Key Topics in Conservation Biology 2 by Macdonald, David W. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Contributors Preface About the Companion Website 1 The framework 1 Conservation priorities: identifying need, taking action and evaluating success Introduction Identifying need for action

Detection of ecological changes Proactive decisions based on value and threat

Taking action: what to do with limited resources Evaluating success

Time frames Scale and context Objective setting Attribution Resources Counterfactual

When and for whom is research a priority?

Identifying priority research questions and knowledge gaps Evaluation and learning from experience as forms of research

Conclusions and recommendations

Acknowledgements

2 Levels of approach: on the appropriate scales for conservation interventions and planning Introduction Populations Species Protected areas Landscapes/ecosystems IUCN Red Lists and conservation planning Red Lists and conservation planning: the EDGE approach case study The evolution of species action plans The species conservation strategy approach: a case study Other action planning processes for species Range-wide priority setting: a case study Practical prescriptions for area or landscape approaches to conservation planning The Conservation Action Planning (CAP) approach in practice: a case study Action plans for entire taxonomic groups or functional groups Conservation action plans for countries The Canadian National Report: a case study The growing grey area between the various levels of approach

Acknowledgements

3 Five paradigms of collective action underlying the human dimension of conservation Introduction Divided we must act: five paradigms of collective action on environmental issues

Government paradigm Co-ordination paradigm Revolution paradigm Governance paradigm Minority action paradigm

Illustrating the five paradigms of collective action for conservation: community-based conservation in East Africa’s Maasailand Discussion

Deeply held, incompatible perspectives … that complement each other What orientations for human dimension research in conservation? What forums for discussion of the human dimension? Acknowledgements

4 Economic instruments for nature conservation Introduction Economic growth, poverty reduction and conservation Regulatory approaches Payments for environmental services Economic incentives as the road forward? Application: REDD Conclusions 5 Tackling unsustainable wildlife trade Introduction Law and Policy

Trade bans versus regulated trade Law enforcement

Livelihoods and incentives

Certification and labelling Substitutes and preferences Livelihood incentives to protect wildlife

Wildlife management

Wild harvest from a common resource Wildlife ranching Wildlife farming

Education

Training Outreach campaigns Acknowledgements

6 Leadership and listening: inspiration for conservation mission and advocacy Introduction: conservation biology as mission-driven science

Aims of this chapter

Public sensitivity to the message of conservation The concept of mission and the sense of vocation in conservation

Unpacking the baggage…

Traditional ecological knowledge and the problem of anthropocentricity Religion and conservation

Synergies in the language of conservation and faith traditions: the concept of stewardship The nature of leadership for conservation advocacy Modernity’s disconnection from nature Faith communities helping conservation Conservation and faith communities

Conservation and the emotional human bond with nature

Acknowledgements

7 The human dimension in addressing conflict with large carnivores Introduction The complexity of the human dimension Individual level

Personal experience Attitudes Emotions Gender, age and parental role Values and value orientations Control, power and skills Knowledge and education Wealth

Societal/cultural level

Collective experiences Social norms Social identity and intergroup tensions Folklore and religion Income sources Consequences: rewards and penalties

Using an understanding of the human dimension to guide conflict mitigation Conclusions 8 Citizen science and nature conservation Introduction Recruiting and retaining volunteers Volunteer motivation Training of volunteers Data validation and analysis Conclusions

Acknowledgements

9 Nature as a source of health and well-being: is this an ecosystem service that could pay for conserving biodiversity? The ecosystem service hypothesis: health and well-being

The history behind the concept

Is engagement with nature health giving?

The Biodiversity Leverage Hypothesis: health, well-being and biodiversity conservation

Securing direct ecosystem benefits Securing indirect biodiversity benefits Lifecycle economic analysis

Acknowledgements

2 Habitat case studies 10 Ocean conservation: current challenges and future opportunities Introduction The threats to marine biodiversity

Fisheries exploitation Pollution Climate change and ocean acidification Habitat loss

How can the seas be conserved – and where are the successes? Future adoption of broader principles of conservation

Ecosystem-based management Marine protected areas and marine spatial planning

Trends in marine conservation science Final remarks 11 Lost in muddy waters: freshwater biodiversity Introduction The extent of freshwater ecosystems and their biodiversity Patterns of diversity The current decline of freshwater quality and biodiversity

Hydrological alteration and fragmentation Overexploitation Alien species Pollution Climate change

How can societies protect what remains and restore what has been lost?

Managing water flow Basin planning and large-scale freshwater conservation planning The role of scientific research

12 Habitat case studies: islands Introduction Conservation biogeography

History and development Recent advances

Conservation management on islands

Declining populations Small populations Invasive species Pest eradication Translocations and reintroductions Island restoration

Conclusions 13 Conservation of tropical forests: maintaining ecological integrity and resilience Introduction Destruction versus degradation: ecosystem-level consequences

Trophic cascades and food webs Functional changes Resilience

Practical solutions

Maintaining and restoring biodiversity in secondary forests Local stakeholder engagement and action

Protecting a forest the size of a continent: good news from the Brazilian Amazon

Technical capacity and information Leadership and governance Protected areas Scientific institutions and civil society

Conclusions 3 Taxonomic case studies 14 A global perspective on conserving butterflies and moths and their habitats Introduction Long-term change in populations of Lepidoptera

Rates and causes Drivers of change

Single-species conservation From single sites to meta-populations: ecological conservation at landscape scales Advancing towards multi-species conservation Two multi-species approaches

Landscape restoration Landscape conservation

Conclusion 15 Bird conservation in tropical ecosystems: challenges and opportunities Introduction Threats to tropical environments

Lowland tropical forests Tropical mountains Tropical islands

New insights into threats facing tropical avifaunas

Demography and life-history Dispersal and migration Physiological constraints and preferences Biotic interactions

The impact of bird declines on ecosystem function and services What are the implications for biodiversity conservation?

