Medical Microbiology · with STUDENT CONSULT Online Access by Murray, Patrick R. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Title page Table of Contents Copyright Dedication Preface Section 1: Introduction

Chapter 1: Introduction to Medical Microbiology

Viruses Bacteria Fungi Parasites Immunology Microbial Disease Diagnostic Microbiology Summary

Chapter 2: Commensal and Pathogenic Microbial Flora in Humans

Respiratory Tract and Head Gastrointestinal Tract Genitourinary System Skin

Chapter 3: Sterilization, Disinfection, and Antisepsis

Sterilization Disinfection Antisepsis Mechanisms of Action

Section 2: General Principles of Laboratory Diagnosis

Chapter 4: Microscopy and in Vitro Culture

Microscopy Microscopic Methods Examination Methods In Vitro Culture

Chapter 5: Molecular Diagnosis

Detection of Microbial Genetic Material Detection of Proteins

Chapter 6: Serologic Diagnosis

Antibodies Methods of Detection Immunoassays for Cell-Associated Antigen (Immunohistology) Immunoassays for Antibody and Soluble Antigen Serology

Section 3: Basic Concepts in the Immune Response

Chapter 7: Elements of Host Protective Responses

Soluble Activators and Stimulators of Innate and Immune Functions Cells of the Immune Response

Chapter 8: Innate Host Responses

Barriers to Infection Soluble Components of Innate Responses Cellular Components of Innate Responses Activation of Innate Cellular Responses Normal Flora–Associated Responses Inflammation Bridge to Antigen-Specific Immune Responses

Chapter 9: Antigen-Specific Immune Responses

Immunogens, Antigens, and Epitopes T Cells Development of T Cells Cell Surface Receptors of T Cells Initiation of T-Cell Responses Activation of CD4 T Cells and Their Response to Antigen CD8 T Cells NKT Cells B Cells and Humoral Immunity Immunoglobulin Types and Structures Immunogenetics Antibody Response

Chapter 10: Immune Responses to Infectious Agents

Antibacterial Responses Antiviral Responses Specific Immune Responses to Fungi Specific Immune Responses to Parasites Other Immune Responses Immunopathogenesis Autoimmune Responses Immunodeficiency

Chapter 11: Antimicrobial Vaccines

Types of Immunization Immunization Programs

Section 4: Bacteriology

Chapter 12: Bacterial Classification, Structure, and Replication

Differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Bacterial Classification Bacterial Structure Structure and Biosynthesis of the Major Components of the Bacterial Cell Wall Cell Division Spores

Chapter 13: Bacterial Metabolism and Genetics

Bacterial Metabolism Bacterial Genes and Expression Bacterial Genetics

Chapter 14: Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenesis

Entry into the Human Body Colonization, Adhesion, and Invasion Pathogenic Actions of Bacteria Immunopathogenesis Mechanisms for Escaping Host Defenses Summary

Chapter 15: Role of Bacteria in Disease Chapter 16: Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases

Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing Bacterial Detection and Identification

Chapter 17: Antibacterial Agents

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibition of Protein Synthesis Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Other Antibiotics

Chapter 18: Staphylococcus and Related Gram-Positive Cocci

Answers Physiology and Structure (Boxes 18-1 and 18-2) Pathogenesis and Immunity Epidemiology Clinical Diseases (Box 18-3) Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment, Prevention, and Control

Chapter 19: Streptococcus

Answers Streptococcus pyogenes (Box 19-1) Streptococcus agalactiae (Box 19-3) Other β-Hemolytic Streptococci Viridans Streptococci Streptococcus pneumoniae (Box 19-4)

Chapter 20: Enterococcus and Other Gram-Positive Cocci

Answers Enterococcus (Box 20-1) Other Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci

Chapter 21: Bacillus

Answers Bacillus anthracis (Box 21-1) Bacillus cereus

Chapter 22: Listeria and Erysipelothrix

Answers Listeria monocytogenes (Box 22-1) Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (Box 22-3)

