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Index
E-text prepared by D Alexander, JoAnn Greenwood, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) using page images generously made available by Internet Archive (http://archive.org) DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
PREFACE INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER
THE ELEMENTS AND SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
CHAPTER I THE LANDOWNER'S SHARE OF THE NATIONAL PRODUCT
Economic Rent Always Goes to the Landowner Economic Rent and Commercial Rent The Cause of Economic Rent
CHAPTER II LANDOWNERSHIP IN HISTORY
No Private Ownership in Pre-Agricultural Conditions How the Change Probably Took Place Limited Character of Primitive Common Ownership Private Ownership General in Historical Times Conclusions from History
CHAPTER III THE ARGUMENTS AGAINST PRIVATE LANDOWNERSHIP
Arguments by Socialists Henry George's Attack on the Title of First Occupancy His Defence of the Title of Labour The Right of All Men to the Bounty of the Earth The Alleged Right of the Community to Land Values
CHAPTER IV PRIVATE OWNERSHIP THE BEST SYSTEM OF LAND TENURE
The Socialist Proposals Impracticable Inferiority of the Single Tax System
CHAPTER V PRIVATE LANDOWNERSHIP A NATURAL RIGHT
Three Principal Kinds of Natural Rights Private Landownership Indirectly Necessary for Individual Welfare Excessive Interpretations of the Right of Private Landownership The Doctrine of the Fathers and Theologians The Teaching of Pope Leo XIII
CHAPTER VI LIMITATIONS ON THE LANDOWNER'S RIGHT TO RENT
The Tenant's Right to a Decent Livelihood The Labourer's Claim Upon the Rent
CHAPTER VII DEFECTS OF THE EXISTING LAND SYSTEM
Landownership and Monopoly Excessive Gains from Private Landownership Exclusion from the Land
CHAPTER VIII METHODS OF REFORMING OUR LAND SYSTEM
The Leasing System Public Agricultural Lands Public Ownership of Urban Land Appropriating Future Increases of Land Value Some Objections to the Increment Tax The Morality of the Proposal The German and British Increment Taxes Transferring Other Taxes to Land The Morality of the Plan Amount of Taxes Practically Transferable The Social Benefits of the Plan A Supertax on Large Holdings
CHAPTER IX THE NATURE AND THE RATE OF INTEREST
Meaning of Capital and Capitalist Meaning of Interest The Rate of Interest
CHAPTER X THE ALLEGED RIGHT OF LABOUR TO THE ENTIRE PRODUCT OF INDUSTRY
The Labour Theory of Value The Right of Productivity
CHAPTER XI THE SOCIALIST SCHEME OF INDUSTRY
Socialist Inconsistency Expropriating the Capitalists Inefficient Industrial Leadership Inefficient Labour Attempted Replies to Objections Restricting Individual Liberty
CHAPTER XII ALLEGED INTRINSIC JUSTIFICATIONS OF INTEREST
Attitude of the Church Toward Interest on Loans Interest on Productive Capital The Claims of Productivity The Claims of Service The Claims of Abstinence
CHAPTER XIII SOCIAL AND PRESUMPTIVE JUSTIFICATIONS OF INTEREST
Limitations of the Sacrifice Principle The Value of Capital in a No-Interest Régime Whether the Present Rate of Interest Is Necessary Whether at Least Two Per Cent. Is Necessary Whether Any Interest Is Necessary The State Is Justified in Permitting Interest Civil Authorisation not Sufficient for Individual Justification How the Interest-Taker Is Justified
CHAPTER XIV CO-OPERATION AS A PARTIAL SOLVENT OF CAPITALISM
Reducing the Rate of Interest Need for a Wider Distribution of Capital The Essence of Co-operative Enterprise Co-operative Credit Societies Co-operative Agricultural Societies Co-operative Mercantile Societies Co-operation in Production Advantages and Prospects of Co-operation
CHAPTER XV THE NATURE OF PROFITS
The Functions and Rewards of the Business Man The Amount of Profits Profits in the Joint-Stock Company
CHAPTER XVI THE PRINCIPAL CANONS OF DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
The Canon of Equality The Canon of Needs The Canon of Efforts and Sacrifice The Canon of Productivity The Canon of Scarcity The Canon of Human Welfare
CHAPTER XVII JUST PROFITS IN CONDITIONS OF COMPETITION
The Question of Indefinitely Large Profits The Question of Minimum Profits The Question of Superfluous Business Men
CHAPTER XVIII THE MORAL ASPECT OF MONOPOLY
Surplus and Excessive Profits The Question of Monopolistic Efficiency Discriminative Underselling Exclusive-Sales Contracts Discriminative Transportation Arrangements Natural Monopolies Methods of Preventing Monopolistic Injustice Legalised Price Agreements
CHAPTER XIX THE MORAL ASPECT OF STOCK WATERING
Injurious Effects of Stockwatering The Moral Wrong The "Innocent" Investor Magnitude of Overcapitalisation
CHAPTER XX THE LEGAL LIMITATION OF FORTUNES
The Method of Direct Limitation Limitation Through Progressive Taxation The Proper Rate of Income and Inheritance Taxes Effectiveness of Such Taxation
CHAPTER XXI THE DUTY OF DISTRIBUTING SUPERFLUOUS WEALTH
The Question of Distributing Some The Question of Distributing All Some Objections A False Conception of Welfare and Superfluous Goods The True Conception of Welfare
CHAPTER XXII SOME UNACCEPTABLE THEORIES OF WAGE-JUSTICE
I. The Prevailing-Rate Theory
Not in Harmony with Justice
II. Exchange-Equivalence Theories
The Rule of Equal Gains The Rule of Free Contract The Rule of Market Value The Mediæval Theory A Modern Variation of the Mediæval Theory
III. Productivity Theories
Labour's Right to the Whole Product Clark's Theory of Specific Productivity Carver's Modified Version of Productivity
CHAPTER XXIII THE MINIMUM OF JUSTICE: A LIVING WAGE
The Principle of Needs Three Fundamental Principles The Right to a Decent Livelihood The Claim to a Decent Livelihood from a Present Occupation The Labourer's Right to a Living Wage When the Employer Is Unable to Pay a Living Wage An Objection and Some Difficulties The Family Living Wage Other Arguments in Favour of a Living Wage The Money Measure of a Living Wage
CHAPTER XXIV THE PROBLEM OF COMPLETE WAGE JUSTICE
Comparative Claims of Different Labour Groups Wages Versus Profits Wages Versus Interest Wages Versus Prices Concluding Remarks
CHAPTER XXV METHODS OF INCREASING WAGES
The Minimum Wage in Operation The Question of Constitutionality The Ethical and Political Aspects The Economic Aspect Opinions of Economists Other Legislative Proposals Labour Unions Organisation Versus Legislation Participation in Capital Ownership
CHAPTER XXVI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The Landowner and Rent The Capitalist and Interest The Business Man and Profits The Labourer and Wages Concluding Observations
INDEX
FOOTNOTES:
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