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Index
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Foreword
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Measures of Health and Disease in Populations
Reasons for and Approaches to Measuring Health and Disease
Summary Measures of Population Health
Comparisons and Trends in Disease Burden
Burden of Disease Attributed to Risk Factors
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 2 - Culture, Behavior, and Health
Basic Concepts from Medical Anthropology
Theories of Health Behavior and Behavior Change
Common Features of Successful Health Communication and Health Promotion Programs
Methodologies for Understanding Culture and Behavior
Case Study: Use of a Focused Ethnographic Study to Assess the Acceptability of a Fortified Infant Cereal in Africa
Case Study: The Slim Disease—HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 3 - The Social Determinants of Health
Introduction
The Social Determinants of Health
Type of Social Determinants
The Health Gradient
Measuring the Health Gradient
Implications of the Health Gradient for Policy Makers
Models and Explanations
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 4 - Reproductive Health
Demographic Trends and Fertility Determinants
Family Planning Programs
Impact of Reproductive Patterns on the Health of Children
Impact of Reproductive Patterns on the Health of Women
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 5 - Infectious Diseases
Overview
Control of Infectious Diseases
Childhood Vaccine-Preventable Diseases: The Expanded Program on Immunization
Enteric Infections and Acute Respiratory Infections
Bacterial Meningitis
Mycobacterial Infections
Sexually Transmitted Infections and AIDS
Viral Hepatitis
Malaria and Other Arthropod-Borne Diseases
Helminthiasis
Zoonoses
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Infectious Causes of Blindness
Emergence of new Infectious Disease Threats
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 6 - Nutrition
Food Security
Population Spectrum of Nutritional Status
Undernutrition
Diet and Undernutrition
Micronutrient Deficiencies
Malnutrition among Older Persons
The Nutrition Transition
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 7 - Chronic Diseases and Risks
Epidemiologic Trends: Disease Mortality and Burden
Common Chronic Conditions
Risk Factors
Economic Impacts and Health Inequalities
Determinants of Major Chronic Diseases
Policy Responses to the Growing Burden of Chronic Diseases
Preventing and Managing Chronic Diseases: What Needs to Be Done
The Limitations of Studies on Cost-Effectiveness for Chronic Disease Prevention
Management of Chronic Diseases by Healthcare Systems
Comprehensive Care Applied to Clinical Prevention
Comprehensive Care Applied to Adherence
Summary of Effective Health Care
Reorientation of Health Services to Address Chronic Disease
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 8 - Unintentional Injuries and Violence
Introduction
The Global Burden of Injuries and Violence
Risk Factors for Unintentional Injuries and Violence
Interventions to Prevent Unintentional Injuries and Violence
Advancing the Injury and Violence Prevention Agenda: Opportunities and Challenges
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 9 - Global Mental Health
Introduction
Historical Development of Public Mental Health
Culture and Classification
The Burden of Mental Disorders
Interventions
Human Rights and Mental Illness
Global Mental Health: A Call to Action
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 10 - Environmental Health
Definition and Scope of Environment
Scale and Distribution of Environmental Risks to Health
Environment: Encompassing Both Hazard and Habitat
Environmental Health Research, Risk Assessment, and Monitoring
Assessment of Environmental Health Impacts and Risks
Some Special Considerations in Environmental Health Research
Determinants of Individual and Population Vulnerability
Pathways to the Future in an Unequal World
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 11 - Complex Emergencies
Direct Public Health Impact of War
Indirect Public Health Impact of Civil Conflict
The Effects of Armed Conflict and Political Violence on Health Services
Specific Health Outcomes
Prevention and Mitigation of Complex Emergencies
Health Services: Response to Complex Emergencies
Refugee Health Workers
Women’s and Children’s Healthcare Services
Communicable Disease Control
Role of International, National, and Nongovernmental Organizations in Complex Emergencies
Rehabilitation, Repatriation, and Recovery
Conceptual Framework for Health System Development
Current Issues
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 12 - The Design of Health Systems
Conceptual Maps of the Health System
Evaluation of Health Systems
Historical Development of Health Systems
The Role of the State
Regulation
Financing
Resource Allocation
Provision of Services
Performance of Different Types of Systems
Health System Reform
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 13 - Management and Planning for Global Health
What is Management?
Health Management and Context
Organizing
Planning
Management of Resources
Management Themes
Conclusion and Challenges for Managers
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 14 - Pharmaceuticals
Introduction
Pharmaceutical Availability: Upstream Issues
Availability: Country-Level Distribution Systems and Pharmaceutical Management
Affordability
Safe and Effective Medicines Use
Pharmaceutical System Architecture
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 15 - Health and the Economy
Health and Economic Development
Health Systems and Economic Outcomes
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 16 - Evaluations of Large-Scale Health Programs
Why We need Large-Scale Impact Evaluations
Planning the Evaluation
Developing an Impact Model
A Stepwise Approach to Impact Evaluations
Types of Inference and Choice of Design
Defining the Indicators and Obtaining the Data
Incorporating Equity in the Evaluation
Carrying Out the Evaluation
Disseminating Evaluation Findings and Promoting their Uptake
Working in Large-Scale Evaluations
References
Chapter 17 - Cooperation in Global Health
The Policy Framework
Who are the Actors in Global Health?
Why do States Cooperate?
How do States Cooperate?
The Changing Nature of Global Cooperation
Vertical Representation to Horizontal Participation: The Implications for Health Policy
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 18 - Globalization and Health
What is Globalization?
The Global Dimensions of Infectious Disease
The Globalization of Chronic Diseases
Impacts on Healthcare Financing and Service Provision
The Growing Importance of Global Health Diplomacy
Conclusions: Health Protection and Promotion amid Globalization
Discussion Questions
References
Acronyms
Index
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