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Index
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Letter to the Instructor
New to This Enhanced Edition
MindTap
Letter to the Student
Resources for Instructors
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Career Opportunities: Political Science
Introduction
Careers in Political Science
Preparing While Still on Campus
Conclusion
Chapter 1. Gateways to American Democracy
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
1.1. Gateways: Evaluating the American Political System
1.2. Democracy and the American Constitutional System
Liberty and Order
The Constitution as Gatekeeper
1.3. American Political Culture
1.4. Responsiveness and Equality: Does American Democracy Work?
1.5. The Demands of Democratic Government
Self-Interest and Civic Interest
Politics and the Public Sphere
Educational Opportunity
Economic Opportunity
Participation Opportunity
Your Gateway to American Democracy
What you need to know about your text and online study tools to study efficiently and master the material
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 2. The Constitution
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
2.1. Before the Constitution
The British Constitution
Toward Independence
The Declaration of Independence
The Articles of Confederation
2.2. The Constitutional Convention
The Delegates
Large Versus Small States
Nation Versus State
North Versus South
Gates Against Popular Influence
The Ratification Process
2.3. Government Under the Constitution
The Structure of Government
The Legislative Branch
The Executive Branch
The Judicial Branch
The Amendment Process
The Partition of Power
Federalism
Separation of Powers
Checks and Balances
Limits on Powers
2.4. The Ratification Debates
Federalists and Antifederalists
Consolidation of Federal Authority
The Scope of Executive Authority
The Scope of Legislative Authority
The Lack of a Bill of Rights
2.5. The Responsive Constitution
The Bill of Rights
The Civil War Amendments
Amendments That Expand Public Participation
Constitutional Interpretation
Future Amendments
Institutional Changes
The Constitution and Democracy
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 3. Federalism
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
3.1. Why Federalism?
Why Unify?
Confederal, Unitary, and Federal Systems
3.2. Constitutional Framework
Grants of Power
Limits on Power
Groundwork for Relationships
Relationships Between the Nation and the States
Relationships Among the States
3.3. The Changing Nature of American Federalism
Nationalization in the Founding Generation (Approximately 1789–1832)
The Revolt Against National Authority: Nullification, Slavery, and the Civil War (Approximately 1832–65)
Dual Federalism (Approximately 1865–1932)
Cooperative Federalism: The New Deal and Civil Rights (Approximately 1932–69)
The New Federalism (Approximately 1969–93)
Presidents, Congress, and the New Federalism
The Modern Era (1993–Present)
The Supreme Court and the New Federalism
Federal Aid to States in New Federalism
Summing Up: Were the Antifederalists Correct?
