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Index
List of illustrations
List of maps
Preface
Chronology, 1900–2005
List of acronyms
Introduction: Libya, the enigmatic oil state
1 “A tract which is wholly sand . . .” (Herodotus)
Libya’s geography
The Ottoman period and the Sanusiyya
European intrusions and the Young Turk revolt
The Ottoman legacy
2 Italy’s Fourth Shore and decolonization, 1911–1950
The Italian occupation, 1911–1923
Fascism and the Italian settler colony
World War II, Italy’s defeat, and the Great Power deliberations
Legacies at the eve of independence
3 The Sanusi monarchy as accidental state, 1951–1969
Politics of avoidance: the reluctant monarchy
The development challenges of the first decade
The Libyan oil industry
The unification of the kingdom
The social impact of oil and the early seeds of revolution
The monarchy in perspective
4 A Libyan sandstorm: from monarchy to republic, 1969–1973
Libya’s young revolutionaries
Popular revolution, participation, and legitimacy
Charisma and rhetoric as mobilizational tools
Oil and economic management
The revolution on the eve of the 1973 oil crisis
5 The Green Book’s stateless society, 1973–1986
Revolutionaries, technocrats, and The Green Book as political primer
The Green Book’s economic and social directives
Oil and development
The revolutionary society
Symbols, myths, Islam, and opposition
Terrorism, adventurism, and confrontation with the West
The revolutionary decade revisited
6 The limits of the revolution, 1986–2000
Curtailing revolutionary energy
The Great Green Charter of Human Rights
Protecting the regime: formal and informal means of power and control
The economic sanctions and their impact
Economic sanctions and oil policies
Attempts at economic reform
The lessons of failed reforms
Confrontation, terrorism, and sanctions
The revolution curtailed
7 Fork in the road: Libya in the twenty-first century
The road to disarmament
The West and Libya: diplomacy and reform
Political economy of reform
From Arab socialism to pan-African unity
Libya in the twenty-first century and the shadow of the past
Notes
Bibliography
Index
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