Sun Protection · A Risk Management Approach by Diffey, Brian -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Copyright Contents Preface Foreword Acknowledgments Author biography 1 Introduction to risk management

1.1 Risk, hazard and exposure 1.2 Risk management 1.3 Sun exposure and risk 1.4 A risk management approach to sun protection Reference

2 The origin and beneficial effects of solar UV radiation

2.1 The nature of optical radiation 2.2 The Sun 2.3 The positive effects of solar UV radiation exposure

2.3.1 Vitamin D and bone health 2.3.2 Heliotherapy 2.3.3 Pathogenic benefits of solar UV radiation

References

3 Factors that influence the quality and quantity of terrestrial solar UV radiation

3.1 The atmosphere

3.1.1 Solar radiation transport through the atmosphere under clear skies

3.2 Quantities and units

3.2.1 Biologically weighted quantities 3.2.2 The solar ultraviolet index

3.3 Factors affecting the spectral irradiance of terrestrial UV radiation

3.3.1 Solar elevation 3.3.2 Surface reflection 3.3.3 Aerosols and air pollution 3.3.4 Altitude 3.3.5 Clouds

3.4 Measuring solar UV radiation

3.4.1 Scanning spectroradiometers 3.4.2 Array spectroradiometers 3.4.3 Multi-channel filter radiometers 3.4.4 Broadband radiometry 3.4.5 Personal UV dosimeters

3.5 Ultraviolet climatology 3.6 Reference solar UV spectrum 3.7 Simulated sources of sunlight 3.8 Modelling solar UV radiation 3.9 Ozone depletion and its impacts on solar UV radiation

3.9.1 Current status of atmospheric ozone 3.9.2 Trends in ambient UV radiation

References

4 Deleterious effects of solar UV radiation exposure on the skin

4.1 Pathways to harm from solar UV exposure

4.1.1 UV penetration into skin 4.1.2 UV radiation absorption 4.1.3 Cellular changes 4.1.4 Clinical changes

4.2 Erythema

4.2.1 Factors influencing the development of erythema 4.2.2 Minimal erythema dose (MED) 4.2.3 Anatomical variation in erythemal sensitivity 4.2.4 Effect of gender and age on erythemal sensitivity 4.2.5 Time course of sunburn 4.2.6 Spectral response 4.2.7 Dose response

4.3 Photosensitivity

4.3.1 Immunologically-mediated photodermatoses 4.3.2 Drug and chemical photosensitivity 4.3.3 DNA repair-deficient photodermatoses 4.3.4 Photoaggravated skin diseases

4.4 Skin cancer

4.4.1 Clinical features 4.4.2 The world burden of skin cancer 4.4.3 Age dependence of skin cancer 4.4.4 Trends in skin cancer incidence 4.4.5 Economic burden of skin cancer 4.4.6 Association with sun exposure 4.4.7 Non-solar risk factors for skin cancer 4.4.8 Action spectrum 4.4.9 Dose response

4.5 Photoageing

4.5.1 Action spectrum

4.6 UV effects on the eyes References

5 The impact of time and space in moderating human exposure to solar UV radiation

5.1 Behavioural influences on exposure to solar UV radiation

5.1.1 Time spent outdoors 5.1.2 Measuring personal exposure to solar UV radiation 5.1.3 Impact of behaviour on personal UV exposure 5.1.4 Anatomical distribution of sunlight 5.1.5 Ambient temperature and personal UV exposure

5.2 Attitudes to sun exposure 5.3 Trends in sun exposure 5.4 Modelling human exposure to solar UV radiation 5.5 Strategies for controlling human exposure to solar UV radiation

5.5.1 When sun protection is needed 5.5.2 Education 5.5.3 Community interventions 5.5.4 Individual contribution to controlling UV exposure

References

6 Physical barriers to protect humans from solar UV radiation exposure

6.1 Shade

6.1.1 Shade as a neutral density filter 6.1.2 Estimating the protection from shade 6.1.3 Factors in the design of shade structures 6.1.4 Shading at schools 6.1.5 Shade from trees

6.2 Clothing

6.2.1 The nature of fabric 6.2.2 Factors affecting UV protection of fabrics 6.2.3 Determination of the photoprotection provided by fabrics 6.2.4 Summary of ultraviolet protection factors (UPFs) 6.2.5 Clothing UPF standards

6.3 Hats

6.3.1 How wearing a hat can be assessed in terms of health benefit

6.4 The changing fashion for summer clothing 6.5 Sun protection accessories 6.6 Estimation of body surface area covered by clothing 6.7 Optical filters

6.7.1 Nature of glass and plastics 6.7.2 Spectral transmission of glass and plastics 6.7.3 Glass windows in automobiles 6.7.4 Clinical impact of UV transmission through car windows

6.8 Sunglasses

6.8.1 Sunglass standards

6.9 Combining protection modalities References

7 Sunscreens

7.1 The nature of topical sunscreens

7.1.1 Active ingredients

7.2 Sunscreen use

7.2.1 Why do people use (and not use) sunscreens? 7.2.2 Demographics of sunscreen use 7.2.3 Trends in sunscreen use 7.2.4 Annual sunscreen use per capita

7.3 The sun protection factor

7.3.1 History of the SPF method 7.3.2 Measurement of the SPF

7.4 In vitro assessment of protection factors 7.5 What wavelengths should sunscreens protect against? 7.6 Broad-spectrum protection

7.6.1 The current situation regarding broad-spectrum protection

7.7 The sunscreen–sunburn paradox

7.7.1 Application thickness 7.7.2 Application technique 7.7.3 Sunscreen type 7.7.4 Sunscreen formulation 7.7.5 Water immersion 7.7.6 Re-application

7.8 SPFs in natural sunlight 7.9 Compliance 7.10 Impact of sunscreen SPF on the likelihood of sunburn

7.10.1 UV exposure on a sun-seeking holiday 7.10.2 Estimating the fraction of sunburnt skin

7.11 Safety of sunscreens 7.12 Shelf life of sunscreens 7.13 Do sunscreens prevent skin cancer?

7.13.1 Sunscreen use and prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer 7.13.2 Sunscreen use and prevention of melanoma 7.13.3 Sunscreens, melanoma and the precautionary principle

7.14 The population impact of sunscreen use on skin cancer incidence 7.15 Sunscreens and solar infrared radiation 7.16 Sunscreens and vitamin D 7.17 A strategy for sunscreen use References

8 Counteract the damage resulting from solar UV radiation exposure

8.1 Photoadaptation 8.2 Melanogenesis

8.2.1 Immediate pigment darkening (IPD) 8.2.2 Delayed tanning 8.2.3 Action spectrum for delayed tanning 8.2.4 Sun sensitivity and melanogenesis

8.3 Epidermal hyperplasia 8.4 Damage repair

8.4.1 DNA repair 8.4.2 The p53 tumour suppression gene

8.5 Chemoprevention Reference

9 Treating the damage caused by solar UV radiation exposure

9.1 Treating sunburn 9.2 Treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer

9.2.1 Surgical excision 9.2.2 Curettage and diathermy 9.2.3 Cryotherapy 9.2.4 Topical chemotherapy 9.2.5 Photodynamic therapy 9.2.6 Mohs micrographic surgery 9.2.7 Radiotherapy

9.3 Treatment of malignant melanoma

9.3.1 Prognosis and treatment of advanced disease 9.3.2 On-going surveillance

9.4 Treatment of photoaged skin

9.4.1 Topical preparations 9.4.2 Minimally-invasive procedures 9.4.3 Invasive surgery

← Prev
Back
Next →

← Prev
Back
Next →