3.4. State and Local Governments
State Executive Branches
The Changing Face of U.S. Governors
State Legislative Branches
State Judicial Branches
Local Governments
Direct Democracy
Federalism and Democracy
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 4. Civil Liberties
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
4.1. What Are Civil Liberties?
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
Balancing Liberty and Order
Constitutional Rights
The Bill of Rights and the States
4.2. Civil Liberties in Times of Crisis
From Revolution to Civil War
World War I
The Cold War and Vietnam
The War on Terror
Civil Liberties and American Values
4.3. The First Amendment and Freedom of Expression
Freedom of Speech
Advocacy of Unlawful Activities
Fighting Words and Hate Speech
Symbolic Speech
Time, Place, and Manner Regulations
Freedom of the Press
Prior Restraint
Subsequent Punishment
The Right of Association
4.4. Religious Freedom
Free Exercise
The Establishment of Religion
4.5. The Right to Keep and Bear Arms
4.6. Criminal Procedure
Investigations
Searches and Seizures
Interrogations
Trial Procedures
Verdict, Punishment, and Appeal
Double Jeopardy
Sentencing
Appeals
4.7. The Right to Privacy
Birth Control and Abortion
Homosexual Behavior
The Right to Die
Student Housing
Civil Liberties and Democracy
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 5. Civil Rights
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
5.1. What Are Civil Rights?
Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
The Constitution and Civil Rights
5.2. Legal Restrictions on Civil Rights
Slavery
Restrictions on Citizenship
Native Americans
Latinos
Asian Americans
Immigration Limits
Racial Segregation and Discrimination
Ethnic Segregation and Discrimination
Women’s Suffrage
Continued Gender Discrimination
5.3. The Expansion of Equal Protection
State Action
Judicial Review
5.4. The End of Legal Restrictions on Civil Rights
Dismantling Public Discrimination Based on Race
Dismantling Private Discrimination Based on Race
Dismantling Voting Barriers Based on Race
Dismantling Public Discrimination Based on Ethnicity
Dismantling Voting Barriers Based on Ethnicity
Dismantling Private Discrimination Based on Ethnicity
Dismantling Discrimination Based on Gender
5.5. Frontiers in Civil Rights
Sexual Orientation, Same-Sex Marriage, and Transgender Rights
Disability Rights
Racial and Religious Profiling
Voting Rights for Felons
Undocumented Immigrants
Civil Rights and Democracy
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 6. Public Opinion
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
6.1. The Power of Public Opinion
The Power of Presidential Approval
What Is Public Opinion?
The Public’s Support of Government
6.2. Public Opinion Polls
Gauging Public Opinion in the Past
Scientific Polling and the Growth of Survey Research
Types of Polls
Error in Polls
The Future of Polls
6.3. What Drives Public Opinion?
Social and Political Environment
Generational Effects
Self-Interest and Rationality
Elites
6.4. The Shape of Public Opinion
Partisanship
Ideology
Is the Public Informed?
Is the Public Polarized?
6.5. Group Differences
Socioeconomic Status
Age
Religion
Gender
Race and Ethnicity
Education
Public Opinion and Democracy
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 7. The News and Social Media
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
7.1. Political News
What Are the Mass Media?
Functions of the News
Informing
Investigating
Interpreting
7.2. The Law and the Free Press
7.3. The History of the Press in America
The Colonial Era, 1620 to 1750
The Founding Era, 1750 to 1790
The Partisan Era, 1790 to 1900
The Professional Era, 1900 to 1950
The Television Era, 1950 to 2000
7.4. Mass Media in the Twenty-First Century
The Changing Media Environment
The Decline of Newspapers
The Durability of Radio
The Transformation of TV News
Infotainment
Blogs
Social Networking
The News Media and Latinos
The News Media and Millennials
7.5. The Impact of the News Media on the Public
The Propaganda Model
The Minimal Effects Model
The Not-So-Minimal Effects Model
Agenda Setting
Priming
Framing
7.6. Evaluating the News Media
Are the Media Biased?
Fake News and the Quality of Information
Implications of the Internet
The Era of Media Choice
The News, Social Media, and Democracy
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 8. Interest Groups
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
8.1. Interest Groups and Politics
What Are Interest Groups?
The Right to Assemble and to Petition
The History of Interest Groups
8.2. Types of Interest Groups
Economic Interest Groups
Trade and Professional Associations
Corporations
Unions
Ideological and Issue-Oriented Groups
Foreign Policy and International Groups
Groups that Influence Foreign Policy
Groups that Advocate International Aid and Support for Human Rights
8.3. What Interest Groups Do
Inform
Lobby
The Lobbyists
Lobbying Strategies
Campaign Activities
8.4. The Impact of Interest Groups on Democratic Processes
Natural Balance or Disproportionate Power
Self-Service or Public Service
Open or Closed Routes of Influence
8.5. Characteristics of Successful Interest Groups
Leadership Accountability
Membership Stability
Selective Benefits
The Free Rider Problem
The Economic and Political Change Problem
Financial Stability
Influence in the Public Sphere
Interest Groups and Democracy
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 9. Political Parties
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
9.1. The Role of Political Parties in American Democracy
What Are Political Parties?
