Handbook of Neurosurgery by Greenberg, Mark S. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Title Page Copyright Contributors

Evidence based medicine Booking the case

Abbreviations Contents 1. Neuroanesthesia

1.1. General information 1.2. Drugs used in neuroanesthesia 1.3. Anesthetic requirements for intraoperative evoked potential monitoring 1.4. Malignant hyperthermia 1.5. References

2. Neurocritical care

2.1. Fluids and Electrolytes 2.2. Blood pressure management 2.3. Sedatives & paralytics 2.4. Neurogenic pulmonary edema 2.5. References

3. General care

3.1. Endocrinology 3.2. Hematology 3.3. Pharmacology 3.4. References

4. Neurology

4.1. Dementia 4.2. Headache 4.3. Parkinsonism 4.4. Multiple sclerosis 4.5. Motor neuron diseases 4.6. Guillain-Barré syndrome 4.7. Myelitis 4.8. Neurosarcoidosis 4.9. Vascular dysautoregulatory encephalopathy 4.10. Vasculitis and vasculopathy 4.11. References

5. Neuroanatomy and physiology

5.1. Surface anatomy 5.2. Cranial foramina & their contents 5.3. Cerebellopontine angle anatomy 5.4. Occiptoatlantoaxial-complex anatomy 5.5. Spinal cord anatomy 5.6. Cerebrovascular anatomy 5.7. Internal capsule 5.8. Miscellaneous 5.9. Neurophysiology 5.10. References

6. Neuroradiology

6.1. Contrast agents in neuroradiology 6.2. Radiation safety for neurosurgeons 6.3. CAT scan or CT scan 6.4. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 6.5. Angiography (cerebral) 6.6. Plain films 6.7. Myelography 6.8. Radionuclide scanning 6.9. References

7. Operations and procedures

7.1. Intraoperative dyes 7.2. Operating room equipment 7.3. Surgical hemostasis 7.4. Craniotomies 7.5. Cranioplasty 7.6. Localizing levels in spine surgery 7.7. Anterior approaches to the spine 7.8. Surgical fusion of the cervical spine 7.9. Surgical fusion of the thoracic spine 7.10. Surgical fusion of the lumbar and lumbosacral spine 7.11. Bone graft 7.12. Percutaneous access to the CSF 7.13. CSF diversionary procedures 7.14. Sural nerve biopsy 7.15. Nerve blocks 7.16. References

8. Developmental anomalies

8.1. Arachnoid cysts 8.2. Intracranial lipomas 8.3. Hypothalamic hamartomas 8.4. Neurenteric cysts 8.5. Craniofacial development 8.6. Chiari malformation 8.7. Dandy Walker malformation 8.8. Aqueductal stenosis 8.9. Neural tube defects 8.10. Absence of the septum pellucidum 8.11. Klippel-Feil syndrome 8.12. Tethered cord syndrome 8.13. Split cord malformation 8.14. Lumbosacral nerve root anomalies 8.15. References

9. Neuroendovascular intervention

9.1. Neuroendovascular procedure basics 9.2. References

10. Electrodiagnostics

10.1. Electroencephalogram (EEG) 10.2. Evoked potentials 10.3. NCS/EMG 10.4. References

11. Neurotoxicology

11.1. Ethanol 11.2. Opioids 11.3. Cocaine 11.4. Amphetamines 11.5. Carbon monoxide 11.6. References

12. Coma

12.1. General information 12.2. Approach to the comatose patient 12.3. Herniation syndromes 12.4. Hypoxic coma 12.5. References

13. Brain death

13.1. Brain death in adults 13.2. Brain death in children 13.3. Organ and tissue donation 13.4. References

14. Cerebrospinal fluid

14.1. General information 14.2. CSF constituents 14.3. Artificial CSF 14.4. CSF fistula (cranial) 14.5. Intracranial hypotension 14.6. References

15. Hydrocephalus

15.1. Treatment of hydrocephalus 15.2. Shunt problems 15.3. Normal pressure hydrocephalus 15.4. Blindness from hydrocephalus 15.5. Hydrocephalus and pregnancy 15.6. References

16. Infections

16.1. Prophylactic antibiotics 16.2. Meningitis 16.3. Shunt infection 16.4. Wound infections 16.5. Osteomyelitis of the skull 16.6. Cerebral abscess 16.7. Subdural empyema 16.8. Viral encephalitis 16.9. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 16.10. Neurologic manifestations of AIDS 16.11. Lyme disease - neurologic manifestations 16.12. Parasitic infections of the CNS 16.13. Fungal infections of the CNS 16.14. Amebic infections of CNS 16.15. Spine infections 16.16. References

17. Seizures

17.1. Seizure classification 17.2. Special types of seizures 17.3. Status epilepticus 17.4. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) 17.5. Seizure surgery 17.6. References

18. Spine & spinal cord

18.1. Low back pain and radiculopathy 18.2. Sagittal balance 18.3. Intervertebral disc herniation 18.4. Degenerative disc/spine disease 18.5. Craniocervical junction and upper cervical spine abnormalities 18.6. Rheumatoid arthritis 18.7. Atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) in Down syndrome 18.8. Paget’s disease 18.9. Ankylosing spondylitis 18.10. Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) 18.11. Ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament (OALL) 18.12. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis 18.13. Scheuermann’s kyphosis 18.14. Spinal vascular malformations 18.15. Spinal meningeal cysts 18.16. Syringomyelia 18.17. Spinal cord herniation (idiopathic) 18.18. Spinal epidural hematoma 18.19. Spinal subdural hematoma 18.20. Spinal epidural lipomatosis (SEL) 18.21. Coccydynia 18.22. References