Chapter 23: Corynebacterium and Other Gram-Positive Rods

Answers Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Box 23-1) Other Corynebacterium Species Other Coryneform Genera

Chapter 24: Nocardia and Related Bacteria

Answers Nocardia (Box 24-1) Rhodococcus Gordonia and Tsukamurella

Chapter 25: Mycobacterium

Answers Physiology and Structure of Mycobacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Box 25-1) Mycobacterium leprae (Box 25-2) Mycobacterium avium Complex (Box 25-3) Other Slow-Growing Mycobacteria Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment, Prevention, and Control

Chapter 26: Neisseria and Related Genera

Answers Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis (Boxes 26-1 and 26-2) Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis Other Neisseria Species Eikenella corrodens Kingella kingae

Chapter 27: Enterobacteriaceae

Answers Physiology and Structure Pathogenesis and Immunity Escherichia coli (Box 27-3) Salmonella (Box 27-4) Shigella (Box 27-5) Yersinia (Box 27-6) Other Enterobacteriaceae Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment, Prevention, and Control

Chapter 28: Vibrio and Aeromonas

Answers Vibrio Aeromonas

Chapter 29: Campylobacter and Helicobacter

Answers Campylobacter (Box 29-1) Helicobacter (Box 29-2)

Chapter 30: Pseudomonas and Related Bacteria

Answers Pseudomonas (Box 30-1) Burkholderia Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Acinetobacter Moraxella

Chapter 31: Haemophilus and Related Bacteria

Answers Haemophilus (Box 31-2) Actinobacillus Aggregatibacter (Clinical Case 31-2) Pasteurella (Clinical Case 31-3)

Chapter 32: Bordetella

Answers Bordetella pertussis Other Bordetella Species

Chapter 33: Francisella and Brucella

Answers Francisella tularensis (Box 33-1) Brucella (Box 33-3)

Chapter 34: Legionella

Answers Legionellaceae

Chapter 35: Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Rods

Answers Bartonella Cardiobacterium Capnocytophaga and Dysgonomonas Streptobacillus

Chapter 36: Clostridium

Answers Clostridium perfringens (Box 36-1) Clostridium tetani (Box 36-3) Clostridium botulinum (Box 36-4) Clostridium difficile (Box 36-5) Other Clostridial Species

Chapter 37: Anaerobic, Non–Spore-Forming, Gram-Positive Bacteria

Answers Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci (Table 37-1) Anaerobic, Non–Spore-Forming, Gram-Positive Rods (See Table 37-1) Actinomyces Propionibacterium Mobiluncus Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium

Chapter 38: Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacteria

Answers Physiology and Structure Pathogenesis and Immunity Epidemiology Clinical Diseases Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment, Prevention, and Control

Chapter 39: Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira

Answers Treponema (Box 39-1) Other Treponemes Borrelia (Box 39-3) Leptospira (Box 39-6)

Chapter 40: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

Answers Physiology and Structure Pathogenesis and Immunity Epidemiology Clinical Diseases (Clinical Case 40-1) Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment, Prevention, and Control

Chapter 41: Rickettsia and Orientia

Answers Physiology and Structure Rickettsia rickettsii (Box 41-1) Rickettsia akari Rickettsia prowazekii (Box 41-2) Rickettsia typhi Orientia tsutsugamushi

Chapter 42: Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Coxiella

Answers Ehrlichia and Anaplasma (Box 42-1) Coxiella burnetii (Box 42-2)

Chapter 43: Chlamydia and Chlamydophila

Answers Family Chlamydiaceae Chlamydia trachomatis (Box 43-1) Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydophila psittaci (Clinical Case 43-3)

Section 5: Virology

Chapter 44: Viral Classification, Structure, and Replication

Classification Virion Structure Viral Replication Viral Genetics Viral Vectors for Therapy

Chapter 45: Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis

Basic Steps in Viral Disease Infection of the Target Tissue Viral Pathogenesis Viral Disease Epidemiology Control of Viral Spread

