy and Function of the Spleen Chapter 513 Splenomegaly Chapter 514 Hyposplenism, Splenic Trauma, and Splenectomy
Section 9 The Lymphatic System
Chapter 515 Anatomy and Function of the Lymphatic System Chapter 516 Abnormalities of Lymphatic Vessels Chapter 517 Lymphadenopathy
Part XXI Cancer and Benign Tumors
Chapter 518 Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer
Influencing the Incidence of Cancer Bibliography
Chapter 519 Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer
Genes Involved in Oncogenesis Syndromes Predisposing to Cancer Other Factors Associated With Oncogenesis Bibliography
Chapter 520 Principles of Cancer Diagnosis
Signs and Symptoms Physical Examination Age-Related Manifestations Early Detection Ensuring the Diagnosis Staging Bibliography
Chapter 521 Principles of Cancer Treatment
Diagnosis and Staging A Multimodal, Multidisciplinary Approach Discussing the Treatment Plan With the Patient and Family Treatments Acute Toxic Effects and Supportive Care Late Adverse Effects Palliative Care Bibliography
Chapter 522 The Leukemias
Epidemiology Etiology Cellular Classification Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Supportive Care Prognosis Bibliography Keywords Epidemiology Cellular Classification Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Prognosis and Treatment Bibliography Keywords Bibliography Keywords Bibliography Keywords Bibliography Keywords Bibliography
Chapter 523 Lymphoma
Keywords Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Relapse Prognosis Bibliography Keywords Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Findings Treatment Complications Prognosis Bibliography Keywords
Chapter 524 Brain Tumors in Childhood
Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Specific Tumors Complications and Long-Term Management Bibliography
Chapter 525 Neuroblastoma
Epidemiology Pathology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Bibliography
Chapter 526 Neoplasms of the Kidney
Keywords Epidemiology Etiology: Genetics and Molecular Biology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Recurrent Disease Prognosis Late Effects Keywords Mesoblastic Nephroma Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney Rhabdoid Tumor of the Kidney Renal Cell Carcinoma Bibliography
Chapter 527 Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Rhabdomyosarcoma Other Soft Tissue Sarcomas Bibliography
Chapter 528 Neoplasms of Bone
Keywords Osteosarcoma Ewing Sarcoma Keywords Characteristic Lesions of the Tibia Histiocytosis Diagnostic Considerations Vascular Tumors of Bone Bibliography
Chapter 529 Retinoblastoma
Epidemiology Pathogenesis Screening Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 530 Gonadal and Germ Cell Neoplasms
Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Bibliography
Chapter 531 Neoplasms of the Liver
Hepatoblastoma Hepatocellular Carcinoma Bibliography
Chapter 532 Benign Vascular Tumors
Keywords Clinical Manifestations Treatment Bibliography Keywords Bibliography
Chapter 533 Rare Tumors
Keywords Benign Thyroid Tumors Malignant Thyroid Tumors Bibliography Keywords Bibliography Keywords Bibliography Keywords Bibliography Keywords Bibliography
Chapter 534 Histiocytosis Syndromes of Childhood
Classification and Pathology Keywords Clinical Manifestations Treatment and Prognosis Bibliography Keywords Clinical Manifestations Treatment and Prognosis Bibliography Keywords Bibliography
Part XXII Nephrology
Section 1 Glomerular Disease
Chapter 535 Introduction to Glomerular Diseases
Section 2 Conditions Particularly Associated with Hematuria
Chapter 536 Clinical Evaluation of the Child With Hematuria Chapter 537 Isolated Glomerular Diseases Associated With Recurrent Gross Hematuria Chapter 538 Multisystem Disease Associated With Hematuria Chapter 539 Tubulointerstitial Disease Associated With Hematuria Chapter 540 Vascular Diseases Associated with Hematuria Chapter 541 Anatomic Abnormalities Associated With Hematuria Chapter 542 Lower Urinary Tract Causes of Hematuria
Section 3 Conditions Particularly Associated with Proteinuria
Chapter 543 Clinical Evaluation of the Child With Proteinuria Chapter 544 Conditions Associated With Proteinuria Chapter 545 Nephrotic Syndrome
Section 4 Tubular Disorders