19. Functional neurosurgery

19.1. Deep brain stimulation 19.2. Surgical treatment of Parkinson’s disease 19.3. Dystonia 19.4. Spasticity 19.5. Torticollis 19.6. Neurovascular compression syndromes 19.7. Hyperhidrosis 19.8. Tremor 19.9. Sympathectomy 19.10. References

20. Pain

20.1. Neuropathic pain syndromes 20.2. Craniofacial pain syndromes 20.3. Postherpetic neuralgia 20.4. Pain procedures 20.5. Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) 20.6. References

21. Tumor

21.1. General information 21.2. Primary brain tumors 21.3. Pediatric brain tumors 21.4. Skull tumors 21.5. Cerebral metastases 21.6. Carcinomatous meningitis 21.7. Foramen magnum tumors 21.8. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) 21.9. Empty sella syndrome 21.10. Tumor markers 21.11. Neurocutaneous disorders 21.12. Tumors of the spine and spinal cord 21.13. Neuroblastomas 21.14. References

22. Radiation therapy (XRT)

22.1. Conventional external beam radiation 22.2. Stereotactic radiosurgery & radiotherapy 22.3. Interstitial brachytherapy 22.4. References

23. Stereotactic surgery

23.1. References

24. Peripheral nerves

24.1. Some basic points about peripheral nerve injury/surgery 24.2. Brachial plexus 24.3. Peripheral neuropathies 24.4. Thoracic outlet syndrome 24.5. Miscellaneous peripheral nerve 24.6. References

25. Neurophthalmology

25.1. Nystagmus 25.2. Papilledema 25.3. Visual fields 25.4. Pupillary diameter 25.5. Extraocular muscle (EOM) system 25.6. Miscellaneous neurophthalmologic signs 25.7. References

26. Neurotology

26.1. Dizziness and vertigo 26.2. Meniere’s disease 26.3. Facial nerve palsy 26.4. Hearing loss 26.5. References

27. Head trauma

27.1. Transfer of trauma patients 27.2. Management in E/R 27.3. Neuromonitoring 27.4. Skull fractures 27.5. Posttraumatic parenchymal injuries 27.6. Epidural hematoma 27.7. Subdural hematoma 27.8. Traumatic posterior fossa mass lesions 27.9. Posttraumatic hydrocephalus 27.10. Aspects of general care in severe TBI 27.11. Outcome from head trauma 27.12. Gunshot wounds to the head 27.13. Non-missile penetrating trauma 27.14. High altitude cerebral edema 27.15. Pediatric head injury 27.16. References

28. Spine injuries

28.1. Whiplash-associated disorders 28.2. Pediatric spine injuries 28.3. Initial management of spinal cord injury 28.4. Neurological assessment 28.5. Spinal cord injuries 28.6. Cervical spine fractures 28.7. Blunt cerebrovascular injuries 28.8. Thoracic & lumbar spine fractures 28.9. Osteoporotic spine fractures 28.10. Sacral fractures 28.11. Gunshot wounds to the spine 28.12. Penetrating trauma to the neck 28.13. Delayed deterioration following spinal cord injuries 28.14. Chronic management issues with spinal cord injuries 28.15. References

29. Stroke

29.1. Cerebrovascular hemodynamics 29.2. Strokes: general information 29.3. Stroke in young adults 29.4. Lacunar strokes 29.5. Collateral circulation 29.6. “Occlusion” syndromes 29.7. Miscellaneous stroke 29.8. References

30. SAH and aneurysms

30.1. Introduction to SAH 30.2. Grading SAH 30.3. Initial management of SAH 30.4. Vasospasm 30.5. Cerebral aneurysms 30.6. Treatment options for aneurysms 30.7. Timing of aneurysm surgery 30.8. General technical considerations of aneurysm surgery 30.9. Aneurysm recurrence after treatment 30.10. Aneurysm type by location 30.11. Post-op orders for aneurysm clipping 30.12. Unruptured aneurysms 30.13. Multiple aneurysms 30.14. Familial aneurysms 30.15. Traumatic aneurysms 30.16. Mycotic aneurysms 30.17. Giant aneurysms 30.18. SAH of unknown etiology 30.19. Nonaneurysmal SAH 30.20. Pregnancy & intracranial hemorrhage 30.21. References

31. Vascular malformations

31.1. Arteriovenous malformation 31.2. Venous angiomas 31.3. Angiographically occult vascular malformations 31.4. Dural AVM 31.5. Vein of Galen malformation 31.6. Carotid-cavernous fistula 31.7. References

32. Intracerebral hemorrhage

32.1. Intracerebral hemorrhage in adults 32.2. ICH in young adults 32.3. Intracerebral hemorrhage in the newborn 32.4. References

33. Occlusive cerebro-vascular disease

33.1. Atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease 33.2. Cerebral arterial dissections 33.3. Extracranial-intracranial (EC/IC) bypass 33.4. Cerebrovascular venous thrombosis 33.5. Moyamoya disease 33.6. References

34. Outcome assessment

34.1. References

35. Differential diagnosis

35.1. Differential diagnosis (DDx) by signs and symptoms 35.2. Differential diagnosis (DDx) by location 35.3. References

36. Index Quick reference tables

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