Introduction to Epidemiology by Merrill, Ray M. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Page Brief Contents Contents Preface About the Author Introduction Chapter 1 Foundations of Epidemiology

Activities in Epidemiology Role of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice Epidemics, Endemics, and Pandemics Case Concepts in Epidemiology Epidemiology Triangle Disease Transmission Concepts Modes of Disease Transmission Chain of Infection Other Models of Causation Levels of Prevention Conclusion Exercises Key Terms Study Questions References

Chapter 2 Historic Developments in Epidemiology

Hippocrates, the First Epidemiologist Disease Observations of Sydenham The Epidemiology of Scurvy Epidemiology of Cowpox and Smallpox Epidemiology of Childbed Fever in a Lying-In Hospital John Snow’s Epidemiologic Investigations of Cholera Epidemiologic Work of Pasteur and Koch The Invention of the Microscope John Graunt and Vital Statistics Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene Florence Nightingale Typhoid Mary Vitamins and Nutritional Diseases Beginning of Epidemiology in the United States Historical Development of Morbidity in Epidemiology Breast Cancer Epidemiology The Framingham Heart Study Cigarette Smoking and Cancer Modern Epidemiology Conclusion Exercises Key Terms Study Questions References

Chapter 3 Practical Disease Concepts in Epidemiology

Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases and Conditions Natural History of Disease Classifying Disease Portals of Entry to the Human Body Incubation Periods for Selected Infectious Diseases Later Stages of Infection Incubation Periods for Selected Noninfectious Illnesses Zoonosis International Classification of Diseases Notifiable Diseases in the United States Protecting Public Health Through Immunization Herd Immunity Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Environmental Control Host-Related Control and Prevention Infection-Control and Prevention Measures Changing Emphasis in Epidemiologic Studies Nutritional Deficiency Diseases and Disorders Chronic Diseases and Conditions Prevention and Control Disability Healthy People Initiatives Conclusion Exercises Key Terms Study Questions References

Chapter 4 Design Strategies and Statistical Methods in Descriptive Epidemiology

Descriptive Study Designs Ecologic Study Types of Data Ratios, Proportions, and Rates Tables, Graphs, and Numerical Measures Measures of Association Conclusion Exercises Key Terms Study Questions References

Chapter 5 Descriptive Epidemiology According to Person, Place, and Time

Person, Place, and Time Person Population Pyramid Place Time Trends Evaluation Public Health Surveillance Causal Insights Conclusion Exercises Key Terms Study Questions References

Chapter 6 General Health and Population Indicators

Health Indicator Life Expectancy Birth Mortality Types of Mortality Rates Infant Mortality Maternal Mortality Rate Proportional Mortality Ratio Death-to-Case Ratio Years of Potential Life Lost Conclusion Exercises Key Terms Study Questions References

Chapter 7 Design Strategies and Statistical Methods in Analytic Epidemiology

Observational Analytic Studies Case-Control Study Design Odds Ratio in Case-Control Studies Bias in Case-Control Studies Controlling for Bias in Case-Control Studies Strengths and Weaknesses of Case-Control Studies Case-Crossover Study Design Nested Case-Control Study Design Cohort Study Design Risk Ratio in Cohort Studies Rate Ratio in Cohort Studies Double-Cohort Studies Selecting the Study Cohort Bias in Cohort Studies Controlling for Bias in Cohort Studies Strengths and Weaknesses of Cohort Studies Effect Modification Conclusion Exercises Key Terms Study Questions References

Chapter 8 Experimental Studies in Epidemiology

Experimental Study Designs Randomization Blinding Nonrandomization Designing a Randomized Controlled Trial Pilot Study Selected Special Types of Randomized Study Designs Strengths and Weaknesses of Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trials Ethics in Experimental Research Conclusion Exercises Key Terms Study Questions References

Chapter 9 Causality

Statistical Inference Hypothesis Development and Testing Causality Causal Inference Causal Guidelines Web of Causation Decision Trees Fishbone Diagram (Cause–Effect Diagram) Conclusion Exercises Study Questions References

Chapter 10 Field Epidemiology

Defining Field Epidemiology Conducting a Field Investigation Investigating a Food-Borne Illness Basic Epidemiologic Questions Disease Clusters Conclusion Exercises Key Terms Study Questions References

Chapter 11 Chronic Disease Epidemiology

Chronic Disease Epidemiology The Environment and Chronic Health Problems Behavior and Chronic Health Problems Heredity and Chronic Health Problems Multifactorial Etiology in Chronic Disease Epidemiology Priorities in Disease Prevention and Control Conclusion Exercises Key Terms Study Questions References

Chapter 12 Clinical Epidemiology

Clinical Epidemiology Screening and Diagnosis Validity, Reliability, and Yield Evaluating the Screening Test Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Prognosis Outcomes Research Conclusion Exercises Key Terms Study Questions References

Appendix I Case Studies

Case Study I: Snow on Cholera A. Observations on Cholera Case Study Questions B. Cholera and the Broad Street Outbreak Case Study Questions C. Cholera Epidemic of 1853 and Two London Water Companies Case Study Questions D. Epidemiologic Issues Case Study Questions Case Study II: Working Through an Infectious Disease Outbreak Part I: Background Case Study Questions Part II: Outbreaks in Texas Case Study Questions Part III: Outbreaks in Other States Case Study Questions Part IV: Traceback and Environmental Investigations Case Study Questions Part V: Control and Prevention Measures Case Study Questions Case Study III: Common-Source Outbreak of Waterborne Shigellosis at a Public School Case of Common-Source Outbreak of Waterborne Shigellosis at a Public School Case Study Questions Case Study IV: Retrospective Analysis of Occupation and Alcohol-Related Mortality Case of Occupation- and Alcohol-Related Causes of Death, California Which Alcohol-Related Causes of Death Are Associated with Which Occupations? Case Study Questions Case Study V: Retrospective Cohort Study of the Association of Congenital Malformations and Hazardous Waste Case on Congenital Malformations Associated with Proximity to Hazardous Waste Sites Case Study Questions Case Study VI: History and Epidemiology of Polio Epidemics Brief Review of Poliomyelitis as It Is Known Today Case Study Questions First Polio Epidemiologic Studies Rural Observations Case Study Questions First Major Epidemic of Poliomyelitis in America: Rutland, Vermont Case Study Questions Simon Flexner, MD, and Wade Hamilton Frost, MD: American Epidemiologists Who Investigated Poliomyelitis Case Study Questions Poliomyelitis Epidemic in Los Angeles, 1934 Case Study Questions Epilogue References

Appendix II Measures of Association According to Types of Exposure and Outcome Data Appendix III Common Study Designs with Selected Measures of Association and Test Statistics Appendix IV Summary of Confidence Intervals for Evaluating Selected Hypotheses

References

Appendix V Classification and Specialty Journals in Epidemiology Appendix VI Epidemiologic Associations and Societies Appendix VII Selected Answers to Chapter Questions Glossary Index

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