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Index
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Foreword
Reference
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: An Overview of Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Golden Age of Arab–Islamic Civilization
1.3 The Development of Arab Medical Sciences
1.4 Commonly Used Herbal Medicines and Diets in the Arab and Islamic World
1.5 Safety and Efficacy of Herbal Medicines
1.6 Modern In Vitro and In Vivo Test Systems
1.7 Drug Development from Herbal Sources and Regulatory Issues
References
Chapter 2: History of Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Development of Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine
2.3 Some Notable Scholars of the Medieval Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine
2.4 Innovations Introduced by Arab and Muslim Physicians
References
Chapter 3: Herbal Medicine
3.1 Introduction
3.2 History of Herbal Medicine
3.3 Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine
3.4 Current Status of Herbal Medicine
3.5 Commonly used Medicinal Plants in Arab–Islamic Medicine
3.6 Administering Herbal Treatment
3.7 Essential Oils
3.8 Herbal Active Compounds
References
Chapter 4: The Arab–Islamic Roots of Western Medicine
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Medicine During the Dark Ages
4.3 The Rise of Islam and Arab–Islamic Medicine
4.4 The Role of Arab and Muslim Scholars in Preserving and Developing Western Medicine During the Medieval Period
4.5 Transmission of Arab–Islamic Sciences to Europe
References
Chapter 5: Contributions of Arab and Islamic Scholars to Modern Pharmacology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Historical Background
5.3 The Valuable Contributions of Arabs and Muslims to the Development of Pharmacy
5.4 Methods of Drug Discovery Used in the Arab and Islamic Pharmacy
5.5 Pharmaceutical Regulation
References
Chapter 6: Natural Drugs in Greco-Arabic and Islamic Medicine
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Drug Development in the Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine
6.3 Natural Medicinal Substances
6.4 Current Trends in Natural Product-Based Drug Discovery
References
Chapter 7: Method of Therapy in Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Four Humors Theory
7.3 Methods of Therapy
7.4 Water Therapy
7.5 Drug Therapy
7.6 Spiritual Therapy in Islam
7.7 Medicine of the Prophet (Al-Tibb Al-Nabawi)
7.8 Surgery
7.9 Selected Diseases and Their Therapy
References
Chapter 8: Commonly Used Herbal Medicines in the Mediterranean
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Nigella sativa, Black Seed (Alhaba Alsawadaa or Habbatul-Barakah)
8.3 Olea europaea, the Olive (Alzaitun)
8.4 Hypericum triquetrifolium, Wavy Leaf St John's Wort (Dathi)
8.5 Urtica dioica, Stinging Nettle (Querais)
8.6 Ferula asafoetida, Devil's Dunk (ANDUJAN, HILTIT OR Zallouh)
8.7 Trigonella foenum-graecum L, Fenugreek (Hilbe)
8.8 Melissa officinalis, Lemon Balm (Melissa)
8.9 Salvia fruticosa, Common Sage (Mairamia)
8.10 Portulaca oleracea, Purslane (Farfahena)
8.11 Ammi visnaga, Khella (Khella)
8.12 Silybum marianum, Milk Thistle (Khurfaish)
8.13 Cuminum cyminum, Cumin (Kamon)
8.14 Ruscus aculeatus, Butcher's Broom (Uhrf Aldeek)
8.15 Inula viscose, Tayun (Tayon)
8.16 Majorana syriaca, Palestinian Thyme (Zaatar)
8.17 Eruca sativa, Rocket (Jarjeer)
8.18 Cichorium intybus, Wild Chicory (Hindibaa)
8.19 Punica granatum, The Pomegranate (Rumman)
8.20 Ruta chalepensis L., Ruta (Faijan)
8.21 Conium maculatum, Poison Hemlock (Saykaran)
8.22 Capparis spinosa L., The Caper (Kabar)
8.23 Cyperus rotundus, Nut-Grass (Sueda)
8.24 Sarcopoterium spinosum, Thorny Burnet (Natsh)
8.25 Atriplex halimus, Mediterranean Saltbush (Kataf)
8.26 Origanum majorana L., Sweet Marjoram (Mardagoush)
8.27 Allium sativum, Garlic and Onion (Allium cepa L)
8.28 Foeniculum vulgare, Fennel (Shomar)
8.29 Chamomilla recutita, Chamomile (Babonej)
8.30 Pimpinella anisum, Anise (Jansoon)
8.31 Zingiber officinale, Ginger
8.32 Rosmarinus officinalis, Rosemary (Hasalban and Iklil Jabal)
References
Chapter 9: The Current State of Knowledge of Arab Herbal Medicine
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Commonly Used Medicinal Plants in the Mediterranean
9.3 The Status of Herbal Medicine in the Mediterranean
