Greenspans Basic and Clinical Endocriniology 9/E INKLING CHAPTER (ENHANCED EBOOK) (LANGE Clinical Medicine) by Gardner, David -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Authors Preface 1. Hormones & Hormone Action 1

David G. Gardner, MD, Mark Anderson, MD, PhD, & Robert A. Nissenson, PhD Relationship to the Nervous System Chemical Nature of Hormones Endocrine Glands & Target Organs Regulation of Hormone Levels in Plasma Hormone Action Receptors Neurotransmitter & Peptide Hormone Receptors G Protein–Coupled Receptors G Protein Transducers Effectors Disorders of G Proteins & G Protein–Coupled Receptors Growth Factor Receptors Cytokine Receptors Guanylyl Cyclase–Linked Receptors Nuclear Action of Peptide Hormones Nuclear Receptors Steroid Receptor Family Thyroid Receptor Family Nongenomic Effects of the Steroid Hormones Steroid & Thyroid Hormone Receptor Resistance Syndromes

2. Endocrine Autoimmunity

Juan Carlos Jaume, MD Immune Recognition & Response Tolerance T-Cell Tolerance B-Cell Tolerance Autoimmunity is Multifactorial Genetic Factors in Autoimmunity Environmental Factors in Autoimmunity Single-Gland Autoimmune Syndromes Autoimmune Aspects of Thyroid Disease Genes & Environment Autoimmune Response Animal Models of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Autoimmune Aspects of Type 1 Diabetes Genes & Environment Autoimmune Response Animal Models of Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus Autoimmune Aspects of Other Endocrinopathies Autoimmune Adrenal Failure Autoimmune Oophoritis & Orchitis Autoimmune Hypophysitis Autoimmune Hypoparathyroidism Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome I (APS-I) Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome II (APS-II) Management of Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes Immunodeficiency, Polyendocrinopathy, & Enteropathy, X-Linked Syndrome POEMS Syndrome (Osteosclerotic Myeloma)

3. Evidence-Based Endocrinology & Clinical Epidemiology

David C. Aron, MD, MS Diagnostic Testing: Test Characteristics Sensitivity & Specificity Receiver-Operating Characteristic Curves Predictive Values, Likelihood Ratios, & Diagnostic Accuracy An Approach to Diagnosis in Practice Clinical Epidemiologic Principles Applied to Treatment Decisions Decision Analysis Determine the Probability of Each Chance Event Deciding on a Strategy: Averaging Out & Folding Back the Tree Discounting Future Events Sensitivity Analysis Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Using Decision Analysis Other Aspects of Clinical Epidemiology Evidence-Based Endocrinology Step One: Translation of the Clinical Problem into Answerable Questions Step Two: Finding the Best Evidence Step Three: Appraising the Evidence for Its Validity & Usefulness Steps Four & Five: Applying the Results in Practice & Evaluating Performance

4. Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland

Bradley R. Javorsky, MD, David C. Aron, MD, MS, James W. Findling, MD, & J. Blake Tyrrell, MD Anatomy & Embryology Blood Supply Pituitary Development & Histology Hypothalamic Hormones Hypophysiotropic Hormones Neuroendocrinology: The Hypothalamus as Part of a Larger System The Hypothalamus & the Control of Appetite The Pineal Gland & the Circumventricular Organs Anterior Pituitary Hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone & Related Peptides Growth Hormone Prolactin Thyrotropin Gonadotropins: Luteinizing Hormone & Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Endocrinologic Evaluation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Evaluation of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Evaluation of Growth Hormone Evaluation of Prolactin Evaluation of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Evaluation of LH & FSH Problems in Evaluation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Effects of Pharmacologic Agents on Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function Endocrine Tests of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function Neuroradiologic Evaluation Pituitary & Hypothalamic Disorders Empty Sella Syndrome Hypothalamic Dysfunction Hypopituitarism Pituitary Adenomas

