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Index
R Cookbook
Preface
The Recipes A Note on Terminology Software and Platform Notes Other Resources Conventions Used in This Book Using Code Examples Safari® Books Online How to Contact Us Acknowledgments
1. Getting Started and Getting Help
Introduction 1.1. Downloading and Installing R
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
1.2. Starting R
Problem Solution Discussion Starting on Windows Starting on OS X Starting on Linux and Unix See Also
1.3. Entering Commands
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
1.4. Exiting from R
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
1.5. Interrupting R
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
1.6. Viewing the Supplied Documentation
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
1.7. Getting Help on a Function
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
1.8. Searching the Supplied Documentation
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
1.9. Getting Help on a Package
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
1.10. Searching the Web for Help
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
1.11. Finding Relevant Functions and Packages
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
1.12. Searching the Mailing Lists
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
1.13. Submitting Questions to the Mailing Lists
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
2. Some Basics
Introduction 2.1. Printing Something
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
2.2. Setting Variables
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
2.3. Listing Variables
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
2.4. Deleting Variables
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
2.5. Creating a Vector
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
2.6. Computing Basic Statistics
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
2.7. Creating Sequences
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
2.8. Comparing Vectors
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
2.9. Selecting Vector Elements
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
2.10. Performing Vector Arithmetic
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
2.11. Getting Operator Precedence Right
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
2.12. Defining a Function
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
2.13. Typing Less and Accomplishing More
Problem Solution Discussion
2.14. Avoiding Some Common Mistakes
Problem Discussion See Also
3. Navigating the Software
Introduction 3.1. Getting and Setting the Working Directory
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
3.2. Saving Your Workspace
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
3.3. Viewing Your Command History
Problem Solution Discussion
3.4. Saving the Result of the Previous Command
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
3.5. Displaying the Search Path
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
3.6. Accessing the Functions in a Package
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
3.7. Accessing Built-in Datasets
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
3.8. Viewing the List of Installed Packages
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
3.9. Installing Packages from CRAN
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
3.10. Setting a Default CRAN Mirror
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
3.11. Suppressing the Startup Message
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
3.12. Running a Script
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
3.13. Running a Batch Script
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
3.14. Getting and Setting Environment Variables
Problem Solution Discussion
3.15. Locating the R Home Directory
Problem Solution Discussion
3.16. Customizing R
Problem Solution Discussion Setting Options Loading Packages Startup Sequence See Also
4. Input and Output
Introduction
A Philosophical Note
4.1. Entering Data from the Keyboard
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
4.2. Printing Fewer Digits (or More Digits)
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
4.3. Redirecting Output to a File
Problem Solution Discussion
4.4. Listing Files
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
4.5. Dealing with “Cannot Open File” in Windows
Problem Solution Discussion
4.6. Reading Fixed-Width Records
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
4.7. Reading Tabular Data Files
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
4.8. Reading from CSV Files
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
4.9. Writing to CSV Files
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
4.10. Reading Tabular or CSV Data from the Web
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
4.11. Reading Data from HTML Tables
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
4.12. Reading Files with a Complex Structure
Problem Solution Discussion An Example
4.13. Reading from MySQL Databases
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
4.14. Saving and Transporting Objects
Problem Solution Discussion
5. Data Structures
Introduction
Vectors Lists Mode: Physical Type Class: Abstract Type Scalars Matrices Arrays Factors Data Frames
5.1. Appending Data to a Vector
Problem Solution Discussion
5.2. Inserting Data into a Vector
Problem Solution Discussion
5.3. Understanding the Recycling Rule
Problem Discussion
5.4. Creating a Factor (Categorical Variable)
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
5.5. Combining Multiple Vectors into One Vector and a Factor
Problem Solution Discussion
5.6. Creating a List
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
5.7. Selecting List Elements by Position
Problem Solution Discussion
5.8. Selecting List Elements by Name
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
5.9. Building a Name/Value Association List
Problem Solution Discussion
5.10. Removing an Element from a List
Problem Solution Discussion
5.11. Flatten a List into a Vector
