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Index
Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Letter to the Instructor
New to This Enhanced Edition MindTap
Letter to the Student Resources for Instructors Acknowledgments About the Authors Career Opportunities: Political Science
Introduction Careers in Political Science Preparing While Still on Campus Conclusion
Chapter 1. Gateways to American Democracy
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
1.1. Gateways: Evaluating the American Political System 1.2. Democracy and the American Constitutional System
Liberty and Order The Constitution as Gatekeeper
1.3. American Political Culture 1.4. Responsiveness and Equality: Does American Democracy Work? 1.5. The Demands of Democratic Government
Self-Interest and Civic Interest Politics and the Public Sphere
Educational Opportunity Economic Opportunity Participation Opportunity
Your Gateway to American Democracy
What you need to know about your text and online study tools to study efficiently and master the material
Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 2. The Constitution
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
2.1. Before the Constitution
The British Constitution Toward Independence The Declaration of Independence The Articles of Confederation
2.2. The Constitutional Convention
The Delegates Large Versus Small States Nation Versus State North Versus South Gates Against Popular Influence The Ratification Process
2.3. Government Under the Constitution
The Structure of Government
The Legislative Branch The Executive Branch The Judicial Branch
The Amendment Process The Partition of Power
Federalism Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Limits on Powers
2.4. The Ratification Debates
Federalists and Antifederalists Consolidation of Federal Authority The Scope of Executive Authority The Scope of Legislative Authority The Lack of a Bill of Rights
2.5. The Responsive Constitution
The Bill of Rights The Civil War Amendments Amendments That Expand Public Participation Constitutional Interpretation Future Amendments Institutional Changes
The Constitution and Democracy Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 3. Federalism
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
3.1. Why Federalism?
Why Unify? Confederal, Unitary, and Federal Systems
3.2. Constitutional Framework
Grants of Power Limits on Power Groundwork for Relationships
Relationships Between the Nation and the States Relationships Among the States
3.3. The Changing Nature of American Federalism
Nationalization in the Founding Generation (Approximately 1789–1832) The Revolt Against National Authority: Nullification, Slavery, and the Civil War (Approximately 1832–65) Dual Federalism (Approximately 1865–1932) Cooperative Federalism: The New Deal and Civil Rights (Approximately 1932–69) The New Federalism (Approximately 1969–93)
Presidents, Congress, and the New Federalism The Modern Era (1993–Present) The Supreme Court and the New Federalism Federal Aid to States in New Federalism
Summing Up: Were the Antifederalists Correct?
3.4. State and Local Governments
State Executive Branches
The Changing Face of U.S. Governors
State Legislative Branches State Judicial Branches Local Governments Direct Democracy
Federalism and Democracy Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 4. Civil Liberties
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
4.1. What Are Civil Liberties?
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Balancing Liberty and Order Constitutional Rights The Bill of Rights and the States
4.2. Civil Liberties in Times of Crisis
From Revolution to Civil War World War I The Cold War and Vietnam The War on Terror Civil Liberties and American Values
4.3. The First Amendment and Freedom of Expression
Freedom of Speech
Advocacy of Unlawful Activities Fighting Words and Hate Speech Symbolic Speech Time, Place, and Manner Regulations
Freedom of the Press
Prior Restraint Subsequent Punishment
The Right of Association
4.4. Religious Freedom
Free Exercise The Establishment of Religion
4.5. The Right to Keep and Bear Arms 4.6. Criminal Procedure
Investigations
Searches and Seizures Interrogations
Trial Procedures Verdict, Punishment, and Appeal
Double Jeopardy Sentencing Appeals
4.7. The Right to Privacy
Birth Control and Abortion Homosexual Behavior The Right to Die Student Housing
Civil Liberties and Democracy Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 5. Civil Rights