5. The Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

Alan G. Robinson, MD Physiology of Hormone Function Anatomy of Hormone Synthesis & Release Pathophysiology Diagnostic Tests of Diabetes Insipidus Treatment of Diabetes Insipidus Treatment of Hyponatremia in SIADH Summary

6. Growth

Dennis Styne, MD Normal Growth Intrauterine Growth The Placenta Classic Hormones of Growth & Fetal Growth Growth Factors & Oncogenes in Fetal Growth Insulin-like Growth Factors, Receptors, & Binding Proteins Insulin Epidermal Growth Factor Fetal Origins of Adult Disease Postnatal Growth Measurement of Growth Skeletal (Bone) Age Disorders of Growth Short Stature due to Nonendocrine Causes Short Stature due to Endocrine Disorders Tall Stature due to Nonendocrine Causes Tall Stature due to Endocrine Disorders

7. The Thyroid Gland

David S. Cooper, MD & Paul W. Ladenson, MA (Oxon.), MD Embryology, Anatomy, & Histology Physiology Structure & Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones Iodine Metabolism Thyroid Hormone Synthesis & Secretion Abnormalities in Thyroid Hormone Synthesis & Release Thyroid Hormone Transport Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones Control of Thyroid Function & Hormone Action Physiologic Changes in Thyroid Function Thyroid Autoimmunity Tests of Thyroid Function Tests of Thyroid Hormones in Blood Assessment of Thyroid Iodine Metabolism & Biosynthetic Activity Thyroid Imaging Thyroid Ultrasonography & Other Imaging Techniques Thyroid Biopsy Test of Peripheral Thyroid Hormone Actions Measurement of Thyroid Autoantibodies Disorders of the Thyroid Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism & Thyrotoxicosis Nontoxic Goiter Thyroiditis Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Thyroid Gland Thyroid Nodules & Thyroid Cancer

8. Metabolic Bone Disease

Dolores Shoback, MD, Deborah Sellmeyer, MD, & Daniel D. Bikle, MD, PhD Cellular & Extracellular Calcium Metabolism Parathyroid Hormone Vitamin D How Vitamin D & PTH Control Mineral Homeostasis Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Hypercalcemia Disorders Causing Hypercalcemia Treatment of Hypercalcemia Hypocalcemia Causes of Hypocalcemia Treatment of Hypocalcemia Bone Anatomy & Remodeling Functions of Bone Structure of Bone Bone Remodeling Osteoporosis Treatment of Osteoporosis Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Osteomalacia & Rickets Nephrotic Syndrome Hepatic Osteodystrophy Drug-Induced Osteomalacia Hypophosphatemic Disorders Calcium Deficiency Primary Disorders of the Bone Matrix Osteogenesis Imperfecta Inhibitors of Mineralization Paget Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans) Etiology Renal Osteodystrophy Hereditary Forms of Hyperphosphatemia

9. Glucocorticoids & Adrenal Androgens

Ty B. Carroll, MD, David C. Aron, MD, MS, James W. Findling, MD, & J. Blake Tyrrell, MD Embryology & Anatomy Biosynthesis of Cortisol & Adrenal Androgens Circulation of Cortisol & Adrenal Androgens Metabolism of Cortisol & Adrenal Androgens Biologic Effects of Adrenal Steroids Adrenal Androgens Laboratory Evaluation Disorders of Adrenocortical Insufficiency Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison Disease) Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency Diagnosis of Adrenocortical Insufficiency Treatment of Adrenocortical Insufficiency Prognosis of Adrenocortical Insufficiency Cushing Syndrome Hirsutism & Virilism Incidental Adrenal Mass Glucocorticoid Therapy for Nonendocrine Disorders

10. Endocrine Hypertension

William F. Young, Jr, MD, MSc Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Renin & Angiotensin Aldosterone Primary Aldosteronism Other Forms of Mineralocorticoid Excess or Effect Hyperdeoxycorticosteronism Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome Liddle Syndrome—Abnormal Renal Tubular Ionic Transport Hypertension Exacerbated by Pregnancy Other Endocrine Disorders Associated with Hypertension Cushing Syndrome Thyroid Dysfunction Acromegaly