Chapter 46: Role of Viruses in Disease

Viral Diseases Chronic and Potentially Oncogenic Infections Infections in Immunocompromised Patients Congenital, Neonatal, and Perinatal Infections

Chapter 47: Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases

Specimen Collection Cytology Electron Microscopy Viral Isolation and Growth Detection of Viral Proteins Detection of Viral Genetic Material Viral Serology

Chapter 48: Antiviral Agents and Infection Control

Targets for Antiviral Drugs Nucleoside Analogues Nonnucleoside Polymerase Inhibitors Protease Inhibitors Antiinfluenza Drugs Immunomodulators Infection Control

Chapter 49: Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses

Answers Human Papillomaviruses Polyomaviridae

Chapter 50: Adenoviruses

Answers Structure and Replication Pathogenesis and Immunity Epidemiology Clinical Syndromes (Box 50-4) Treatment, Prevention, and Control Therapeutic Adenoviruses

Chapter 51: Human Herpesviruses

Answers Structure of Herpesviruses Herpesvirus Replication Herpes Simplex Virus Varicella-Zoster Virus Epstein-Barr Virus Cytomegalovirus Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7 Other Human Herpesviruses

Chapter 52: Poxviruses

Answers Structure and Replication Pathogenesis and Immunity Epidemiology Clinical Syndromes

Chapter 53: Parvoviruses

Answers Structure and Replication Pathogenesis and Immunity Epidemiology Clinical Syndromes (Clinical Case 53-1) Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment, Prevention, and Control

Chapter 54: Picornaviruses

Answers Structure Replication Enteroviruses Rhinoviruses

Chapter 55: Coronaviruses and Noroviruses

Answers Coronaviruses Noroviruses

Chapter 56: Paramyxoviruses

Answers Structure and Replication Measles Virus Parainfluenza Viruses Mumps Virus Respiratory Syncytial Virus Human Metapneumovirus Nipah and Hendra Viruses

Chapter 57: Orthomyxoviruses

Answers Structure and Replication Pathogenesis and Immunity Epidemiology Clinical Syndromes (Box 57-4) Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment, Prevention, and Control

Chapter 58: Rhabdoviruses, Filoviruses, and Bornaviruses

Answers Rhabdoviruses Filoviruses Borna Disease Virus

Chapter 59: Reoviruses

Answers Structure Replication Orthoreoviruses (Mammalian Reoviruses) Rotaviruses Coltiviruses and Orbiviruses

Chapter 60: Togaviruses and Flaviviruses

Answers Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses Rubella Virus

Chapter 61: Bunyaviridae and Arenaviridae

Answers Bunyaviridae Arenaviruses

Chapter 62: Retroviruses

Answers Classification Structure Replication Human Immunodeficiency Virus Human T-CELL Lymphotropic Virus and Other Oncogenic Retroviruses Endogenous Retroviruses

Chapter 63: Hepatitis Viruses

Answers Hepatitis A Virus Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis C and G Viruses Hepatitis G Virus Hepatitis D Virus Hepatitis E Virus

Chapter 64: Unconventional Slow Viruses: Prions

Answers Structure and Physiology Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Syndromes (Clinical Case 64-1, Box 64-4) Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment, Prevention, and Control

Section 6: Mycology

Chapter 65: Fungal Classification, Structure, and Replication

The Importance of Fungi Fungal Taxonomy, Structure, and Replication Classification of Human Mycoses Summary

Chapter 66: Pathogenesis of Fungal Disease

Primary Fungal Pathogens

Chapter 67: Role of Fungi in Disease Chapter 68: Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Diseases

Clinical Recognition of Fungal Infections Conventional Laboratory Diagnosis Immunologic, Molecular, and Biochemical Markers for Direct Detection of Invasive Fungal Infections

