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Index
Cover Page
Schaum’s outlines Biology
Copyright Page
Preface
Contents
PART I Fundamentals of Biology
CHAPTER 1 The Basic Structure of Science
1.1 The Methods of Science
1.2 Biology as a Science
1.3 The Significance of Evolution
1.4 Organization of Life
CHAPTER 2 The Chemistry of Life: An Inorganic Perspective
2.1 Atoms, Molecules, and Chemical Bonding
2.2 Chemical Reactions and the Concept of Equilibrium
2.2 Colligative Properties of Solutions
2.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
2.4 The Special Case of Water
2.5 Maintaining Stable pH in Living Systems
CHAPTER 3 The Chemistry of Life: The Organic Level
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Carbohydrates
3.3 Proteins
3.4 Structure and Functions of Lipids
3.5 The Chemical Basis of Living Systems
PART II Biology of the Cell
CHAPTER 4 The Cellular Organization of Life
4.1 The Cell Doctrine
4.2 Cellular Organization
4.3 Cellular Organelles
4.4 Plant and Animal Cells: Tissue Organization
4.5 Cell Size and Its Constraints
4.6 Movement Into and Out of the Cell
CHAPTER 5 Energy Transformations
5.1 Energy and Life
5.2 Thermodynamics
5.3 Cell Metabolism
5.4 Bioenergetics
CHAPTER 6 Photosynthesis
6.1 An Overall View
6.2 The Light Reaction
6.3 The Dark Reaction (Calvin-Benson Cycle)
6.4 Photorespiration
6.5 The C4 Pathway
6.6 Structure and Function in the Chloroplast
PART III Genetics and Inheritance
CHAPTER 7 The Nature of the Gene
7.1 The Concept of Information Processing in the Cell
7.2 The Search for the Chemical Bases of Inheritance
7.3 Encoding Information—The Language of the Gene
7.4 Processing the Information—Protein Synthesis
7.5 Reproduction of Information—DNA Replication
7.6 Modification of Information—Mutation
7.7 Genetic Engineering
CHAPTER 8 Cell Reproduction
8.1 Cell Cycles and Life Cycles
8.2 The Chromosomes as Packaged Genes
8.3 Mitosis
8.4 Meiosis
8.5 A Possible Mechanism for Crossing Over
8.6 Sexual Reproduction and Genetic Variability
CHAPTER 9 The Mechanism of Inheritance
9.1 Pre-Mendelian Concepts
9.2 Mendel’s Laws
9.3 Linkage
9.4 Mapping the Chromosomes
9.5 Sex Linkage
9.6 Variations in Gene Expression
9.7 Chromosomes and Gene Expression
9.8 Treating Genetic Diseases
CHAPTER 10 Control Mechanisms in Genetics
10.1 The Operon Hypothesis
10.2 Cistron, Recon, and Muton
10.3 Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes
10.4 Cancer as a Genetic Aberration
CHAPTER 11 Embryology
11.1 Animal Development
11.2 Human Development
11.3 Plant Development
11.4 Control of Differentiation
11.5 Major Contributions to the Field of Embryology
CHAPTER 12 Animal Reproduction
12.1 An Evolutionary Survey
12.2 Male Reproductive System in Humans
12.3 Female Reproductive System in Humans
12.4 Sexual Response in Humans
12.5 Contraception
12.6 Sexual Preference
12.7 Sexual Dysfunction
PART IV Plant Biology
CHAPTER 13 Basic Structure and Function in Vascular Plants
13.1 Plant Nutrition
13.2 Movement of Water and Minerals in Xylem
13.3 Movement of Food Through the Phloem
CHAPTER 14 Interactions of Vascular Plants with their Environment
14.1 Tropisms
14.2 Plant Hormones
14.3 Photoperiodism
14.4 Plant Diseases
PART V Animal Biology
CHAPTER 15 Homeostasis: Regulation of Physiological Functions
15.1 Overview
15.2 Feedback Control
15.3 Regulation of Temperature
15.4 Regulation of Blood Sugar
CHAPTER 16 Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
16.1 Food Procurement
16.2 Digestion and Absorption
16.3 The Vertebrate Liver
16.4 Diet and Health
16.5 Special Case of the Vitamins
16.6 Obesity and Eating Disorders
16.7 Deficiency Diseases
