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I. General Chronic Disease
The HMPS I: Adverse events in patients and negligence
The HMPS II: Characterizing adverse events in hospitalized patients
The DASH trial: Diet change significantly reduces blood pressure
The UKPDS: Reducing diabetes-related morbidity and mortality
Symptom-triggered benzodiazepine treatment for alcohol withdrawal
The CATIE trial: High rates of medication discontinuation in schizophrenic patients
The STAR*D trials I: Medication augmentation for depression
The STAR*D trials II: Switching antidepressants in depression management
The ENHANCE trial: Simvastatin and ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia
The JUPITER: Rosuvastatin reduces the risk of major cardiovascular events in healthy patients
The RAVE trial: Rituximab induces remission in ANCA-associated vasculitis
II. Cardiology
The V-HeFT I: Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate reduce mortality in heart failure
The CAST: Anti-arrhythmic agents increase risk of death in patients after myocardial infarction
The SOLVD trial: Enalapril reduces mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
The SAVE trial: Captopril reduces mortality after acute myocardial infarction
The CARE trial: Pravastatin reduces risk of coronary events
The DIG trial: Digoxin reduces hospitalization in patients with systolic heart failure
The MERIT-HF trial: Metoprolol reduces mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure
The RALES trial: Spironolactone reduces mortality in heart failure patients
The ATLAS trial: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor dosing in chronic heart failure
The HOPE trial: Ramipril reduces cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with normal ejection fractions
The MIRACL trial: Atorvastatin reduces recurrent ischemia after acute coronary syndrome
The CHADS2 score: Stroke risk in atrial fibrillation
The Val-HeFT trial: Valsartan reduces morbidity in chronic heart failure
The MADIT-II: Prophylactic defibrillators reduce mortality in left ventricular dysfunction
The COPERNICUS trial: Carvedilol reduces mortality in severe chronic heart failure
The ALLHAT: Thiazide diuretics as first-line antihypertensive therapy
The AFFIRM trial: Rate-control vs. rhythm-control in atrial fibrillation
The EPHESUS: Eplerenone reduces mortality in heart failure after myocardial infarction
The CHARM-Preserved trial: Candesartan reduces hospitalization in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
The CHARM-Alternative trial: Candesartan reduces mortality in heart failure
The PROVE IT trial: High-dose atorvastatin reduces mortality after acute coronary syndrome
The CLARITY trial: Clopidogrel reduces arterial reocclusion after myocardial infarction
The COMMIT: Metoprolol and clopidogrel in patients with acute myocardial infarction
The COURAGE trial: Percutaneous coronary intervention does not improve mortality in stable coronary artery disease
The TRITON-TIMI 38 trial: Prasugrel reduces recurrent infarction after acute coronary syndrome
The ONTARGET: Telmisartan non-inferior to ramipril in improving cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk populations
The ACCOMPLISH trial: Benazepril plus amlodipine reduces cardiovascular events
The SYNTAX trial: Coronary bypass superior to percutaneous coronary intervention for triple-vessel or left main artery disease
The ACTIVE trial: Dual antiplatelet therapy in atrial fibrillation
The RE-LY trial: Dabigatran non-inferior to warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation
The PLATO trial: Ticagrelor vs. clopidogrel for acute coronary syndrome
The RACE-II trial: Lenient vs. strict rate-control in atrial fibrillation
The HAS-BLED score: Bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation
The EMPHASIS-HF trial: Eplerenone reduces mortality in mild systolic heart failure
The RIVAL trial: Radial vs. femoral artery access for percutaneous coronary intervention
The PRECOMBAT trial: Percutaneous coronary intervention vs. coronary bypass in left main coronary artery stenosis
The ARISTOTLE trial: Apixaban superior to warfarin for stroke prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation
The ROCKET AF: Rivaroxaban non-inferior to warfarin for stroke prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation
III. Critical, Emergent and Pulmonary Care
