Behind the Enigma · the Authorised History of GCHQ, Britain's Secret Cyber-Intelligence Agency by Ferris, John -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Half-title Page Title Page Contents Foreword Introduction 1 The Origins of Modern British Sigint, 1844–1914

Comint and Empire Victorian Intelligence and the Information Revolution The Edwardian Roots of British Sigint Cryptography The Comint Revolution

2 Britain and the Birth of Signals Intelligence, 1914–18

The Emergence of Sigint The Emergence of Comint Sigint at Sea Military Sigint Blockade and Diplomatic Comint Siginters Women Siginters Sigint Alliances Sigint and British Victory

The Politics of Sigint Sigint Between the Wars The Government Code & Cypher School Interwar Siginters Military Sigint Defence Attack Codebreaking

4 Cryptanalysis and British Foreign Policy, 1919–39

Comint and Naval Arms Limitation, 1921–36 Judging the Effect of Diplomatic Comint Comint and British Policy in the Middle East, 1919–23 Conspiracies and Conspirators: 1919–22 The Chanak Crisis Comint at Chanak Lausanne and Later Comint and the Main Enemy, 1919–39 Intelligence, Appeasement and the Road to War, 1933–39 The Anti-Comintern Pact Comint and Strategy Conclusions

5 Bletchley

Decline of a Black Chamber The Road to Bletchley Park The Limits to Preadaptation Diversity and Union The Turing Test Craft to Industry The Struggle for Sigint Sigint and Intelligence A Crisis in Comint The Problem of the Trinity Acting on Intelligence

6 Ultra and the Second World War, 1939–45

Axis Swords, British Shield The Turning Point Ultra and Its Enemies Sigint and Strike Warfare Sigint at Sea, 1940–43 Ultra and the Mediterranean Strategy Stormy Weather Tsunami Ultra and the Strategy of Overthrow Ultra and Overlord British Sigint and the Pacific War Conclusion

7 Cheltenham: GCHQ, Britain and Whitehall, 1945–92

Strategy and Power Cryptology and Intelligence Politics and Path Dependency Autonomy on a Margin Masters and Commanders The Directors Rise and Stagnation High Tide Decline Rise Again Coming in from the Cold War

8 UKUSA and the International Politics of Sigint, 1941–92

The Path Dependency of Politics The Emergence of UKUSA Getting to Know You Friendships and Frictions Towards a Gentleman’s Agreement UKUSA: Secrets and Rules UKUSA in Practice Hands Across the Water Two Eyes Three Eyes UKUSA: Crises and Friction

The Suez Crisis, 1956 Exchange during the Middle Cold War Personalities and Friction

Lessons Learned Enemies and Third Parties

9 ‘We Want to Be Cheltonians’: The Department

Recruitment and Retention After Avowal The Department Specialists Linguists Comint and Technology How Computers Came to Cheltenham The Birth of Computerised Cryptanalysis in Britain GCHQ and the British Computing Industry The Rise of Computerised Cryptanalysis in Britain

10 Just Who Are These Guys, Anyway? A Historical-Sociological Analysis of GCHQ, 1939–89

Women at GCHQ British or Not? Character Defects? Outstations Strife and Strikes The Union Ban

Forms of Collection The Story of H Codebreakers Modes of Analysis Consumers and Consumption End Product and Its Effect

12 GCHQ vs the Main Enemy: Signals Intelligence and the Cold War, 1945–92

The Echo of Ultra, 1945–53 British Sigint and NATO Strategy Sanitisation and Strategy Formal and Informal Estimates Strategic Forces Economic and Technological Intelligence The Early Cold War: Challenge and Response GCHQ and Crises in the Early Cold War GCHQ and the Middle Cold War The Test of Czechoslovakia Living in the Force: the High Cold War GCHQ and Crises during the Later Cold War At the Cold War’s End

Sigint and the End of the Palestine Mandate, 1944–48

The Anglo-Zionist Divorce An Intelligence Struggle Comint in Palestine Operation Agatha Attlee and Irgun After the Fall

Konfrontasi: Living Dangerously

Sigint Preparation of the Battlefield

Comint and Claret

Reconsidering Konfrontasi So What?

Sigint and the Falklands Conflict

Origins and Impulse Wrong-footing to War GCHQ and the Outbreak of the Falklands Conflict GCHQ and the Falklands Conflict Crisis and Recalibration Approaching a New Age of Sigint The General Belgrano To San Carlos Sound To Port Stanley Professional Deformations

14 Secrecy, Translucency and Oversight, 1830–2019

Comsec and Communications-Electronic Security, 1945–92 The Contradictions of Secrecy Coming Out: Scandal and Avowal

15 GCHQ and the Second Age of Sigint, 1990–2020

Coming in from the Cold War Reinvention On the Cyber Commons Cyber Intelligence, Terrorism and Strife From Secrecy to Translucency The National Cyber Security Centre and the Cyber Commons

Conclusion Appendix: GCHQ by the Numbers, 1960–95 Notes Acknowledgements Index A Note on the Author Images Copyright Page