11. Adrenal Medulla & Paraganglia

Paul A. Fitzgerald, MD Anatomy Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla & Paraganglia Catecholamines Catecholamine (Adrenergic) Receptors Disorders of the Adrenal Medulla & Paraganglia Epinephrine & Norepinephrine Deficiency Pheochromocytoma & Paraganglioma Incidentally Discovered Adrenal Masses

12. Testes

Glenn D. Braunstein, MD Anatomy & Structure-Function Relationships Testes Physiology of The Male Reproductive System Accessory Structures Gonadal Steroids Control of Testicular Function Evaluation of Male Gonadal Function Clinical Evaluation Laboratory Tests of Testicular Function Pharmacology of Drugs used to Treat Male Gonadal Disorders Androgens Gonadotropins Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Clinical Male Gonadal Disorders Klinefelter Syndrome (XY Seminiferous Tubule Dysgenesis) Bilateral Anorchia (Vanishing Testes Syndrome) Leydig Cell Aplasia Cryptorchidism Noonan Syndrome (Male Turner Syndrome) Myotonic Dystrophy Adult Seminiferous Tubule Failure Adult Leydig Cell Failure (Andropause) Male Infertility Erectile Dysfunction Gynecomastia Testicular Tumors

13. Female Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility

Mitchell P. Rosen, MD & Marcelle I. Cedars, MD Embryology & Anatomy Ovarian Steroidogenesis Physiology of Folliculogenesis & the Menstrual Cycle Amenorrhea Hypothalamic Amenorrhea Pituitary Amenorrhea Ovarian Amenorrhea Anovulation Obesity Outflow Tract Disorders Menopause Oocyte Depletion Endocrine System Changes with Aging Menopausal Consequences Infertility Diagnosis of Infertility Management of the Infertile Couple Contraception Oral Contraceptives Contraception: Long-Acting Contraceptives Emergency Contraception

14. Disorders of Sex Determination & Differentiation

Felix A. Conte, MD, & Melvin M. Grumbach, MD Human Sex Differentiation Testicular & Ovarian Differentiation Psychosexual Differentiation Classification & Nomenclature of Disorders of Sex Determination (& Differentiation) Klinefelter Syndrome & Its Variants: Seminiferous Tubule Dysgenesis—Sex Chromosome DSD Syndrome of Gonadal Dysgenesis: Turner Syndrome & Its Variants Ovotesticular DSD (Individuals with Both Ovarian & Testicular Tissue) 46,XY DSD Androgen Induced (Female Pseudohermaphroditism) P450 Aromatase Deficiency Maternal Source Androgens & Progestogens Unclassified Forms of Abnormal Sexual Development in Males Unclassified Forms of Abnormal Sexual Development in Females Management of Patients with DSD

15. Puberty

Dennis Styne, MD Physiology of Puberty Physical Changes Associated with Puberty Endocrine Changes from Fetal Life to Puberty Ovulation & Menarche Adrenarche Miscellaneous Metabolic Changes Delayed Puberty or Absent Puberty (Sexual Infantilism) Constitutional Delay in Growth & Adolescence Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism Differential Diagnosis of Delayed Puberty Treatment of Delayed Puberty Precocious Puberty (Sexual Precocity) Central (Complete or True) Precocious Puberty Incomplete Isosexual Precocious Puberty in Boys Incomplete Contrasexual Precocity in Boys Incomplete Isosexual Precocious Puberty in Girls Incomplete Contrasexual Precocity in Girls Variations in Pubertal Development Differential Diagnosis of Precocious Puberty Treatment of Precocious Puberty