Initial trial of conservative management for splenic injury
Magnesium sulfate in torsade de pointes
The DIGAMI trial: Insulin-glucose infusion in diabetics with acute myocardial infarction
The NINDS trial: Tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke improves functional outcomes
The Rockall score: Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage
The TRICC trial: Restrictive transfusion in intensive care does not increase mortality
The ARMA trial: Lower tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome
The CAPRICORN trial: Carvedilol reduces mortality after acute myocardial infarction
The CURE trial: Clopidogrel reduces mortality after acute coronary syndrome
The Rivers trial: Early goal-directed therapy reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock
Mild hypothermia improves neurological outcome after cardiac arrest
The SAFE trial: Normal saline vs. albumin for fluid resuscitation
The ICTUS trial: Early invasive vs selectively invasive management for acute coronary syndrome
The TORCH trial: Combination of salmeterol and fluticasone in COPD
The CORTICUS trial: Hydrocortisone does not reduce mortality in septic shock
The ACCORD trial: Intensive glucose control associated with increased mortality
The ECASS III trial: Administering alteplase up to 4.5 hours after onset of acute ischemic stroke improves neurological outcomes
The UPLIFT trial: Tiotropium improves quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
The NICE-SUGAR trial: Intensive glycemic control harmful in the intensive care unit
The SOAP-II trial: First-line vasopressor for shock management
The CRASH-2 trial: Tranexamic acid reduces mortality in trauma patients
The ACURASYS trial: Neuromuscular blockade in early acute respiratory distress syndrome
The LACTATE trial: Early lactate-guided therapy in intensive care patients
The PROSEVA trial: Proning in severe ARDS
IV. Gastroenterology
The Child-Pugh score: Prognosis in chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
Endoscopic biliary drainage in acute cholangitis
Omeprazole vs placebo for bleeding peptic ulcer
Intravenous omeprazole after endoscopy reduces rebleeding in patients with peptic ulcers
Decrease in symptom severity linked to infliximab Crohn’s treatment
The MELD score: Predicting survival in end-stage liver disease
Omeprazole before endoscopy in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding
Early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in cirrhosis and variceal bleeding
The COGENT: Omeprazole with antiplatelet therapy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding
V. Hematology/Oncology
Vena caval filters in pulmonary embolism prophylaxis
No survival difference in lumpectomy and mastectomy for breast cancer
The CLOT trial: Dalteparin vs warfarin for venous thromboembolism in malignancy
Finasteride significantly reduces the incidence of prostate cancer
Dexamethasone effective as an initial therapy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura
The Wells DVT criteria: A clinical prediction model for deep vein thrombosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma screening reduces mortality in high risk patients
The PLCO trial 1: PSA and digital rectal examination in prostate cancer screening
The RE-COVER trial: Dabigatran non-inferior to warfarin in treating acute venous thromboembolism
The EINSTEIN-DVT trial: Rivaroxaban in acute deep vein thrombosis
The EINSTEIN-PE trial: Rivaroxaban to treat pulmonary embolism
The PLCO trial 2: Flexible sigmoidoscopy in colon cancer screening
The ATLAS trial: Duration of adjuvant tamoxifen in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer
The AMPLIFY trial: Apixaban for treatment of venous thromboembolism
VI. Imaging and Intervention
Ultrasound sensitive for appendicitis, improves outcomes
CT evaluation in pancreatitis strongly correlates with patient outcomes
Breast ultrasound sensitive for cancer, carries a low false positive rate
Percutaneous ethanol injection safe and effective in hepatocellular carcinoma
Non-contrast CT sensitive and specific for kidney stones
The Canadian CT Head Rule
Diffusion-weighted MRI highly sensitive for acute stroke
The PIOPED II trial: CT sensitive and specific for pulmonary embolism
The NLST trial: CT screening reduces lung cancer mortality
CT scans increase the risk of malignancy in children and young adults
