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Index
Developing second-language skills : theory to practice
Developing
Second- Language
Table of Contents
WHY A SECOND LANGUAGE?
PERSPECTIVES
Characteristics of the Period
Trends in the Schools
Problems in Education
Trends in Second-Language Teaching
Effects of Abolishing the Language Requirement
Trends in Psychology, Linguistics, and Sociology
THE FUTURE
CONCLUSION
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
FIRST-LANGUAGE LEARNING
A Neurophysiological Interpretation
The Nativistic and Cognitive Models
ERROR ANALYSIS
Interlanguage Errors
Intralanguage Errors
Implications of Error Analysis for Second-Language Learning
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
RESEARCH
Practice
Feedback and Reinforcement
Acquisition, Retention, and Recall of Information
Transfer
Stressing Oral Language Skills
Acquiring and Using Structure
METHODOLOGICAL COMPARISONS
APTITUDE-TREATMENT INTERACTION
FUTURE RESEARCH
CONCLUSION
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
AUDIO-LINGUAL THEORY AND TEACHING
INTRODUCTION
ANTECEDENTS TO THE AUDIO-LINGUAL APPROACH
The Grammar-Translation Method
Influences from Psychology
Influences from Linguistics
Resulting Theories of Language and Learning
IMPLICATIONS FOR LANGUAGE TEACHING
Behavioristic Psychology
Descriptive Linguistics
BASIC TENETS OF THE AUDIO-UNGUAL APPROACH
AUDIO-UNGUAL TEACHING
Audio-Lingual Textbooks
Proceeding Through the Text
Classroom Procedures
RESEARCH ON AUDIO-LINGUAL APPROACHES TO SECOND-LANGUAGE LEARNING
Favoring the Audio-Lingual Approach
Containing Reservations
Advantages for Both
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
Teaching Foreign Languages French, German, and Spanish produced by Yale University pursuant to a contract with the U. S. Office of Education, 1962, Pierre J. Capretz, Project Coordinator.
COGNITIVE THEORY AND TEACHING
Proceeding Through the Text
Classroom Procedures
RESEARCH ON COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO SECOND-LANGUAGE LEARNING
CONCLUSION
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
THE STUDENT
Cognitive
Psychomotor
Personality
Other Factors
Self-Concept
Self-Actualization
Socialization
Values
CONCLUSION
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
DIVERSIFYING INSTRUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF A TOTALLY INDIVIDUALIZED PROGRAM
REACTIONS TO INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION
AN EXAMINATION OF THE BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION
Aptitude
Behavioral Objectives
Interests
Goals
Taxonomy
Social Interaction
Self-Pacing
Mastery Learning
Continuous Progress
Criterion-Referenced Examinations
In Traditional Classes
Two Types of Courses
Deciding to Offer an Individualized Approach
Alternatives to Individualized Instruction
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
Conclusion to Part One
Part Two: Practice
Achievement Motivation
Discipline
CLASSROOM CLIMATE
Aspects of Classroom Climate
Improving Classroom Climate
WHAT DO STUDENTS WANT?
Sources of Student Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction
Student Evaluation of Teachers
Student Opinions about Second-Language Classes
CONCLUSION
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
LISTENING
COMPREHENSION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO THE FOUR LANGUAGE SKILLS
SEQUENCING THE FOUR LANGUAGE SKILLS
Cognitive Processes Involved
Affective Reactions Involved
Goals
Problems
Components of Listening Comprehension
Sample of a Listening Comprehension Sequence
DIFFICULTY LEVEL OF MATERIAL
USING THE SECOND LANGUAGE FOR REAL COMMUNICATION
ANALYZING LEARNING PROBLEMS
PROVIDING DIVERSIFIED PRACTICE
CONCLUSION
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
READING
SPEAKING
Semi-Controlled Oral Reports
Discussion of Selected Topics
Interaction
REASONS FOR COMMUNICATING
ORGANIZATION OF STUDENT ACTIVITIES
CONCLUSION
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
WRITING
COMBINING LANGUAGE SKILLS
CONCLUSION
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
TEACHING CULTURE
DIVERSIFYING SECOND-LANGUAGE GOALS WITH CULTURE
PROBLEMS AND DANGERS OF TEACHING CULTURE
Problems
Dangers
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR TEACHING A SECOND LANGUAGE
CONCLUSION
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
LESSON PLANNING
CHART OF SEQUENCE IN LESSON PLANNING
ORGANIZING AND CHECKING THE PLAN
THE ASSIGNMENT
CONCLUSION
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES
Reading
Drills
Exercises
CONCLUSION
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
EVALUATION
Testing Competence
Testing Performance Skills
Testing Speaking
Testing Culture
TYPES OF GRADING SYSTEMS
GRADING AND RECORDING GRADES
CONCLUSION
REVIEW AND APPLICATION
Conclusion to Part Two
SOURCES OF NEW IDEAS
THE LANGUAGE LABORATORY
Purposes
Results
Discussion of Results and Future Possibilities
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND JOURNALS
Educational Organizations and Journals
Second-Language Organizations and journals
Regional Conferences on Language Teaching
Journals of Applied Linguistics
State Departments of Education
INDEX
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