What Political Parties Do
Parties in the Electorate
Parties in Government
Party Organization
The Party Nomination Process
Primaries
The Presidential Nomination
Invisible Primary
9.2. The Dynamics of Early Party Development
Political Factions: Federalist Versus Antifederalist
Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, and the Emergence of the Democratic Party
The Antislavery Movement and the Formation of the Republican Party
Party Loyalty and Patronage
Reform and the Erosion of Party Control
9.3. The Effects of a Two-Party System
Limited Political Choice
The Structural Limits
The Role of Third Parties
The Tea Party
Party Control of Presidential Nominations
Obstacles to Third Parties and Independents
Challenges to Party Power from Interest Groups
9.4. Party Alignment and Ideology
The Parties After the Civil War
The New Deal and the Role of Ideology in Party Politics
Civil Rights, the Great Society, and Nixon’s Southern Strategy
The Reagan Revolution and Conservative Party Politics
The Modern Partisan Landscape
Political Parties and Democracy
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 10. Elections and Campaigns
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
10.1. The Constitutional Requirements for Elections
Presidential Elections
The Electoral College
Problems with the Electoral College
Electoral College Reform
The 2000 and 2016 Presidential Elections
Congressional Elections
Senate Elections
House Elections and Redistricting
Other Elections
10.2. Presidential Campaigns
Evolution of the Modern Campaign
The Decision to Run and the Invisible Primary
Caucuses and Primaries
The National Convention
Presidential Debates
10.3. Issues in Presidential Campaigns
Fundraising and Money
Swing Voters and States
Microtargeting
Campaign Issues
Negativity
Polls and Prediction Models
10.4. Congressional Campaigns
The Decision to Run and the Primaries
The Fall Campaign
10.5. Issues in Congressional Campaigns
Fundraising and Money
The Role of Political Parties
Incumbency Advantage
Relative Lack of Interest
Elections, Campaigns, and Democracy
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 11. Voting and Participation
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
11.1. The Practice and Theory of Voting
The Constitution and Voting
Competing Views of Participation
11.2. The History of Voting in America
Expansion of Voting, 1790s to 1870
The Road to Women’s Suffrage, 1848 to 1920
Denial of African American Suffrage, 1870 to 1965
Literacy Tests
Poll Taxes
Grandfather Clauses
The White Primary
The Civil Rights Movement and African American Voting, 1950s and 1960s
The Latino Vote
The Vote for 18-Year-Olds, 1971
11.3. Who Votes?
Turnout
The Demographics of Turnout
Sex
Age
Race and Ethnicity
Income
Education
11.4. Why Citizens Vote
Economic Model of Voting
Psychological Model of Voting
Institutional Model of Voting
Is Voting in Your Genes?
Weather
11.5. Assessing Turnout
Is Turnout Low?
The United States Compared to Other Democracies
Trends in Turnout
A New Way to Measure Voting
Do Turnout Rates Create Inequality?
11.6. Voting Laws and Regulations
Reforms to Voting Laws in the 1890s
The National Voter Registration Act
New Forms of Voting
11.7. Participation Beyond Voting
Involvement in Political Campaigns
Protest Politics
E-Participation
Voting, Participation, and Democracy
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 12. Congress
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
12.1. Congress as the Legislative Branch
Representation and Bicameralism
Constitutional Differences Between the House and Senate
Qualifications for Office
Mode of Election
Terms of Office
Constituencies
Redistricting
12.2. The Powers of Congress
Taxation and Appropriation
War Powers
Regulation of Commerce
Appointments and Treaties
Impeachment and Removal from Office
Lawmaking
Authorization of Courts
Oversight
12.3. The Organization of Congress
The Role of Political Parties
The House of Representatives
The Speaker of the House
House Party Leaders
The Senate
President Pro Tempore
Senate Party Leaders
The Committee System
Advocacy Caucuses
12.4. The Lawmaking Process
The Procedural Rules of the House and Senate
The House Committee on Rules
Agenda-Setting Tools in the Senate
Legislative Proposals
Committee Action
Floor Action and the Vote
Conference Committee
The Budget Process and Reconciliation
Presidential Signature or Veto, and the Veto Override
12.5. The Member of Congress at Work
Offices and Staff
Legislative Responsibilities
Committee Work
Bill Sponsorship
Roll Call Votes
Federal Funds
Communication with Constituents
The Next Election
Congress and Democracy
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 13. The Presidency
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
13.1. Presidential Qualifications
Constitutional Eligibility and Presidential Succession
Background and Experience
Expansion of the Presidency
13.2. Presidential Power: Constitutional Grants and Limits
Commander in Chief
Power to Pardon
Treaties and Recognition of Foreign Nations
Executive and Judicial Nominations
Veto and the Veto Override
Other Powers
Congress’s Ultimate Check on the Executive: Impeachment
Richard M. Nixon
13.3. The Growth of Executive Influence
Presidential Directives and Signing Statements
Power to Persuade
Agenda Setting
13.4. The President in Wartime
Power Struggles Between the President and Congress
Vietnam and the War Powers Act
The Iraq War
The Afghanistan War
Uprisings in Foreign Lands
Power Struggles Between the President and the Judiciary
13.5. Organization of the Modern White House
The Executive Office of the President
The Office of the Vice President
The Office of the First Lady
13.6. Presidential Greatness
Roosevelt: The New Deal and World War II
Johnson: The Great Society and Vietnam
Reagan: The Reagan Revolution and the End of the Cold War
The Presidency and Democracy
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 14. The Bureaucracy
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
14.1. The American Bureaucracy
What Is the Bureaucracy?