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
5.1. What Are Civil Rights?
Civil Rights and Civil Liberties The Constitution and Civil Rights
5.2. Legal Restrictions on Civil Rights
Slavery Restrictions on Citizenship
Native Americans Latinos Asian Americans Immigration Limits
Racial Segregation and Discrimination Ethnic Segregation and Discrimination Women’s Suffrage Continued Gender Discrimination
5.3. The Expansion of Equal Protection
State Action Judicial Review
5.4. The End of Legal Restrictions on Civil Rights
Dismantling Public Discrimination Based on Race Dismantling Private Discrimination Based on Race Dismantling Voting Barriers Based on Race Dismantling Public Discrimination Based on Ethnicity Dismantling Voting Barriers Based on Ethnicity Dismantling Private Discrimination Based on Ethnicity Dismantling Discrimination Based on Gender
5.5. Frontiers in Civil Rights
Sexual Orientation, Same-Sex Marriage, and Transgender Rights Disability Rights Racial and Religious Profiling Voting Rights for Felons Undocumented Immigrants
Civil Rights and Democracy Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 6. Public Opinion
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
6.1. The Power of Public Opinion
The Power of Presidential Approval What Is Public Opinion? The Public’s Support of Government
6.2. Public Opinion Polls
Gauging Public Opinion in the Past Scientific Polling and the Growth of Survey Research Types of Polls Error in Polls
The Future of Polls
6.3. What Drives Public Opinion?
Social and Political Environment Generational Effects Self-Interest and Rationality Elites
6.4. The Shape of Public Opinion
Partisanship Ideology Is the Public Informed? Is the Public Polarized?
6.5. Group Differences
Socioeconomic Status Age Religion Gender Race and Ethnicity Education
Public Opinion and Democracy Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 7. The News and Social Media
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
7.1. Political News
What Are the Mass Media? Functions of the News
Informing Investigating Interpreting
7.2. The Law and the Free Press 7.3. The History of the Press in America
The Colonial Era, 1620 to 1750 The Founding Era, 1750 to 1790 The Partisan Era, 1790 to 1900 The Professional Era, 1900 to 1950 The Television Era, 1950 to 2000
7.4. Mass Media in the Twenty-First Century
The Changing Media Environment The Decline of Newspapers The Durability of Radio The Transformation of TV News Infotainment Blogs Social Networking The News Media and Latinos The News Media and Millennials
7.5. The Impact of the News Media on the Public
The Propaganda Model The Minimal Effects Model The Not-So-Minimal Effects Model
Agenda Setting Priming Framing
7.6. Evaluating the News Media
Are the Media Biased? Fake News and the Quality of Information Implications of the Internet The Era of Media Choice
The News, Social Media, and Democracy Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 8. Interest Groups
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
8.1. Interest Groups and Politics
What Are Interest Groups? The Right to Assemble and to Petition The History of Interest Groups
8.2. Types of Interest Groups
Economic Interest Groups
Trade and Professional Associations Corporations Unions
Ideological and Issue-Oriented Groups Foreign Policy and International Groups
Groups that Influence Foreign Policy Groups that Advocate International Aid and Support for Human Rights
8.3. What Interest Groups Do
Inform Lobby
The Lobbyists Lobbying Strategies
Campaign Activities
8.4. The Impact of Interest Groups on Democratic Processes
Natural Balance or Disproportionate Power Self-Service or Public Service Open or Closed Routes of Influence
8.5. Characteristics of Successful Interest Groups
Leadership Accountability Membership Stability
Selective Benefits The Free Rider Problem The Economic and Political Change Problem
Financial Stability Influence in the Public Sphere
Interest Groups and Democracy Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 9. Political Parties
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
9.1. The Role of Political Parties in American Democracy
What Are Political Parties? What Political Parties Do
Parties in the Electorate Parties in Government Party Organization
The Party Nomination Process
Primaries The Presidential Nomination
Invisible Primary
9.2. The Dynamics of Early Party Development