9.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine Practiced Outside the Middle East
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine Practiced in India
10.3 Basic Principles of Ayurvedic and Chinese Medicine
10.4 Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine Practiced in Pakistan
10.5 Health Care of the Mother and Child in Unani Medicine
10.6 Traditional Medicine in Turkey
10.7 Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine in the Maghreb Countries
References
Chapter 11: Biosafety of Herbal Medicine
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Early Works of Arab and Muslim Scholars on Poisons and Antidotes
11.3 Modern Toxicology and Safety Assessment of Herbal Products
11.4 Safety of Herbal Medicines
11.5 Herbal Hepatotoxicity
11.6 Safety Assessment
11.7 Integration of Tradition with Modern Technology
References
Chapter 12: Arab Medicinal Plants: From Traditional Uses to Scientific Knowledge
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Revival and Preservation of Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine Knowledge
12.3 Diabetes
12.4 Being Overweight and Obesity
12.5 Skin Diseases
12.6 Liver Diseases
12.7 Male Sexual Dysfunctions
12.8 Female Sexual Dysfunctions
12.9 Stabilization of Fat Level in the Blood
12.10 Inflammation
12.11 Modulation of Immune Function
12.12 Cancer
References
Chapter 13: Modern In Vitro Test Systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Cell Culture
13.3 Isolation of Cells
13.4 Maintaining Cells in Culture
13.5 Culture Morphology
13.6 Cell Purity and Phenotype
13.7 Oxygen Tension and Medium Supplements
13.8 Seeding Density
13.9 Three-Dimensional Culture Systems
13.10 Cell and Tissue Culture Systems Used In Pharmacology and Toxicology
13.11 In Vitro Liver Models in Toxicity Testing
13.12 In Vitro Liver Models for Biotransformation
13.13 In Vitro Models for the Studying of Anti-Inflammatory Effects
13.14 In Vitro Models for the Studying of Antiapoptosis Effects
13.15 In Vitro Models for the Studying of Antioxidant Activity of Herbal-Derived Factors
References
Chapter 14: Modern In Vivo Evaluations and Clinical Trials
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Animal Tests in Drug Development
14.3 Animal Rights: An Islamic Perspective
14.4 Overview of the Current Regulation of Herbal Remedies
14.5 Current Trends in Drug Development and Animal Tests
14.6 Prevention and Treatment of Cancer in the Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine
14.7 Clinical Trials
References
Chapter 15: Medical Ethics in Arab and Islamic Medicine
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Ethics in the Arab–Islamic World
15.3 Islamic Philosophy and Promotion of Sciences
15.4 Arab–Islam Medical Ethics
15.5 Current Medical Ethics and Moral Issues and Their Islamic Perspective
References
Chapter 16: Medicinal Herbs and Extracting Their Active Ingredients
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Historical Background
16.3 Identifying Potential Medicinal Plants
16.4 Preparation Techniques
16.5 Herbal-Derived Active Compounds
16.6 Purification and Characterization of Active Ingredients
References
Chapter 17: Food Therapy
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Honey
17.3 Olive Oil
17.4 Dates
17.5 Carob
17.6 Black Seed
17.7 Figs
17.8 The Pomegranate
17.9 Garlic
17.10 Edible Wild Plants
References
Chapter 18: Drug Development from Herbal Sources
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Value of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine for Drug Discovery
18.3 Challenges in Drug Discovery from Medicinal Plants
18.4 Factors Need to Be Considered in Herbal-Based Drug Discovery
18.5 Current Trends in Herbal-Based Drug Discovery
18.6 Biomedical Studies
References
Chapter 19: Herbal Remedies: Use and Demographic and Regulatory Issues
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Factors that Contribute to Safety Awareness
19.3 WHO Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Medicines
19.4 Regulation of Herbal Medicines in the United States
19.5 Regulation of Herbal Medicines in the Arab–Islamic World
19.6 Regulation of Herbal Medicines in the European Community
References
Appendix A: Plant Naming
Color Plates
Index
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