CHAPTER 17 The Excretory System
17.1 Excretion in Invertebrates
17.2 Structure of the Vertebrate Kidney
17.3 Functioning of the Vertebrate Kidney
17.4 Human Kidney Function
17.5 Homeostatic Function of the Kidney
17.6 Accessory Excretory Structures
CHAPTER 18 The Circulatory System
18.1 Comparative Cardiovascular Systems of Vertebrates
18.2 The Human Heart
18.3 Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
18.4 Control of Blood Pressure
18.5 Constituents of Blood and Lymph
18.6 Osmoregulation
CHAPTER 19 Immunology
19.1 The Human Immune Systems
19.2 The Immune Response
19.3 Hybridomas
19.4 AIDS
19.5 Human Blood Groups
CHAPTER 20 The Respiratory System
20.1 Mechanisms of External Respiration
20.2 Mammalian Respiration
20.3 Regulation of Breathing
20.4 Exchange of O2 and CO2 in the Blood
CHAPTER 21 Hormones and the Endocrine System
21.1 Early Endocrine Systems
21.2 Vertebrate Endocrine Systems
21.3 Mode of Action of Hormones
CHAPTER 22 The Nervous System
22.1 Overview
22.2 Phylogenetic Development of the Nervous System
22.3 The Neuron as the Functional Unit of Nervous Activity
22.4 The Neural Impulse
22.5 The Synapse
22.6 Reflex Arc
22.7 Receptors and Effectors
22.8 Special Sense Organs
22.9 Brain and Spinal Cord
22.10 Autonomic Nervous System
CHAPTER 23 The Musculoskeletal System: Support and Movement
23.1 Invertebrate Support Systems
23.2 The Vertebrate Endoskeleton
23.3 Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrate Muscle
CHAPTER 24 Animal Behavior
24.1 What Is Behavior? Components of Behavior
24.2 Cyclic Behavior Patterns
24.3 Sexual Behavior
24.4 Social Organization
24.5 Modes of Communication
24.6 Biological Determinism and Behavior
PART VI Evolution and Ecology
CHAPTER 25 Evolution: The Process
25.1 A Brief History of the Concept of Change in Organisms
25.2 The Notion of a Gene Pool: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
25.3 Natural Selection: A Modern Synthesis
25.4 Punctuated Equilibrium
25.5 Molecular Biology of Evolutionary Change
25.6 Control of Gene Pools
25.7 Speciation
25.8 Microevolution versus Macroevolution
CHAPTER 26 Ecology
26.1 Anatomy of an Ecosystem
26.2 Types of Ecosystems
26.3 Stability and Ecological Succession
26.4 Biomass and Species Dispersal
26.5 Upsetting the Stability of an Ecosystem
CHAPTER 27 Origin of Life
27.1 The Oparin Hypothesis
27.2 Heterotroph to Autotroph
27.3 Origin of Cells
PART VII Biological Diversity
CHAPTER 28 The Kingdom Monera (The Prokaryotes)
28.1 Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
28.2 The Significance and Origin of Organelles
28.3 Bacteria, the Ecosphere, and Human Interactions
CHAPTER 29 The Kingdom Protista
29.1 Protozoans
29.2 Algal Protists
29.3 Fungilike Protists
CHAPTER 30 The Kingdom Fungi
30.1 Basic Structure of Fungi
30.2 Divisions of Fungi
30.3 Reproductive Strategies of the Fungi
30.4 Fungi as Friends and Foes
CHAPTER 31 The Kingdom Plantae
31.1 Bryophytes and the Challenge of a Terrestrial Environment
31.2 The Vascular Plants
31.3 Seed Plants
31.3 Economic Importance of Plants
31.4 The Green Revolution
CHAPTER 32 The Kingdom Animalia
32.1 Subkingdom Parazoa: The Sponges
32.2 Radiata: Cnidaria and Ctenophora
32.3 Bilateria: Deuterostomes and Protostomes
32.4 Acoelomates
32.5 Pseudocoelomates: Rotifera and Nematoda
32.6 Protostome Coelomates
32.7 Deuterostome Coelomates
CHAPTER 33 The Primates
33.1 Primate Lineages
33.2 Primate Characteristics
33.3 Humankind and its Destiny
33.4 Misconceptions of the Evolutionary Relationship Between Humans and Apes
Glossary
A Biological Lexicon
Name Index
Subject Index
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