Habitat fragmentation Climate change Pathogens and disease Invasive species The central role of synergisms Governance, legislation and economics Knowledge

Towards long-term and broad-scale strategies for the conservation of tropical ecosystems

Protected areas and beyond Conservation priorities: too much pattern, not enough process Key measures to preserve healthy tropical avifaunas Conservation targets Research agenda

Conclusions 16 Conserving large mammals: are they a special case? Introduction Conservation and management problems of large mammals

Size and conservation status Where do large mammals live, and where are they most at risk? Threats to large mammals

Habitat loss and fragmentation Exploitation Pestilence and persecution

Why are large mammal species particularly vulnerable to extinction?

Diet, home range size and population density Risky life histories: predispositions to rarity and conflict Migrations

Why losing large terrestrial mammals matters

Ecological functions

Conservation interventions for large mammals

Protected areas, corridors and landscape approaches Restoring natural processes Conservation interventions Financial mechanisms, development and poverty

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

17 Plant conservation: the seeds of success Introduction Research in plant conservation science

Pollination science in conservation Seed biology in conservation

Ex situ seedbanks Soil-stored seed

Genetics in plant conservation

Changing plant conservation priorities

Orchid conservation as a case study in global issues in conservation Conservation of evolutionary processes rather than evolutionary patterns

Conclusion 4 Safeguarding the future 18 The ‘why’, ‘what’ and ‘how’ of monitoring for conservation Introduction Why monitor?

Reasons for conservationists to be interested in monitoring

To learn about the system To detect unexpected change To raise awareness among the public and policy makers To audit management actions Inform management decisions

Optimizing monitoring

What to monitor?

Pressure, state, impact or benefit?

Pressures State Responses Benefits

Scaling up conservation monitoring from the local to the global

How to monitor?

Statistical approaches Accounting for detectability The role of remote sensing

Ecological disturbance and degradation Structure and habitat Species composition

Who should monitor?

Conclusions 19 Effective conservation depends upon understanding human behaviour Introduction Understanding individual behaviour

Economic models of behaviour Social-psychological models of human behaviour

Individuals in society How do people respond to conservation interventions?

The importance of conditionality Embedding interventions within institutions The role of enforcement Indirect approaches can have ambiguous effects Disrupting existing institutions is dangerous

Exciting research tools for conservation scientists

Estimating levels of rule breaking Experimental games

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

20 Designing effective solutions to conservation planning problems Introduction

The need for conservation planning A short history of conservation planning A focus on effectiveness

Characteristics and principles of effective conservation planning An operational model for conservation planning Problem definition for conservation planning: orientation and formulation

Problem orientation Problem formulation

Future directions for improving the effectiveness of conservation planning

Acknowledgements

21 Biological corridors and connectivity Introduction Estimating landscape resistance

Expert versus empirical estimation Methods for empirically estimating resistance

Habitat quality as surrogate for landscape resistance Mark-recapture and experimental movement studies Telemetry Landscape genetics

Combining multiple methods to produce robust estimates of resistance

From landscape resistance to population connectivity Identifying corridors using least-cost modelling

Factorial least-cost paths

Other ways to analyse connectivity

Circuit theory Centrality analyses Resistant kernels Individual-based movement models

Movement rules and models Raster-based models Vector-based models Network-based models

Corridors based on shifting climate envelopes

Beyond single species

From optimal corridors for single species to linkage designs for multiple species Coarse-filter linkage designs for climate change

Validation of predicted corridors Conclusions 22 Righting past wrongs and ensuring the future: challenges and opportunities for effective reintroductions amidst a biodiversity crisis Emerging challenges and opportunities for reintroductions What are the risks? When is the right time to start a reintroduction? Strategies to improve reintroduction techniques A novel approach to assessing ‘programme success’ in reintroductions Emerging needs: function, form and focus On the verge of a disciplinary shift? Beyond single species and beyond the historic range 23 Rewilding Introduction: in need of the wild What is rewilding? Origins and purpose

Rewilding: science and situation

Developing the rewilding manual: putting rewilding into practice?

Restoring function Rewilding: scenario planning and ecological experiments

FIRST HORIZON THIRD HORIZON SECOND HORIZON

Management requirements: questions of scale

Where and when is rewilding appropriate?

Rewilding to date: how successful? Resurrection of ecosystem functioning Large core areas and connectivity

Conclusion 24 Disease control Introduction Vaccine safety Networks and disease control efficiency

Types of network heterogeneity Estimating network structure

Disease control in African apes Conclusion 5 A synthesis 25 Elephants in the room: tough choices for a maturing discipline Introduction What is biodiversity? Why conserve biodiversity? How much biodiversity do we need or want? How to conserve biodiversity?

Protected areas Protected species

Gathering information on the evolutionary derivation of species/habitats Determining how anthropogenic climate change will shift the targets for conservation Measuring and identifying success

Non-protected areas

Where to conserve biodiversity? What compromises are required?

Bovine tuberculosis Lions, from trophies to cans

The final elephant

Acknowledgements

Index

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