Chapter 546 Tubular Function Chapter 547 Renal Tubular Acidosis Chapter 548 Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Chapter 549 Inherited Tubular Transport Abnormalities Chapter 550 Renal Failure Chapter 551 Renal Transplantation
Part XXIII Urologic Disorders in Infants and Children
Chapter 552 Congenital Anomalies and Dysgenesis of the Kidneys
Embryonic and Fetal Development Renal Agenesis Renal Dysgenesis: Dysplasia, Hypoplasia, and Cystic Anomalies Renal Cysts in Children Anomalies in Shape and Position Associated Physical Findings Bibliography
Chapter 553 Urinary Tract Infections
Prevalence and Etiology Clinical Manifestations and Classification Pathogenesis and Pathology Diagnosis Imaging Findings Treatment Imaging Studies in Children With a Febrile UTI Prevention of Recurrences Bibliography
Chapter 554 Vesicoureteral Reflux
Classification Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Natural History Treatment Current Vesicoureteral Reflux Guidelines Bibliography
Chapter 555 Obstruction of the Urinary Tract
Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Physical Findings Imaging Studies Specific Types of Urinary Tract Obstruction and Their Treatment Bibliography
Chapter 556 Anomalies of the Bladder
Bladder Exstrophy Other Exstrophy Anomalies Bladder Diverticula Urachal Anomalies Bibliography
Chapter 557 Neuropathic Bladder
Neural Tube Defects Associated Disorders Bibliography
Chapter 558 Enuresis and Voiding Dysfunction
Normal Voiding and Toilet Training Diurnal Incontinence Overactive Bladder (Diurnal Urge Syndrome) Nonneurogenic Neurogenic Bladder (Hinman Syndrome) Infrequent Voiding (Underactive Bladder) Vaginal Voiding Other Causes of Incontinence in Females Voiding Disorders Without Incontinence Nocturnal Enuresis Bibliography
Chapter 559 Anomalies of the Penis and Urethra
Hypospadias Chordee Without Hypospadias Phimosis and Paraphimosis Circumcision Penile Torsion Inconspicuous Penis Micropenis Priapism Other Penile Anomalies Meatal Stenosis Other Male Urethral Anomalies Urethral Prolapse (Female) Other Female Urethral Lesions Bibliography
Chapter 560 Disorders and Anomalies of the Scrotal Contents
Undescended Testis (Cryptorchidism) Scrotal Swelling Testicular (Spermatic Cord) Torsion Torsion of the Appendix Testis/Epididymis Epididymitis Varicocele Spermatocele Hydrocele Inguinal Hernia Testicular Microlithiasis Testicular Tumor Bibliography
Chapter 561 Trauma to the Genitourinary Tract
Etiology Diagnosis Treatment Bibliography
Chapter 562 Urinary Lithiasis
Stone Formation Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Metabolic Evaluation Pathogenesis of Specific Renal Calculi Treatment Stone Prevention Bibliography
Part XXIV Gynecologic Problems of Childhood
Chapter 563 Gynecologic History and Physical Examination
History Gynecologic Examination Bibliography
Chapter 564 Vulvovaginitis
Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 565 Vaginal Bleeding in the Prepubertal Child
Bibliography
Chapter 566 Breast Concerns
Breast Development Breast Evaluation Breast Self-Awareness Abnormal Development Breast Masses Cosmetic Surgery Bibliography
Chapter 567 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hirsutism
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Hirsutism Bibliography
Chapter 568 Gynecologic Neoplasms and Adolescent Prevention Methods for Human Papillomavirus
Overview of Gynecologic Malignancies in Children and Adolescents Impact of Cancer Therapy on Fertility Ovarian Neoplasms Uterine Malignancies Vaginal Malignancies Vulvar Malignancies Cervical Malignancies and Their Prevention Bibliography
Chapter 569 Vulvovaginal and Müllerian Anomalies
Embryology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Findings Uterine Anomalies Vaginal Anomalies Cervical Anomalies Vulvar and Other Anomalies Bibliography
Chapter 570 Gynecologic Care for Girls With Special Needs
Sexuality and Sexual Education Abuse Pelvic Examination Menstruation Contraception Bibliography
Chapter 571 Female Genital Mutilation
Background Complications Clinical Management of FGM Bibliography
Part XXV The Endocrine System
Section 1 Disorders of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Chapter 572 Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Chapter 573 Hypopituitarism Chapter 574 Diabetes Insipidus Chapter 575 Other Abnormalities of Arginine Vasopressin Metabolism and Action Chapter 576 Hyperpituitarism, Tall Stature, and Overgrowth Syndromes Chapter 577 Physiology of Puberty Chapter 578 Disorders of Pubertal Development
