Open Sources 2.0 by DiBona, Chris -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Open Sources 2.0

SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with O’Reilly Foreword: Source Is Everything Acknowledgments List of Contributors Introduction I. Open Source: Competition and Evolution

1. The Mozilla Project: Past and Future

1.1. Founding of the Mozilla Organization: Obvious for Developers, a Bold Step for Management

1.1.1. Updating the Codebase 1.1.2. A Disciplined Methodology 1.1.3. Building an Open Source Project

1.2. Young Adulthood—the Mozilla Foundation

1.2.1. Firefox and Thunderbird

1.3. The Future

2. Open Source and Proprietary Software Development

2.1. Proprietary Versus Open Source?

2.1.1. The Example Culture

2.1.1.1. Code reuse? Knowledge reuse! 2.1.1.2. Speed of development 2.1.1.3. A particularly difficult codebase

2.2. Comfort

2.2.1. But Why So Many of the Same Things? 2.2.2. Libraries, System Calls, and Widgets

2.3. Distributed Development

2.3.1. Understanding Version Control

2.3.1.1. CVS 2.3.1.2. Subversion 2.3.1.3. What About SourceSafe? 2.3.1.4. The Special Case of BitKeeper

2.4. Collaborative Development

2.4.1. IRC/IM/Email 2.4.2. VoIP 2.4.3. SourceForge

2.5. Software Distribution

2.5.1. Dependencies 2.5.2. Online Updating/Installation

2.6. How Proprietary Software Development Has Changed Open Source

2.6.1. Bugs/Security 2.6.2. Testing and QA 2.6.3. Project Scaling 2.6.4. Control 2.6.5. Intellectual Property

2.7. Some Final Words

2.7.1. Free Things Are Still Cheaper Than Expensive Things

3. A Tale of Two Standards

3.1. The POSIX Standard 3.2. First Implementation Past the Post 3.3. Future Proofing 3.4. Wither POSIX? 3.5. The Win32 (Windows) Standard 3.6. The Tar Pit: Backward Compatibility 3.7. World Domination, Fast 3.8. Wither Win32? 3.9. Choosing a Standard

4. Open Source and Security

4.1. Many Eyes 4.2. Open Versus Closed Source

4.2.1. Who Is the Audience? 4.2.2. Time to Fix 4.2.3. Visibility of Bugs and Changes 4.2.4. Review 4.2.5. Who's the Boss?

4.3. Digression: Threat Models 4.4. The Future 4.5. Interesting Projects 4.6. Conclusion

5. Dual Licensing

5.1. Business and Politics 5.2. Open Source: Distribution Versus Development 5.3. A Primer on Intellectual Property

5.3.1. Ownership 5.3.2. Licensing

5.4. Dual Licensing

5.4.1. Reciprocity 5.4.2. Warranty 5.4.3. Competitive Issues 5.4.4. Ownership

5.5. Practical Considerations

5.5.1. Attractive Margins 5.5.2. Capital 5.5.3. Choosing Licenses 5.5.4. Need and Pain 5.5.5. Measuring the Market 5.5.6. Piracy 5.5.7. The Social Contract

5.6. Trends and the Future 5.7. Global Development 5.8. Open Models 5.9. The Future of Software

6. Open Source and the Commoditization of Software

6.1. Commoditization and the IT Industry 6.2. Decommoditization: The Failure of Open Systems 6.3. Linux: A Response from the Trenches 6.4. "So, How Do You Make Money from Free Software?" 6.5. The First Business Models for Linux 6.6. Linux Commercialization at a Crossroads 6.7. Proprietary Linux? 6.8. What's at Stake?

7. Open Source and the Commodity Urge: Disruptive Models for a Disruptive Development Process

7.1. Introduction 7.2. A Brief History of Software 7.3. A New Brand of Intellectual Property Protection 7.4. Open Distribution, Not Source

7.4.1. The Open Source Weapon 7.4.2. Proliferating Open Source Beyond the Enterprise 7.4.3. So, Why Not Freeware?

7.4.3.1. Don't view. Don't modify. What do you do? 7.4.3.2. Open source. Open choice. Open wallet.

7.5. Open Source Business Models

7.5.1. Both Source (a.k.a. Mixed Source) Model 7.5.2. Professional Open Source (a.k.a. Services) Model 7.5.3. Dual-License Model 7.5.4. ASP Model 7.5.5. Other Models

7.5.5.1. Managed source model 7.5.5.2. Code-level service model

7.6. Conclusion

8. Under the Hood: Open Source and Open Standards Business Models in Context

8.1. Open Standards 8.2. Open Source Software 8.3. The Real Business Model 8.4. Open Source Complements 8.5. Open Standards Complements 8.6. Conclusion

9. Open Source and the Small Entrepreneur

9.1. Introduction 9.2. Freemacs and Open Source 9.3. Freemacs and Business 9.4. Packet Drivers 9.5. Packet Driver Income 9.6. Qmail 9.7. Open Source Economics 9.8. Where Do We Go from Here? 9.9. For Further Reading

10. Why Open Source Needs Copyright Politics

10.1. From Movable Type to MovableType 10.2. Copyright in Code 10.3. Secondary Liability 10.4. Anticircumvention 10.5. The Threat to Research 10.6. Technology Mandates 10.7. What About That Media Server?