Political Factions: Federalist Versus Antifederalist Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, and the Emergence of the Democratic Party The Antislavery Movement and the Formation of the Republican Party Party Loyalty and Patronage Reform and the Erosion of Party Control
9.3. The Effects of a Two-Party System
Limited Political Choice The Structural Limits The Role of Third Parties The Tea Party Party Control of Presidential Nominations Obstacles to Third Parties and Independents Challenges to Party Power from Interest Groups
9.4. Party Alignment and Ideology
The Parties After the Civil War The New Deal and the Role of Ideology in Party Politics Civil Rights, the Great Society, and Nixon’s Southern Strategy The Reagan Revolution and Conservative Party Politics The Modern Partisan Landscape
Political Parties and Democracy Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 10. Elections and Campaigns
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
10.1. The Constitutional Requirements for Elections
Presidential Elections
The Electoral College Problems with the Electoral College Electoral College Reform The 2000 and 2016 Presidential Elections
Congressional Elections
Senate Elections House Elections and Redistricting
Other Elections
10.2. Presidential Campaigns
Evolution of the Modern Campaign The Decision to Run and the Invisible Primary Caucuses and Primaries The National Convention Presidential Debates
10.3. Issues in Presidential Campaigns
Fundraising and Money Swing Voters and States Microtargeting Campaign Issues Negativity Polls and Prediction Models
10.4. Congressional Campaigns
The Decision to Run and the Primaries The Fall Campaign
10.5. Issues in Congressional Campaigns
Fundraising and Money The Role of Political Parties Incumbency Advantage Relative Lack of Interest
Elections, Campaigns, and Democracy Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 11. Voting and Participation
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
11.1. The Practice and Theory of Voting
The Constitution and Voting Competing Views of Participation
11.2. The History of Voting in America
Expansion of Voting, 1790s to 1870 The Road to Women’s Suffrage, 1848 to 1920 Denial of African American Suffrage, 1870 to 1965
Literacy Tests Poll Taxes Grandfather Clauses The White Primary
The Civil Rights Movement and African American Voting, 1950s and 1960s The Latino Vote The Vote for 18-Year-Olds, 1971
11.3. Who Votes?
Turnout The Demographics of Turnout
Sex Age Race and Ethnicity Income Education
11.4. Why Citizens Vote
Economic Model of Voting Psychological Model of Voting Institutional Model of Voting Is Voting in Your Genes? Weather
11.5. Assessing Turnout
Is Turnout Low?
The United States Compared to Other Democracies Trends in Turnout A New Way to Measure Voting
Do Turnout Rates Create Inequality?
11.6. Voting Laws and Regulations
Reforms to Voting Laws in the 1890s The National Voter Registration Act New Forms of Voting
11.7. Participation Beyond Voting
Involvement in Political Campaigns Protest Politics E-Participation
Voting, Participation, and Democracy Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 12. Congress
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
12.1. Congress as the Legislative Branch
Representation and Bicameralism Constitutional Differences Between the House and Senate
Qualifications for Office Mode of Election Terms of Office Constituencies Redistricting
12.2. The Powers of Congress
Taxation and Appropriation War Powers Regulation of Commerce Appointments and Treaties Impeachment and Removal from Office Lawmaking Authorization of Courts Oversight
12.3. The Organization of Congress
The Role of Political Parties The House of Representatives
The Speaker of the House House Party Leaders
The Senate
President Pro Tempore Senate Party Leaders
The Committee System Advocacy Caucuses
12.4. The Lawmaking Process
The Procedural Rules of the House and Senate
The House Committee on Rules Agenda-Setting Tools in the Senate
Legislative Proposals Committee Action Floor Action and the Vote Conference Committee The Budget Process and Reconciliation Presidential Signature or Veto, and the Veto Override
12.5. The Member of Congress at Work
Offices and Staff Legislative Responsibilities
Committee Work Bill Sponsorship Roll Call Votes Federal Funds
Communication with Constituents The Next Election
Congress and Democracy Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 13. The Presidency
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
13.1. Presidential Qualifications
Constitutional Eligibility and Presidential Succession Background and Experience Expansion of the Presidency
