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ANCIENT BRITAIN AND THE INVASIONS OF JULIUS CAESAR BY T. RICE HOLMES Hon. Litt.D. (Dublin) AUTHOR OF ‘A HISTORY OF THE INDIAN MUTINY’ ‘CAESAR’S CONQUEST OF GAUL,’ ETC. ‘There seems no human thought so primitive as to have lost its bearing on our own thought, nor so ancient as to have broken its connection with our own life’.—E. B. Tylor. OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1907
PREFACE
CONTENTS
ANCIENT BRITAIN AND THE INVASIONS OF JULIUS CAESAR
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER II
THE PALAEOLITHIC AGE
CHAPTER III
THE NEOLITHIC AGE
CHAPTER IV
THE BRONZE AGE AND THE VOYAGE OF PYTHEAS
CHAPTER V
THE EARLY IRON AGE
CHAPTER VI
CAESAR’S FIRST INVASION OF BRITAIN
CHAPTER VII
CAESAR’S SECOND INVASION OF BRITAIN
CHAPTER VIII
THE RESULTS OF CAESAR’S INVASIONS OF BRITAIN
THE ETHNOLOGY OF ANCIENT BRITAIN
I. INTRODUCTION
II">THE METHODS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
III. EOLITHIC MAN(?)
IV. PALAEOLITHIC MAN
V. THE PYGMIES (?)
VI. NEOLITHIC MAN
VII. THE ‘PICTISH QUESTION’
VIII. THE ROUND-HEADS
IX. THE CELTS
X. CONCLUSION
THE NAMES ΠΡΕΤΑΝΙΚΑΙ ΝΗΣΟΙ, BRITANNI AND BRITANNIA
THE BIRTHDAY OF RELIGION
DUMBUCK, LANGBANK, DUNBUIE
INHUMATION AND CREMATION
SEPULCHRAL POTTERY
STONEHENGE
THE CASSITERIDES, ICTIS, AND THE BRITISH TRADE IN TIN
I. THE CASSITERIDES
II. ICTIS AND THE BRITISH TRADE IN TIN
Let us now consider the British trade in tin.
DENE-HOLES
THE COAST BETWEEN CALAIS AND THE SOMME IN THE TIME OF CAESAR
THE CONFIGURATION OF THE COAST OF KENT IN THE TIME OF CAESAR
I. BETWEEN RAMSGATE AND SANDOWN CASTLE
II. BETWEEN SANDOWN CASTLE AND WALMER CASTLE
III. THE GOODWIN SANDS
IV. THE SOUTH FORELAND AND THE DOVER CLIFFS
V. DOVER HARBOUR
MAP OF ROMNEY MARSH PROPER and the parts adjacent
ROMNEYMARSH as (according to T. Lewin’s final view) It was certainly in the TIME OF THE SAXONS probably in the TIME OF THE ROMANS and perhaps in the TIME OF THE BRITONS
VI. BETWEEN DOVER AND SANDGATE
VII. ROMNEY MARSH
PORTUS ITIUS
I. REVIEW OF THE CONTROVERSY
II. THE DATA FURNISHED BY CAESAR, STRABO, AND PTOLEMY
III. CAESAR SAILED FROM THE PORTUS ITIUS ON BOTH HIS EXPEDITIONS
IV. THE VALUE OF CAESAR’S ESTIMATE OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE PORTUS ITIUS AND BRITAIN
V. THE ESTUARY OF THE SOMME
VI. AMBLETEUSE
VII. CALAIS
VIII. WISSANT
IX. BOULOGNE
THE PLACE OF CAESAR’S LANDING IN BRITAIN
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE DATA FURNISHED BY CAESAR AND OTHER ANCIENT WRITERS
III. THE DAY ON WHICH CAESAR LANDED IN 55 B.C.
IV. DID CAESAR LAND AT THE SAME PLACE IN BOTH HIS EXPEDITIONS?
V. THE VARIOUS THEORIES ABOUT CAESAR’S PLACE OF LANDING
VI. THE QUESTION OF THE TIDES
VII. THE THEORY THAT CAESAR LANDED AT PEVENSEY
VIII. THE THEORY THAT CAESAR LANDED AT LYMPNE OR HYTHE
IX. THE THEORY THAT CAESAR LANDED AT HURST
X. THE THEORY THAT CAESAR LANDED BETWEEN HURST AND KENNARDINGTON
XI. THE THEORY THAT CAESAR LANDED BETWEEN WALMER AND DEAL
XII. THE THEORY THAT CAESAR LANDED AT RICHBOROUGH OR SANDWICH
THE CREDIBILITY OF CAESAR’S NARRATIVE OF HIS INVASIONS OF BRITAIN
THE DISEMBARKATION OF THE ROMANS IN 55 B. C.
THE SITE OF CAESAR’S CAMP IN 55, AND OF HIS NAVAL CAMP IN 54 B. C.
THE WAR-CHARIOTS OF THE BRITONS
THE OPERATIONS OF THE BRITONS DURING THE LAST FEW DAYS OF CAESAR’S FIRST EXPEDITION
WHERE DID CAESAR ENCOUNTER THE BRITONS ON THE MORNING AFTER HIS SECOND LANDING IN BRITAIN?
CAESAR’S EARLIER OPERATIONS IN 54 B. C. (B. G., V, 9-11)
CAESAR’S SECOND COMBAT WITH THE BRITONS IN 54 B. C.
THE COMBAT BETWEEN TREBONIUS AND THE BRITONS
WHERE DID CAESAR CROSS THE THAMES?
CAESAR’S PASSAGE OF THE THAMES
THE SITE OF CASSIVELLAUNUS’S STRONGHOLD
DID LONDINIUM EXIST IN CAESAR’S TIME?
THE JULIAN CALENDAR AND THE CHRONOLOGY OF CAESAR’S INVASIONS OF BRITAIN
TOPOGRAPHICAL NOTES
ADDENDA
INDEX
FOOTNOTES:
Transcriber’s Note:
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