11. Libre Software in Europe

11.1. Brief Summary of an Already Long History 11.2. The Development Community 11.3. The Organization of the Community 11.4. Libre Software in the Private Sector 11.5. Public Administrations and Libre Software

11.5.1. Actions by the European Commission 11.5.2. National Initiatives 11.5.3. Other Initiatives in the Public Sector

11.6. Legal Issues

11.6.1. EU Directives with Negative Impact 11.6.2. Libre Software Licenses in Europe

11.7. Libre Software in Education 11.8. Research on Libre Software 11.9. The Future Is Hard to Read....

12. OSS in India

12.1. Business

12.1.1. Domestic Market 12.1.2. Outsourcing and OSS

12.2. Government 12.3. Challenges in Local Adoption of OSS

12.3.1. Support 12.3.2. Piracy 12.3.3. Localization 12.3.4. Culture 12.3.5. Software Patents

12.4. OSS in Education 12.5. Conclusion

13. When China Dances with OSS

13.1. What OSS Was and Is in China

13.1.1. What OSS Means in China 13.1.2. Status of OSS in China 13.1.3. OSS Business Models in China

13.2. SWOT Analysis of OSS in China

13.2.1. Strengths 13.2.2. Opportunities

13.2.2.1. The market for embedded software outside the conventional desktop or server opportunities 13.2.2.2. Delivering innovations and unique end-user values on top of available OSS—values not currently served by the presently available software.

13.3. Where OSS Is Going for China and Beyond

14. How Much Freedom Do You Want?

14.1. Livre Versus Gratis 14.2. Background for Freedom: The Market 14.3. Developing the Software Livre Movement 14.4. Not About Price, but About Choice 14.5. Choice Requires More Than Free Software 14.6. How Java Technology Can Help 14.7. Java Provides the Other Side of the Choice 14.8. Walking the Path 14.9. What to Do? 14.10. We Are Getting There 14.11. References

II. Beyond Open Source: Collaboration and Community

15. Making a New World 16. The Open Source Paradigm Shift

16.1. Software as Commodity 16.2. Network-Enabled Collaboration 16.3. Customizability and Software-as-Service 16.4. Building the Internet Operating System 16.5. Conclusion

17. Extending Open Source Principles Beyond Software Development

17.1. How Did It Happen and How Does It Work? 17.2. Working as a Group 17.3. Dealing with the Disrupters 17.4. The Difference Between Doing Legal Research in Public and Writing Software in Public 17.5. Why and When It Works

18. Open Source Biology

18.1. The Rise of Modern Biotechnology 18.2. Intellectual Property and Growing Challenges 18.3. Open Source Biology 18.4. Synthetic Biology and Genomic Programming 18.5. The Risk of Biological Hacking 18.6. Future Trends in Open Source Biology

19. Everything Is Known

19.1. The PACT Project 19.2. The World Trade Center Recovery Effort 19.3. Facilitating Emergent Collaboration 19.4. Acknowledgments 19.5. References

20. The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir

20.1. Some Recent Press Reports 20.2. Nupedia 20.3. The Origins of Wikipedia 20.4. Wikipedia's First Few Months

20.4.1. Why Wikipedia started working

20.5. A Series of Controversies

20.5.1. The governance challenge

20.6. My Resignation and Final Few Months with the Project 20.7. Final Attempts to Save Nupedia 20.8. Conclusions

21. Open Beyond Software

21.1. Sports Equipment Innovation by Users and Their Communities

21.1.1. The User Innovation Process in Three Sports

21.1.1.1. Discovery through use 21.1.1.2. Communities: cooperation among users 21.1.1.3. Commercialization

21.1.2. How Important Is Community-Based Innovation in These Sports?

21.1.2.1. Product origins: first-of-type innovations 21.1.2.2. Major improvement innovations

21.2. Community-Based Innovation and Development: An Even Broader Phenomenon

21.2.1. The Automobile 21.2.2. The Personal Computer 21.2.3. User Firms in the 18th Century Iron Industry 21.2.4. Amateur Astronomy

21.3. Reframing: Where Does Innovation Come From?

21.3.1. Building and Preserving the Intellectual Commons 21.3.2. Firm Strategy

21.4. Conclusion 21.5. References

22. Patterns of Governance in Open Source

22.1. The Empirical Problem Set: What Are We Aiming At? 22.2. The Theoretical Problem: How Is Knowledge Distributed? 22.3. Design Principles for a Referee Function

22.3.1. Weighting of Contributions 22.3.2. Evaluating the Contributor Versus Evaluating the Contribution 22.3.3. Status Quo Versus Change Bias 22.3.4. Timing 22.3.5. Granularity of Knowledge 22.3.6. System Failure Mode 22.3.7. Security

22.4. What Should We Do Differently?

23. Communicating Many to Many

23.1. The Origins of Slashdot 23.2. Slashdot in the Early Days 23.3. The Slashdot Effect 23.4. Trolls, Anonymous Cowards, and Insensitive Clods 23.5. Columbine 23.6. Slashdot Grows Up 23.7. September 11 23.8. Conclusion

III. Appendixes

A. The Open Source Definition

A.1. The Open Source Definition, Version 1.9

A.1.1. Introduction A.1.2. 1. Free Redistribution A.1.3. 2. Source Code A.1.4. 3. Derived Works A.1.5. 4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code A.1.6. 5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups A.1.7. 6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor A.1.8. 7. Distribution of License A.1.9. 8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product A.1.10. 9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software

B. Referenced Open Source Licenses

B.1. The BSD License B.2. The GNU General Public License (GPL)

B.2.1. Version 2, June 1991 B.2.2. Preamble B.2.3. Terms and Conditions for Copying, Distribution, and Modification B.2.4. NO WARRANTY B.2.5. How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

B.3. The Sleepycat License B.4. The Creative Commons License

B.4.1. Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5

B.4.1.1. Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5 B.4.1.2. License

C. Columns from Slashdot

C.1. Simple Solutions C.2. Why Kids Kill

Index About the Authors Colophon SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with O’Reilly

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