A Companion to the Latin Language by Clackson, James -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Series page Title page Copyright page List of Illustrations

Figures Tables

Notes on Contributors Abbreviations of Ancient Authors and Works Abbreviations of Modern Sources Symbols Used Linguistic and Other Abbreviations CHAPTER 1: Introduction PART I: Sources

CHAPTER 2: The Latin Alphabet and Orthography

Introduction Arrival of the Alphabet in Italy Etruscan Origins Date of Borrowing and Other Considerations Innovations and Changes Old Latin Orthography Letterforms Direction of Writing and Punctuation Abbreviations Letter Names Diffusion of the Latin Alphabet

CHAPTER 3: Latin Inscriptions and Documents

Introduction The Pitfalls of Interpretation Collecting and Interpreting Ancient Documents The Writer of a Latin Text Conclusion

CHAPTER 4: Latin Manuscripts and Textual Traditions

Introduction The Processes of Transmission Standardisation A Sample of Manuscript Evidence Traces of the Unusual Punctuation Conclusion

CHAPTER 5: Romance Languages as a Source for Spoken Latin

Latin and Romance Phonology and Phonetics: Vowels Phonology and Phonetics: Consonants Nominal Morphology Verbal Morphology Syntax Semantic and Lexical Changes Conclusion

PART II: The Language

CHAPTER 6: The Sounds of Latin: Phonology

Reconstructing Latin Phonology The Latin Writing System Consonants Vowels Syllable Structure Accent

CHAPTER 7: Latin Prosody and Metrics

Italic Background, Carmina, Saturnian Comic Meters Stress, Ictus, Recitation Conclusion

CHAPTER 8: The Forms of Latin: Inflectional Morphology

Introduction Nominal Morphology Pronouns Verbal Morphology

CHAPTER 9: Latin Syntax

Introduction Meaning and Sentence Structure Constituency and Discontinuity Phrases: Heads, Complements and Adjuncts Constituent Order in Clauses Clause Structure: Main and Subordinate Clauses Conclusion

CHAPTER 10: Latin Vocabulary

The Fundamental Latin Vocabulary The Internal Structure of the Latin Lexicon Main Semantic Phenomena Lexical Innovations Conclusion

CHAPTER 11: Word-Formation in Classical Latin

Suffixation Nominal Compounding Verbal Compounding Preverbation Agglutination Recategorisation Conclusion

CHAPTER 12: Latin Particles and the Grammar of Discourse

Introduction: Aims and Key Concepts Particles as Pragmatic Markers From Sentence Grammar to Discourse Grammar: The Location of Particles in a Grammar of Discourse Connective Particles Conversation Management Particles Conclusion

PART III: Latin Through Time

CHAPTER 13: The Historical Background to Latin within the Indo-European Language Family

Proto-Indo-European: Who, When, and What? The History of the Sounds of Latin The Prehistory of Latin Nouns and Adjectives The Prehistory of Latin Pronouns, Numerals, Adverbs, and Adpositions The Prehistory of Latin Verbs Syntax Lexicon

CHAPTER 14: Archaic and Old Latin

Sources Orthography and Phonology Selected Morphological Features Lexicon Some Syntactic Patterns Archaic Latin Samples of Inscriptions Old Latin: On the Threshold of the Classical Language

CHAPTER 15: Classical Latin

Introduction The Creation of a Standard Latin Orthography and Pronunciation Morphology Syntax and Textual Structure Vocabulary Conclusion

CHAPTER 16: Late Latin

Introduction: The Term “Late Latin” A Specimen of Late Latin Some Important Developments, and the Notion of “Vulgar Latin” Gender Phonology Future Tense Reported Speech General Conclusions

CHAPTER 17: Medieval Latin

Introduction Tools for Learning Medieval Latin Medieval Latin and Its Characteristics

CHAPTER 18: Neo-Latin

Introduction A New Dawn: Latin and the Italian Renaissance Innovation through Imitation: The Case of Ciceronianism The Linguistic Nature of Neo-Latin Diffusion and Diversity: Neo-Latin after the Renaissance Conclusion: The Difficult Path Ahead

PART IV: Literary Registers of Latin

CHAPTER 19: The Language of Roman Comedy

Introduction Spelling, Phonology and Metre Morphology Syntax Lexicon

CHAPTER 20: The Language of Latin Epic and Lyric Poetry

Theories of “Poetic Language” in Greek and Roman Critics The Sounds of Poetry. Prosody and Recitation Phonetics, Spelling, and Morphology The Lexicon Syntax (Nominal, Verbal, Periodic) Cohesion and Word-Order

CHAPTER 21: The Language of Latin Verse Satire

Introduction Satura and Sermo Discourse Organization: Subjectivity Lexicon: Informality and Stylization Conclusions

CHAPTER 22: The Language of Roman Oratory and Rhetoric

Oratory, Rhetoric and Real Life The Unrepresentativeness of the Sample Oratory in the Roman Republic Cato and Gaius Gracchus From Cato to Cicero The Evidence of the ad Herennium Oratory and Ordinary Language in Cicero’s Time The Early Empire and the Rhetorical Schools The Reign of Trajan and Later

CHAPTER 23: The Language of Latin Historiography

History and Poetry History and Oratory Antiquarianism Military Narrative The Historian’s Voice

CHAPTER 24: Epistolary Latin

Introduction Letters as Colloquial and Informal Language Letters as Literature: Rhetorical and Elaborate Language Formal Letters Conclusion

CHAPTER 25: Latin as a Technical and Scientific Language

Introduction Modern Definitions of “Technical” Texts and Languages The Characteristics of Ancient “Technical” Texts and Languages The Role of Greek in the Formation of Latin Technical Languages Conclusion

CHAPTER 26: Legal Latin

Introduction Legal Terminology Legal Drafting Legal Latin in Post-Classical Europe

CHAPTER 27: Christian Latin

Christian Latin, Biblical Latin, “Vulgar Latin” The Lexicon of Christian Latin Further Lexical Phenomena Conclusions

PART V: Latin in Social and Political Contexts

CHAPTER 28: The Social Dialects of Latin

Introduction Male and Female Speech Age-Related Variation in Speech Class-Based Variation Phonology Morphology Vocabulary and Word-Formation Conclusion

CHAPTER 29: Latin and Other Languages: Societal and Individual Bilingualism

Introduction Societal and Individual Bilingualism The Ancient Evidence Latin and Societal Bilingualism Latin and Individual Bilingualism Conclusions

CHAPTER 30: Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire

Introduction The Republic and Early Principate The Dominate Theodosius II Justinian Conclusion

CHAPTER 31: Latin Inside and Outside of Rome

Introduction The Republic The Empire

References Index Locorum

Literary Texts Inscriptions and Papyri

Index

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