Constitutional Foundations
Appointments
Opinions on Federal Policies
Execution of the Laws
Structure of the Bureaucracy
Executive Departments
Other Types of Federal Organizations
14.2. Core Components of the Bureaucracy
Mission
Hierarchical Decision-Making Process
Expertise
Bureaucratic Culture
14.3. Historical Evolution of the Bureaucracy
Expansion of Executive Branch Departments
Growth of Regulatory Agencies and Other Organizations
From Patronage to the Civil Service
Career Civil Service
Political Appointees
Diversity in the Federal Bureaucracy
Private-Sector Contract Workers
Bureaucrats and Politics
14.4. Accountability and Responsiveness in the Bureaucracy
Roles of the Legislative and Judicial Branches
Efficiency and Transparency
Whistleblowing
Bureaucratic Failure
The Bureaucracy and Democracy
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 15. The Judiciary
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
15.1. The Role and Powers of the Judiciary
English Legal Traditions
Constitutional Grants of Power
15.2. State and Lower Federal Courts
State Courts in the Federal Judicial System
District Courts
Civil Procedure
Criminal Procedure
Courts of Appeals
15.3. The Supreme Court
Granting Review
Oral Arguments
The Decision
15.4. Judicial Decision Making
Judicial Restraint: The Legal Approach
Judicial Activism: The Extralegal Approach
The Justices’ Preferences
Strategic Considerations
Restraint and Activism in Judicial Decision Making
The Impact of Court Rulings
15.5. The Appointment Process for Federal Judges and Justices
District Courts
Courts of Appeals
The Supreme Court
Demographic Diversity on the Court
15.6. Historical Trends in Supreme Court Rulings
Expansion of National Power Under the Marshall Court
Limits on National Power, 1830s to 1930s
Strengthened National Power, 1930s to the Present
Economic Regulation
Increased Protections for Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
The Judiciary and Democracy
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 16. Economic, Domestic, and Foreign Policy
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
16.1. Public Policy Under a Constitutional System
The Process of Policy Making
The Regulatory Process
Blocking Implementation
State Governments and Public Policy
Policy Diffusion
The Race to the Bottom
16.2. Domestic Policy
Entitlement Programs, Income Security, and Health Care
The Affordable Care Act (ACA)
Immigration Policy
The Legal Immigration Process
The Debate over Unauthorized Immigration
Local and Federal Action on Unauthorized Immigration
Energy, Environmental Policy, and Climate Change
16.3. Economic Policy
Intervention in the Economy
Fiscal Policy
Monetary Policy
Trade Policy
Protectionism Versus Free Trade
Trade and International Economic Organizations
16.4. Foreign Policy
International Relations and U.S. Foreign Policy Goals
The Origins of U.S. Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy Tools
Military Action
Anti-Nuclear Proliferation Measures
Diplomacy and Humanitarian Assistance
Public Policy and Democracy
Chapter Review
Key Concepts
Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Appendix A. The Declaration of Independence
Appendix B. The Constitution of the United States
Appendix C. Federalist Papers 10 and 51
Appendix D. Electoral Maps: 2000–2016
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