16. The Endocrinology of Pregnancy

Robert N. Taylor, MD, PhD & Martina L. Badell, MD Conception & Implantation Fertilization Implantation & hCG Production Ovarian Hormones of Pregnancy Symptoms & Signs of Pregnancy Fetal-Placental-Decidual Unit Polypeptide Hormones Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Human Placental Lactogen Other Chorionic Peptide Hormones & Growth Factors Steroid Hormones Progesterone Estrogens Maternal Adaptation to Pregnancy Maternal Pituitary Gland Maternal Thyroid Gland Maternal Parathyroid Gland Maternal Pancreas Maternal Adrenal Cortex Fetal Endocrinology Fetal Pituitary Hormones Fetal Thyroid Gland Fetal Adrenal Cortex Fetal Gonads Endocrine Control of Parturition Sex Steroids Oxytocin Prostaglandins Preterm Labor/Birth Maternal/Fetal Stress Pathologic Uterine Distention Infection/Inflammation Decidual Hemorrhage & Coagulation Postterm Pregnancy Management of Postterm Pregnancy Endocrinology of the Puerperium Physiologic & Anatomic Changes Uterine Changes Endocrine Changes Lactation Endocrine Disorders & Pregnancy Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy Pituitary Disorders in Pregnancy Obesity & Pregnancy Parathyroid Disease & Pregnancy Preeclampsia/Eclampsia Pathophysiology Clinical Features Treatment/Management of Preeclampsia

17. Pancreatic Hormones & Diabetes Mellitus

Umesh Masharani, MB, BS, MRCP (UK) & Michael S. German, MD The Endocrine Pancreas Anatomy & Histology Hormones of the Endocrine Pancreas Diabetes Mellitus Classification Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes Other Specific Types of Diabetes Clinical Features of Diabetes Mellitus Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Agents for the Treatment of Hyperglycemia Sulfonylureas Steps in the Management of the Diabetic Patient Immunopathology of Insulin Therapy Acute Complications of Diabetes Mellitus Transition to Subcutaneous Insulin Regimen Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus Specific Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus Management of Diabetes in the Hospitalized Patient Diabetes Mellitus & Pregnancy

18. Hypoglycemic Disorders

Umesh Masharani, MB, BS, MRCP (UK) & Stephen E. Gitelman, MD Pathophysiology of the Counterregulatory Response to Neuroglycopenia Counterregulatory Response to Hypoglycemia Maintenance of Euglycemia in the Postabsorptive State Classification of Hypoglycemic Disorders Diabetes Factitious Hypoglycemia Drugs Autoimmune Hypoglycemia Pancreatic α Cell Tumors Congenital Hyperinsulinism

19. Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism

Mary J. Malloy, MD & John P. Kane, MD, PhD Atherosclerosis Overview of Lipid Transport Differentiation of Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism Clinical Descriptions of Primary & Secondary Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism The Hypertriglyceridemias Primary Hypertriglyceridemia Secondary Hypertriglyceridemia The Primary Hypercholesterolemias Familial Hypercholesterolemia Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia Lp(a) Hyperlipoproteinemia Familial Ligand-Defective Apo B-100 Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase Deficiency Hypothyroidism Nephrosis Immunoglobulin Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Cholestasis The Primary Hypolipidemias Primary Hypolipidemia due to Deficiency of High-Density Lipoproteins Primary Hypolipidemia due to Deficiency of Apo B–Containing Lipoproteins Secondary Hypolipidemia Other Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism The Lipodystrophies Rare Disorders Treatment of Hyperlipidemia Dietary Factors in the Management of Lipoprotein Disorders Drugs Used in Treatment of Hyperlipoproteinemia Bile Acid Sequestrants Niacin (Nicotinic Acid) Fibric Acid Derivatives HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors Combined Drug Therapy

