Hugo and Russell's Pharmaceutical Microbiology by Hodges, Norman -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

List of contributors Preface to the eighth edition Preface to the first edition Part 1 Biology of microorganisms 1 Introduction to pharmaceutical microbiology

1 Microorganisms and medicines 2 Scope and content of the book

2 Fundamental features of microbiology

1 Introduction 2 Naming of microorganisms 3 Microbial metabolism 4 Microbial cultivation 5 Enumeration of microorganisms 6 Microbial genetics 7 Pharmaceutical importance of the major categories of microorganisms 8 Preservation of microorganisms

3 Bacteria

1 Introduction 2 Bacterial ultrastructure 3 Biofilms 4 Bacterial sporulation 5 Bacterial toxins 6 Bacterial reproduction and growth kinetics 7 Environmental factors that infl uence growth and survival 8 Detection, identification and characterization of organisms of pharmaceutical and medical significance 9 References and further reading

4 Fungi

1 What are fungi? 2 Structure of the fungal cell 3 Medical significance of fungi 4 Antifungal therapy 5 Medically important fungal pathogens of humans 6 Emerging fungal pathogens 7 Antibiotic production by fungi 8 Further reading

5 Viruses

1 Introduction 2 General structures of viruses 3 Virus host cell interactions 4 Multiplication of human viruses 5 Cultivation of human viruses 6 Control of viruses 7 Viruses and gene therapy 8 Viruses as antimicrobials 9 Prions 10 Further reading

6 Protozoa

1 Introduction 2 Blood and tissue parasites 3 Intestinal parasites 4 Trichomonas and free-living amoebas 5 Host response to infection 6 Detection of parasites 7 Control of protozoan parasites 8 Acknowledgement 9 Further reading

Part 2 Pathogens and host responses 7 Principles of microbial pathogenicity and epidemiology

8 Microbial biofilms: consequences for health

1 Introduction 2 Biofilms 3 Tolerance of biofilms to antimicrobials 4 Mechanisms of biofilm tolerance 5 Treatment of chronic biofilm infections 6 References and further reading

9 Immunology

1 Introduction 2 The innate immune system 3 The humoral adaptive immune system 4 Cell-mediated adaptive immune system 5 Some clinical perspectives 6 Summary 7 Acknowledgement 8 Further reading

10 Vaccination and immunization

1 Introduction 2 Spread of infection 3 Objectives of a vaccine/immunization programme 4 Classes of immunity 5 Types of vaccine 6 Routine immunization against infectious disease 7 The UK routine childhood immunization programme 8 Immunization of special risk groups 9 Acknowledgements 10 References and further reading

Part 3 Prescribing therapeutics 11 Antibiotics and synthetic antimicrobial agents: their properties and uses

1 Antibiotic development, past and present 2 μ- Lactam antibiotics 3 Tetracyclines 4 Macrolides 5 Sulphonamides, trimethoprim and related drugs 6 Quinolones 7 Aminoglycosides 8 Glycopeptides 9 Antitubercular antibiotics 10 Newer antibiotics for MRSA and other Gram-positive cocci infections 11 Miscellaneous antibacterial antibiotics 12 Antifungal antibiotics 13 Antiviral drugs 14 References and further reading

12 Mechanisms of action of antibiotics and synthetic anti-infective agents

1 Introduction 2 The microbial cell wall 3 Protein synthesis 4 Chromosome function and replication 5 Folate antagonists 6 The cytoplasmic membrane 7 Further reading

13 Bacterial resistance to antibiotics

1 Introduction 2 Origins of resistance 3 Mechanisms of resistance 4 Resistance to β- lactam antibiotics 5 Resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics 6 Resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics 7 Resistance to tetracycline antibiotics 8 Resistance to fl uoroquinolone antibiotics 9 Resistance to macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin antibiotics 10 Resistance to chloramphenicol 11 Resistance to the oxazolidinone antibiotics 12 Resistance to trimethoprim 13 Resistance to mupirocin 14 Resistance to peptide antibiotics polymyxin 15 Resistance to antimycobacterial therapy 16 Multiple drug resistance 17 Clinical resistance MIC values, breakpoints, phenotype and outcome 18 Concluding comments 19 Further reading

14 Clinical uses of antimicrobial drugs

1 Introduction 2 Principles of use of antimicrobial drugs 3 Clinical use 4 Antibiotic policies 5 Further reading

15 Antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic stewardship

1 The need for antimicrobial stewardship 2 Components of antimicrobial stewardship programmes 3 The effectiveness of stewardship strategies 4 Monitoring of antibiotic resistance 5 The impact on resistance of antibiotic availability to the public 6 References and further reading