Section 2 Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
Chapter 579 Thyroid Development and Physiology Chapter 580 Disorders of Thyroxine-Binding Globulin Chapter 581 Hypothyroidism Chapter 582 Thyroiditis Chapter 583 Goiter Chapter 584 Thyrotoxicosis Chapter 585 Carcinoma of the Thyroid Chapter 586 Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes Chapter 587 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
Section 3 Disorders of the Parathyroid Gland
Chapter 588 Hormones and Peptides of Calcium Homeostasis and Bone Metabolism Chapter 589 Hypoparathyroidism Chapter 590 Pseudohypoparathyroidism Chapter 591 Hyperparathyroidism
Section 4 Disorders of the Adrenal Gland
Chapter 592 Physiology of the Adrenal Gland Chapter 593 Adrenocortical Insufficiency Chapter 594 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Related Disorders Chapter 595 Adrenocortical Tumors and Masses Chapter 596 Virilizing and Feminizing Adrenal Tumors Chapter 597 Cushing Syndrome Chapter 598 Primary Aldosteronism Chapter 599 Pheochromocytoma
Section 5 Disorders of the Gonads
Chapter 600 Development and Function of the Gonads Chapter 601 Hypofunction of the Testes Chapter 602 Pseudoprecocity Resulting From Tumors of the Testes Chapter 603 Gynecomastia Chapter 604 Hypofunction of the Ovaries Chapter 605 Pseudoprecocity Resulting From Lesions of the Ovary Chapter 606 Disorders of Sex Development
Section 6 Diabetes Mellitus in Children
Chapter 607 Diabetes Mellitus
Part XXVI The Nervous System
Chapter 608 Neurologic Evaluation
History Neurologic Examination General Examination Special Diagnostic Procedures Bibliography
Chapter 609 Congenital Anomalies of the Central Nervous System
Hydrocephalus Etiology Prevention Clinical Manifestations Treatment Prognosis Bibliography Bibliography Lissencephaly Schizencephaly Neuronal Heterotopias Polymicrogyrias Focal Cortical Dysplasias Porencephaly Bibliography Holoprosencephaly Bibliography Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders Brainstem and Cerebellar Disorders Bibliography Etiology Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis Treatment Bibliography Physiology Pathophysiology and Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Megalencephaly Hydranencephaly Treatment Prognosis Bibliography Development and Etiology Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Bibliography Bibliography
Chapter 610 Deformational Plagiocephaly
Epidemiology and Etiology Examination and Differentiating Between Deformational Plagiocephaly and Craniosynostosis Treatment Outcomes Bibliography
Chapter 611 Seizures in Childhood
Evaluation of the First Seizure Keywords Genetic and Other Factors Leading to Febrile Seizures Evaluation Treatment Bibliography Keywords History and Examination Differential Diagnosis Long-Term Approach to the Patient and Additional Testing Bibliography Keywords Focal Seizures With Preserved Awareness Focal Seizures With Impaired Awareness Focal to Bilateral Tonic-Clonic Seizures Benign Epilepsy Syndromes With Focal Seizures Severe Epilepsy Syndromes With Focal Seizures Bibliography Keywords Absence Seizures Generalized Motor Seizures Benign Generalized Epilepsies Severe Generalized Epilepsies Keywords Bibliography Keywords Deciding on Long-Term Therapy Counseling Mechanisms of Action of Antiepileptic Drugs Choice of Drug According to Seizure Type and Epilepsy Syndrome Choice of Drug: Other Considerations Initiating and Monitoring Therapy Side Effects Additional Treatments Approach to Epilepsy Surgery Discontinuation of Therapy Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) Bibliography Keywords Pathophysiology Types of Neonatal Seizures Etiology Diagnosis Prognosis Treatment Bibliography Keywords Etiology Mechanisms Therapy Bibliography Keyword Bibliography Keywords Bibliography
Chapter 612 Conditions That Mimic Seizures
Syncope and Other Generalized Paroxysms Movement Disorders and Other Paroxysmal Movements and Postures Oculomotor and Visual Abnormalities
Chapter 613 Headaches Chapter 614 Neurocutaneous Syndromes Chapter 615 Movement Disorders Chapter 616 Encephalopathies Chapter 617 Neurodegenerative Disorders of Childhood Chapter 618 Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System Chapter 619 Pediatric Stroke Chapter 620 Central Nervous System Vasculitis Chapter 621 Central Nervous System Infections Chapter 622 Brain Abscess Chapter 623 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri) Chapter 624 Spinal Cord Disorders