20. Obesity

Alka M. Kanaya, MD & Christian Vaisse, MD, PhD Definition & Epidemiology Definition Prevalence & Projections Possible Explanations for the Increased Obesity Rates Pathophysiology & Genetics of Obesity Regulation of Food Intake & Energy Expenditure Informing the Brain of the Energy Status: Leptin & Short-Term Gastrointestinal Signals Central Integration of Energy Homeostasis Signals Leptin Resistance in Obesity Genetics of Obesity Health Consequences of Obesity Mechanism Underlying Obesity Complications: Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ Metabolic Complications of Obesity: Insulin Resistance & Type 2 Diabetes Dyslipidemia The Metabolic Syndrome Cardiovascular Complications Pulmonary Complications Gastrointestinal Complications Reproduction & Gynecologic Complications Cancer Management of the Obese Patient Screening & Prevention of Complications Therapeutic Approaches for Weight Loss

21. Humoral Manifestations of Malignancy

Dolores Shoback, MD, & Janet L. Funk, MD Ectopic Hormone & Receptor Syndromes APUD Concept of Neuroendocrine Cell Tumors Hypercalcemia of Malignancy Pathogenesis Humoral Mediators Solid Tumors Associated with Hypercalcemia of Malignancy Hematologic Malignancies Associated with Hypercalcemia of Malignancy Diagnosis Treatment Ectopic Cushing Syndrome Differential Diagnosis Clinical Features Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion Etiology & Pathogenesis Clinical & Laboratory Features Non-Islet Cell Tumor-Induced Hypoglycemia Other Hormones Secreted by Tumors Oncogenic Osteomalacia Etiology & Clinical Features Pathology & Pathogenesis Gut Hormones

22. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

David G. Gardner, MD Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type Pathogenesis Treatment Screening Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type Pathogenesis Treatment Screening Other Disorders Characterized by Multiple Endocrine Organ Involvement Carney Complex McCune-Albright Syndrome Neurofibromatosis Type Von Hippel-Lindau Disease MEN X

23. Geriatric Endocrinology

Susan L. Greenspan, MD, Mary Korytkowski, MD, & Neil M. Resnick, MD Thyroid Function & Disease Disorders of the Thyroid Gland Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Multinodular Goiter Thyroid Nodules & Cancer Carbohydrate Intolerance & Diabetes Mellitus Osteoporosis Hyperparathyroidism Changes in Water Balance Hypernatremia Hyponatremia Hyporeninemic Hypoaldosteronism Glucocorticoids & Stress Disorders of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Changes in Reproductive Function in Men

24. Endocrine Emergencies

David G. Gardner, MD Myxedema Coma Thyroid Storm Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis Acute Adrenal Insufficiency Pituitary Apoplexy Diabetic Ketoacidosis Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma Hypercalcemic Crisis Acute Hypocalcemia Hyponatremia Diabetes Insipidus

25. AIDS Endocrinopathies

Carl Grunfeld, MD, PhD & Grace Lee, MD Thyroid Disorders Adrenal Disorders Bone & Mineral Disorders Gonadal Disorders Pituitary Disorders AIDS Wasting Syndrome Abnormalities of Fat Distribution Associated with HIV Disorders of Glucose & Lipid Metabolism Conclusion

26. Endocrine Surgery

Geeta Lal, MD & Orlo H. Clark, MD The Thyroid Gland Embryology & Anatomy Developmental Thyroid Abnormalities Hyperthyroidism Thyroiditis Goiter (Nontoxic) Thyroid Nodules Thyroid Cancer Conduct of Thyroidectomy The Parathyroid Gland Embryology & Anatomy Primary Hyperparathyroidism Persistent & Recurrent Primary Hyperparathyroidism Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Special Consideration: Familial Hyperparathyroidism Complications of Parathyroid Surgery The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland Embryology & Anatomy Primary Hyperaldosteronism Hypercortisolism Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma Sex Steroid Excess Pheochromocytoma Adrenal Incidentaloma Technique of Adrenalectomy The Endocrine Pancreas Embryology & Anatomy Insulinoma Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome) Vipoma (Verner-Morrison) Syndrome Glucagonoma Somatostatinoma Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Tumors

Appendix: Normal Hormone Reference Ranges Index

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