History of the Muslim World to 1405 · The Making of a Civilization by Egger, Vernon O. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgements Note on Transliteration and Dating Part One The Formative Period, 610–950

1. Origins

Southwestern Asia in the Seventh Century

The Byzantine Empire The Sasanian Empire The Arabian Peninsula

The Rise of Islam

The Meccan Environment Muhammad A Framework for a New Community

Conclusion Notes Further Reading

2. Arab Imperialism

Arab Conquests

Arabia and the Fertile Crescent Iran North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula Central Asia and the Indus River Valley

Umayyad Administration

The Caliphate The Administration of Non-Muslims The Administration of Muslims Arab Warriors Non-Arab Converts Regulating Women’s Roles The Rationalization of Society

Dissolution of the Arab Empire Conclusion Notes Further Reading

3. The Development of Sectarianism

‘Ali and the Politics of Division

Political Dissension ‘Ali’s Caliphate: Shi‘ites and Kharijites Karbala

The Abbasid Revolution Shi’ite Identities

The Ghulat and the Zaydis The Husayni Alids The Centrality of Muhammad al-Baqir and Ja‘far al-Sadiq The Imamis The Isma‘ilis The Shi‘ite Movement

The Sunni Consensus Conclusion Further Reading

4. The Center Cannot Hold: Three Caliphates

The Abbasid Caliphate

The Early Period Military and Economic Problems The Assertion of Regional Autonomy

The Fatimid Caliphate

Isma‘ili Activism A Second Caliphate in the Umma

The Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba

The Consolidation of Umayyad Power A Third Caliphate in the Umma

Economic Networks

A Single Economy Overland Trade Maritime Commerce

Conclusion Notes Further Reading

5. Synthesis and Creativity

The Origins of Islamic Law

Assimilation and Adaptation Groping Toward an Islamic Jurisprudence The Development of the Shari‘a The Synthesis of al-Shafi‘i Consolidation of the Madhhabs The Impact of the Shari‘a

Early Sufism

The Contemplative Life Testing the Limits of Transcendence The Accommodation of Sufism

The Reception of Science and Philosophy

Science (“Natural Philosophy”) Philosophy

The Development of an Islamic Theology

The Reception of Rationalism The Critique of Rationalism

Conclusion Notes Further Reading

Part Two A Civilization Under Siege, 950–1260

6. Filling the Vacuum of Power, 950–1100

The Buyid Sultanate The Advent of the Turks

Origins The Saljuq Invasion The Great Saljuqs and the Saljuqs of Rum

The Fatimid Empire

The Conquest of Egypt and Palestine Religious Policies The New Egyptian Economy Ominous Developments

The Nizaris (“Assassins”) The Muslim West

Norman Invasions of Muslim Territory The “Hilali Invasion” of Ifriqiya A Berber Empire The Collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Andalus The Incorporation of Andalus into the Maghrib

Conclusion Further Reading

7. Barbarians at the Gates, 1100–1260

The Period of the Crusades

The First Crusade The Franks on the Defensive

The Loss of Andalus

Provisional Solutions: The Great Berber Empires The Disintegration of the Almohads and of Andalus

Realignment in the East

The Collapse of the Great Saljuqs Sunni–Nizari Rapprochement The Mongol Campaigns

Conclusion Further Reading

8. The Consolidation of Traditions

Science and Philosophy

Mathematics and the Natural Sciences Philosophy The Sunni Resolution to the Tension between Reason and Revelation

Consolidating Institutions: Sufism

The Emergence of Lodges and Tariqas Speculative Mysticism

Consolidating Institutions: Shi‘ism

Twelver Shi‘ites The Isma‘ilis The Impact of “The Foreign Sciences” and Jurisprudence

The Transmission of Knowledge

Schools The Legacy to Europe

English Words Derived from Arabic Conclusion Notes Further Reading

9. The Muslim Commonwealth

Frontiers and Identities

Frontiers Defining the Dar al-Islam Frontiers within the Dar al-Islam Identities

The City and the Countryside

The City The Countryside

Conversion to Islam

A Muslim Minority The Pace of Conversion Quickens

The Issue of Authority in the Muslim World Conclusion Notes Further Reading

Part Three Mongol Hegemony, 1260–1405

10. The Great Transformation

The Mongol Khan

The Qipchaq Khanate The Il-khanate The Chaghatay Khanate

New Centers of Islamic Culture

The Mamluke Empire The Delhi Sultanate The Ottoman Sultanate

Scourges

Plague Timur Lang

Conclusion Further Reading

11. Unity and Diversity in Islamic Traditions

Intellectual Life in the Fourteenth Century

The End of the “Golden Age”? Against All Odds Ibn Taymiya Ibn al-Shatir Ibn Khaldun Hafez Ibn Battuta

Law

The Queen of the Sciences The “Closing of the Gate of Ijtihad”?

The Varieties of Religious Expression

“Orthodoxy” and “Heterodoxy” The Proliferation of Sufi Groups Sufism Triumphant Sufism as Social Critique Sufism, Syncretism, and Shi‘ism

Conclusion Further Reading

Glossary Index Plates

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