13.2. Presidential Power: Constitutional Grants and Limits
Commander in Chief Power to Pardon Treaties and Recognition of Foreign Nations Executive and Judicial Nominations Veto and the Veto Override Other Powers Congress’s Ultimate Check on the Executive: Impeachment
Richard M. Nixon
13.3. The Growth of Executive Influence
Presidential Directives and Signing Statements Power to Persuade Agenda Setting
13.4. The President in Wartime
Power Struggles Between the President and Congress
Vietnam and the War Powers Act The Iraq War The Afghanistan War Uprisings in Foreign Lands
Power Struggles Between the President and the Judiciary
13.5. Organization of the Modern White House
The Executive Office of the President The Office of the Vice President The Office of the First Lady
13.6. Presidential Greatness
Roosevelt: The New Deal and World War II Johnson: The Great Society and Vietnam Reagan: The Reagan Revolution and the End of the Cold War
The Presidency and Democracy Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 14. The Bureaucracy
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
14.1. The American Bureaucracy
What Is the Bureaucracy? Constitutional Foundations
Appointments Opinions on Federal Policies Execution of the Laws
Structure of the Bureaucracy
Executive Departments Other Types of Federal Organizations
14.2. Core Components of the Bureaucracy
Mission Hierarchical Decision-Making Process Expertise Bureaucratic Culture
14.3. Historical Evolution of the Bureaucracy
Expansion of Executive Branch Departments Growth of Regulatory Agencies and Other Organizations From Patronage to the Civil Service Career Civil Service Political Appointees Diversity in the Federal Bureaucracy Private-Sector Contract Workers Bureaucrats and Politics
14.4. Accountability and Responsiveness in the Bureaucracy
Roles of the Legislative and Judicial Branches Efficiency and Transparency Whistleblowing Bureaucratic Failure
The Bureaucracy and Democracy Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 15. The Judiciary
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
15.1. The Role and Powers of the Judiciary
English Legal Traditions Constitutional Grants of Power
15.2. State and Lower Federal Courts
State Courts in the Federal Judicial System District Courts
Civil Procedure Criminal Procedure
Courts of Appeals
15.3. The Supreme Court
Granting Review Oral Arguments The Decision
15.4. Judicial Decision Making
Judicial Restraint: The Legal Approach Judicial Activism: The Extralegal Approach
The Justices’ Preferences Strategic Considerations
Restraint and Activism in Judicial Decision Making The Impact of Court Rulings
15.5. The Appointment Process for Federal Judges and Justices
District Courts Courts of Appeals The Supreme Court Demographic Diversity on the Court
15.6. Historical Trends in Supreme Court Rulings
Expansion of National Power Under the Marshall Court Limits on National Power, 1830s to 1930s Strengthened National Power, 1930s to the Present
Economic Regulation Increased Protections for Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
The Judiciary and Democracy Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Chapter 16. Economic, Domestic, and Foreign Policy
Chapter Introduction
Need to Know
16.1. Public Policy Under a Constitutional System
The Process of Policy Making The Regulatory Process Blocking Implementation State Governments and Public Policy
Policy Diffusion The Race to the Bottom
16.2. Domestic Policy
Entitlement Programs, Income Security, and Health Care The Affordable Care Act (ACA) Immigration Policy
The Legal Immigration Process The Debate over Unauthorized Immigration Local and Federal Action on Unauthorized Immigration
Energy, Environmental Policy, and Climate Change
16.3. Economic Policy
Intervention in the Economy Fiscal Policy Monetary Policy Trade Policy
Protectionism Versus Free Trade Trade and International Economic Organizations
16.4. Foreign Policy
International Relations and U.S. Foreign Policy Goals
The Origins of U.S. Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy Tools
Military Action Anti-Nuclear Proliferation Measures Diplomacy and Humanitarian Assistance
Public Policy and Democracy Chapter Review
Key Concepts Learning Outcomes: What You Need to…
Appendix A. The Declaration of Independence Appendix B. The Constitution of the United States Appendix C. Federalist Papers 10 and 51 Appendix D. Electoral Maps: 2000–2016
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