Part XXVII Neuromuscular Disorders
Chapter 625 Evaluation and Investigation of Neuromuscular Disorders Chapter 626 Developmental Disorders of Muscle Chapter 627 Muscular Dystrophies Chapter 628 Endocrine and Toxic Myopathies Chapter 629 Metabolic Myopathies and Channelopathies Chapter 630 Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission and of Motor Neurons Chapter 631 Hereditary Motor-Sensory Neuropathies Chapter 632 Toxic Neuropathies Chapter 633 Autonomic Neuropathies Chapter 634 Guillain-Barré Syndrome Chapter 635 Bell Palsy
Part XXVIII Disorders of the Eye
Chapter 636 Growth and Development of the Eye Chapter 637 Examination of the Eye Chapter 638 Abnormalities of Refraction and Accommodation Chapter 639 Disorders of Vision Chapter 640 Abnormalities of Pupil and Iris Chapter 641 Disorders of Eye Movement and Alignment Chapter 642 Abnormalities of the Lids Chapter 643 Disorders of the Lacrimal System Chapter 644 Disorders of the Conjunctiva Chapter 645 Abnormalities of the Cornea Chapter 646 Abnormalities of the Lens Chapter 647 Disorders of the Uveal Tract Chapter 648 Disorders of the Retina and Vitreous Chapter 649 Abnormalities of the Optic Nerve Chapter 650 Childhood Glaucoma Chapter 651 Orbital Abnormalities Chapter 652 Orbital Infections Chapter 653 Injuries to the Eye
Part XXIX The Ear
Chapter 654 General Considerations and Evaluation of the Ear Chapter 655 Hearing Loss Chapter 656 Congenital Malformations of the Ear Chapter 657 External Otitis (Otitis Externa) Chapter 658 Otitis Media Chapter 659 Acute Mastoiditis Chapter 660 The Inner Ear and Diseases of the Bony Labyrinth Chapter 661 Traumatic Injuries of the Ear and Temporal Bone Chapter 662 Tumors of the Ear and Temporal Bone
Part XXX The Skin
Chapter 663 Morphology of the Skin Chapter 664 Dermatologic Evaluation of the Patient Chapter 665 Principles of Dermatologic Therapy Chapter 666 Dermatologic Diseases of the Neonate Chapter 667 Cutaneous Defects Chapter 668 Ectodermal Dysplasias Chapter 669 Vascular Disorders Chapter 670 Cutaneous Nevi Chapter 671 Hyperpigmented Lesions Chapter 672 Hypopigmented Lesions Chapter 673 Vesiculobullous Disorders Chapter 674 Eczematous Disorders Chapter 675 Photosensitivity Chapter 676 Diseases of the Epidermis Chapter 677 Disorders of Keratinization Chapter 678 Diseases of the Dermis Chapter 679 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Chapter 680 Diseases of Subcutaneous Tissue Chapter 681 Disorders of the Sweat Glands Chapter 682 Disorders of Hair Chapter 683 Disorders of the Nails Chapter 684 Disorders of the Mucous Membranes Chapter 685 Cutaneous Bacterial Infections Chapter 686 Cutaneous Fungal Infections Chapter 687 Cutaneous Viral Infections Chapter 688 Arthropod Bites and Infestations Chapter 689 Acne Chapter 690 Tumors of the Skin Chapter 691 Nutritional Dermatoses
Part XXXI Bone and Joint Disorders
Section 1 Orthopedic Problems Section 2 Sports Medicine Section 3 The Skeletal Dysplasias Section 4 Metabolic Bone Disease
Part XXXII Rehabilitation Medicine
Chapter 727 Evaluation of the Child for Rehabilitative Services Chapter 728 Rehabilitation for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Chapter 729 Spinal Cord Injury and Autonomic Dysreflexia Management Chapter 730 Spasticity Chapter 731 Birth Brachial Plexus Palsy Chapter 732 Meningomyelocele (Spina Bifida) Chapter 733 Ambulation Assistance Chapter 734 Health and Wellness for Children With Disabilities
Part XXXIII Environmental Health
Chapter 735 Overview of Environmental Health and Children Chapter 736 Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Children Chapter 737 Chemical Pollutants Chapter 738 Heavy Metal Intoxication Chapter 739 Lead Poisoning Chapter 740 Nonbacterial Food Poisoning Chapter 741 Biologic and Chemical Terrorism* Chapter 742 Mass Psychogenic Illness Chapter 743 Animal and Human Bites Chapter 744 Rat Bite Fever Chapter 745 Monkeypox Chapter 746 Envenomations
Part XXXIV Laboratory Medicine
Chapter 747 Laboratory Testing in Infants and Children Chapter 748 Reference Intervals for Laboratory Tests and Procedures
Index
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