16 Public health microbiology: infection prevention and control

1 Introduction 2 Healthcare-associated infections definitions and range 3 Microorganisms that cause HCAI 4 Scale of the HCAI problem prevalence and incidence 5 Responsibility for HCAI prevention and control 6 Keys to infection prevention and control 7 Zero tolerance and the principles of infection management 8 Professional support for infection prevention and control 9 References and further reading

Part 4 Contamination and infection control 17 Microbial spoilage, infection risk and contamination control

1 Introduction 2 Spoilage chemical and physicochemical deterioration of pharmaceuticals 3 Hazard to health 4 Sources and control of contamination 5 The extent of microbial contamination 6 Factors determining the outcome of a medicament-borne infection 7 Preservation of medicines using antimicrobial agents: basic principles 8 Quality assurance and the control of microbial risk in medicines 9 Overview 10 Acknowledgement 11 References and further reading

18 Laboratory evaluation of antimicrobial agents

1 Introduction 2 Factors affecting the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants 3 Evaluation of liquid disinfectants 4 Evaluation of solid disinfectants 5 Evaluation of air disinfectants 6 Evaluation of preservatives 7 Rapid evaluation procedures 8 Evaluation of potential chemotherapeutic antimicrobials 9 Tests for biofilm susceptibility 10 References and further reading

19 Chemical disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives

1 Introduction 2 Factors affecting choice of antimicrobial agent 3 Types of compound 4 Disinfection policies 5 References and further reading

20 Non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents: mode of action and resistance

1 Introduction 2 Mechanisms of interaction 3 Antimicrobial effects 4 Mechanisms of action 5 Enhancing activity 6 Mechanisms of resistance to biocides 7 Viricidal activity of biocides 8 Biocides and protozoa 9 Biocides and fungi 10 Inactivation of prions 11 Conclusion 12 References and further reading

21 Sterilization procedures and sterility assurance

1 Introduction 2 Sensitivity of microorganisms 3 Sterilization methods 4 Heat sterilization 5 Gaseous sterilization 6 Radiation sterilization 7 Filtration sterilization 8 New sterilization technologies 9 Sterilization control and sterility assurance 10 Bioburden determinations 11 Environmental monitoring 12 Validation and in-process monitoring of sterilization procedures 13 Sterility testing 14 The role of sterility testing 15 References and further reading

Part 5 Pharmaceutical production 22 Sterile pharmaceutical products

1 Introduction 2 Types of sterile product 3 Sterilization considerations 4 Quality control and quality assurance of sterile products 5 Acknowledgement 6 References and further reading

23 Principles of good manufacturing practice

1 Introduction 2 Definitions 3 Control of microbial contamination during manufacture: general aspects 4 Manufacture of sterile products 5 Aseptic areas 6 Guide to Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice 7 Conclusions 8 References and further reading

24 The manufacture and quality control of immunological products

1 Introduction 2 Vaccines 3 In vivo diagnostics 4 Immune sera 5 Human immunoglobulins 6 Monoclonal antibodies 7 References and further reading

25 Recombinant DNA technology

1 Introduction: biotechnology in pharmaceutical sciences 2 Enabling techniques 3 Biotechnology in the pharmaceutical industry 4 New diagnostics using recombinant DNA technology 5 Further reading

Part 6 Current trends and new directions 26 The wider contribution of microbiology to the pharmaceutical sciences

1 Introduction 2 Pharmaceuticals produced by microorganisms 3 Applications of microorganisms in the partial synthesis of pharmaceuticals 4 Applications of microorganisms in the discovery of pharmaceuticals 5 Use of microorganisms and their products in assays 6 Use of microorganisms as models of mammalian drug metabolism 7 Microorganisms as therapy 8 Insecticides 9 Bioterrorism 10 Concluding remarks 11 Acknowledgement 12 Further reading

27 Alternative strategies for antimicrobial therapy

1 Introduction 2 Essential oils 3 Honey therapy 4 Garlic 5 Probiotics 6 Maggot therapy 7 Photodynamic therapy (photoactivated disinfection) 8 Vaccines and immunotherapies 9 Silver 10 Bacteriophage therapy 11 Bacteriophage lysins 12 Conclusion 13 Further reading

Index

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