VII. Infectious Disease
Prophylactic penicillin reduces septicemia in sickle cell patients
Albumin in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Adjuvant dexamethasone improves outcomes in adult bacterial meningitis
The CURB-65 score: Risk stratifying patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Quadrivalent HPV vaccine in young women
Tenofovir-emtricitabine more effective and safer than zidovudine-lamivudine in HIV treatment
Vancomycin superior to metronidazole for severe C. difficile diarrhea
Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy significantly improves HIV survival
Fidaxomicin vs. vancomycin in C. difficile infection
Early antiretroviral therapy reduces HIV-1 transmission in couples
Fecal transplantation in recurrent C. difficile infection
VIII. Nephrology
The MDRD trial: Protein intake and blood pressure control in renal insufficiency
The IDNT: Irbesartan protects from renal deterioration in diabetic nephropathy
The RENAAL trial: Losartan in diabetic nephropathy
The CHOIR trial: Targeting lower hemoglobin levels in patients with anemia and chronic kidney disease
The ADVANCE trial: Intensive glycemic control reduces the risk of nephropathy in diabetes
The Symplicity HTN-2 trial: Renal denervation effective for treatment-resistant hypertension
IX. Neurology
The NASCET: Carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic stenosis
Interferon beta-1b reduces exacerbations in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
The WARSS: Warfarin vs. aspirin in preventing recurrent ischemic stroke
Aspirin vs. warfarin in atherosclerotic intracranial stenosis
The CARESS trial: Dual antiplatelet therapy superior to monotherapy in symptomatic carotid stenosis
Donepezil and vitamin E in Alzheimer’s disease
The ESPRIT trial: Aspirin with dipyridamole after cerebral ischemia
The SPARCL trial: Atorvastatin reduces the risk of stroke in patients with recent stroke or transient ischemic attack
The ABCD2 score: Risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack
X. Pediatrics
Childhood febrile seizure characteristics associated with epilepsy diagnosis
Initial guidelines for prolonged fever in children
Artificial surfactant improves respiratory distress syndrome in infants
IVIg with aspirin reduces coronary aneurysms in Kawasaki disease
Prone sleeping position and heavy bedding associated with sudden infant death syndrome
Lead exposure in childhood associated with worse cognitive performance
PROS network study examines pubertal onset by race/ethnic groups
Transcutaneous bilirubinometry linked to decreased serum testing and cost in infants
The ACE trial: Adverse childhood exposures associated with poor health in adulthood
Sleep-disordered breathing associated with poor academics and surgical improvement
The Bogalusa Heart Study: Childhood weight status and cardiovascular risk factors
Antibiotic Group B Streptococcus prophylaxis linked with reduced neonatal infection
Parental input in oncology-related palliation and pain relief for children
Laboratory values and treatment associated with DKA-related cerebral edema in children
Earlier diagnosis and improved cystic fibrosis nutritional status with newborn screening
MMR vaccine not associated with autism
Clinical prediction rule stratifies pediatric bacterial meningitis risk
RSV positivity associated with less serious bacterial infection risk in infants
Computerized order system linked with increased pediatric mortality
Antibiotic prophylaxis and UTI prevention in children
PECARN Prediction rules for children at a low risk of clinically-important traumatic brain injury
XI. Surgery
The Lee index: Risk of perioperative cardiac events
The NETT: Lung-volume-reduction surgery in emphysema
The CARP trial: Preoperative revascularization prior to elective vascular surgery
The POISE trial: Perioperative use of beta-blockers
The PANTER trial: Open necrosectomy vs. step-up approach for necrotizing pancreatitis
The EVAR I trial: Endovascular vs. open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair
The EVAR II trial: Endovascular approach when unfit for open aortic aneurysm repair
The CREST: Stenting versus endarterectomy for carotid stenosis
The PIVOT: Radical prostatectomy versus observation
Index
Bibliography
Statistics Abbreviations
Notes
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