Chapter 69: Antifungal Agents

Systemically Active Antifungal Agents Topical Antifungal Agents Investigational Antifungal Agents Combinations of Antifungal Agents in the Treatment of Mycoses Mechanisms of Resistance to Antifungal Agents

Chapter 70: Superficial and Cutaneous Mycoses

Answers Superficial Mycoses Cutaneous Mycoses

Chapter 71: Subcutaneous Mycoses

Answers Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis (Clinical Case 71-1) Chromoblastomycosis (Clinical Case 71-2) Eumycotic Mycetoma Subcutaneous Entomophthoromycosis Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis (Clinical Case 71-3)

Chapter 72: Systemic Mycoses Caused by Dimorphic Fungi

Answers Blastomycosis (Clinical Case 72-1) Coccidioidomycosis (Clinical Case 72-2) Histoplasmosis (Clinical Case 72-3) Paracoccidioidomycosis Penicilliosis Marneffei

Chapter 73: Opportunistic Mycoses

Answers Candidiasis Opportunistic Mycoses Caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Other Noncandidal Yeastlike Fungi Aspergillosis (Clinical Case 73-3) Mucormycosis Mycoses Caused by Other Hyaline Molds Phaeohyphomycosis Pneumocystosis

Chapter 74: Fungal and Fungal-Like Infections of Unusual or Uncertain Etiology

Answers Adiaspiromycosis Chlorellosis Lacaziosis (Lobomycosis) (Clinical Case 74-1) Protothecosis Pythiosis Insidiosi (Clinical Case 74-2) Rhinosporidiosis (Clinical Case 74-3)

Chapter 75: Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicoses

Answers Aflatoxins (Clinical Case 75-1) Citrinin Ergot Alkaloids Fumonisins Ochratoxin Trichothecenes (Clinical Case 75-2) Other Mycotoxins and Purported Mycotoxicoses

Section 7: Parasitology

Chapter 76: Parasitic Classification, Structure, and Replication

Importance of Parasites Classification and Structure Physiology and Replication Summary

Chapter 77: Pathogenesis of Parasitic Diseases

Exposure and Entry Adherence and Replication Cell and Tissue Damage Disruption, Evasion, and Inactivation of Host Defenses

Chapter 78: Role of Parasites in Disease Chapter 79: Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Disease

Parasite Life Cycle as an Aid in Diagnosis General Diagnostic Considerations Parasitic Infections of the Intestinal and Urogenital Tracts Parasitic Infections of Blood and Tissue Alternatives to Microscopy

Chapter 80: Antiparasitic Agents

Targets for Antiparasite Drug Action Drug Resistance Antiparasitic Agents

Chapter 81: Intestinal and Urogenital Protozoa

Answers Amebae Flagellates Ciliates Sporozoa (Coccidia) Microsporidia

Chapter 82: Blood and Tissue Protozoa

Answers Plasmodium Species Babesia Species Toxoplasma gondii (Clinical Case 82-2) Sarcocystis lindemanni Free-Living Amebae Leishmania Trypanosomes Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Trypanosoma cruzi

Chapter 83: Nematodes

Answers Enterobius vermicularis Ascaris lumbricoides Toxocara and Baylisascaris Trichuris trichiura Hookworms Strongyloides stercoralis Trichinella spiralis Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi Loa loa Mansonella Species Mansonella perstans Mansonella ozzardi Mansonella streptocerca Onchocerca volvulus Dirofilaria immitis Dracunculus medinensis

Chapter 84: Trematodes

Answers Fasciolopsis buski Fasciola hepatica Opisthorchis sinensis Paragonimus westermani Schistosomes

Chapter 85: Cestodes

Answers Taenia solium Cysticercosis Taenia saginata Diphyllobothrium latum Sparganosis Echinococcus granulosus Echinococcus multilocularis Hymenolepis nana Hymenolepis diminuta Dipylidium caninum

Chapter 86: Arthropods

Answers Myriapoda Pentastomida Crustacea Chelicerata (Arachnida) Insecta

Index

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