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
5.12. Removing NULL Elements from a List
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
5.13. Removing List Elements Using a Condition
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
5.14. Initializing a Matrix
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
5.15. Performing Matrix Operations
Problem Solution Discussion
5.16. Giving Descriptive Names to the Rows and Columns of a Matrix
Problem Solution Discussion
5.17. Selecting One Row or Column from a Matrix
Problem Solution Discussion
5.18. Initializing a Data Frame from Column Data
Problem Solution Discussion
5.19. Initializing a Data Frame from Row Data
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
5.20. Appending Rows to a Data Frame
Problem Solution Discussion
5.21. Preallocating a Data Frame
Problem Solution Discussion
5.22. Selecting Data Frame Columns by Position
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
5.23. Selecting Data Frame Columns by Name
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
5.24. Selecting Rows and Columns More Easily
Problem Solution Discussion
5.25. Changing the Names of Data Frame Columns
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
5.26. Editing a Data Frame
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
5.27. Removing NAs from a Data Frame
Problem Solution Discussion
5.28. Excluding Columns by Name
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
5.29. Combining Two Data Frames
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
5.30. Merging Data Frames by Common Column
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
5.31. Accessing Data Frame Contents More Easily
Problem Solution Discussion
5.32. Converting One Atomic Value into Another
Problem Solution Discussion
5.33. Converting One Structured Data Type into Another
Problem Solution Discussion
Problems with matrices
See Also
6. Data Transformations
Introduction
Defining Groups Via a Factor
6.1. Splitting a Vector into Groups
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
6.2. Applying a Function to Each List Element
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
6.3. Applying a Function to Every Row
Problem Solution Discussion
6.4. Applying a Function to Every Column
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
6.5. Applying a Function to Groups of Data
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
6.6. Applying a Function to Groups of Rows
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
6.7. Applying a Function to Parallel Vectors or Lists
Problem Solution Discussion
7. Strings and Dates
Introduction
Classes for Dates and Times See Also
7.1. Getting the Length of a String
Problem Solution Discussion
7.2. Concatenating Strings
Problem Solution Discussion
7.3. Extracting Substrings
Problem Solution Discussion
7.4. Splitting a String According to a Delimiter
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
7.5. Replacing Substrings
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
7.6. Seeing the Special Characters in a String
Problem Solution Discussion
7.7. Generating All Pairwise Combinations of Strings
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
7.8. Getting the Current Date
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
7.9. Converting a String into a Date
Problem Solution Discussion
7.10. Converting a Date into a String
Problem Solution Discussion
7.11. Converting Year, Month, and Day into a Date
Problem Solution Discussion
7.12. Getting the Julian Date
Problem Solution Discussion
7.13. Extracting the Parts of a Date
Problem Solution Discussion
7.14. Creating a Sequence of Dates
Problem Solution Discussion
8. Probability
Introduction
Names of Distributions Getting Help on Probability Distributions See Also
8.1. Counting the Number of Combinations
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
8.2. Generating Combinations
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
8.3. Generating Random Numbers
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
8.4. Generating Reproducible Random Numbers
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
8.5. Generating a Random Sample
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
8.6. Generating Random Sequences
Problem Solution Discussion
8.7. Randomly Permuting a Vector
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
8.8. Calculating Probabilities for Discrete Distributions
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
8.9. Calculating Probabilities for Continuous Distributions
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
8.10. Converting Probabilities to Quantiles
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
8.11. Plotting a Density Function
Problem Solution Discussion
9. General Statistics
Introduction
Null Hypotheses, Alternative Hypotheses, and p-Values Confidence Intervals See Also
9.1. Summarizing Your Data
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
9.2. Calculating Relative Frequencies
Problem Solution Discussion
9.3. Tabulating Factors and Creating Contingency Tables
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
9.4. Testing Categorical Variables for Independence
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
9.5. Calculating Quantiles (and Quartiles) of a Dataset
Problem Solution Discussion
9.6. Inverting a Quantile
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
9.7. Converting Data to Z-Scores
Problem Solution Discussion
9.8. Testing the Mean of a Sample (t Test)
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
9.9. Forming a Confidence Interval for a Mean
Problem Solution Discussion
9.10. Forming a Confidence Interval for a Median
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
9.11. Testing a Sample Proportion
Problem Solution Discussion
9.12. Forming a Confidence Interval for a Proportion
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
9.13. Testing for Normality
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
9.14. Testing for Runs
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
9.15. Comparing the Means of Two Samples
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
9.16. Comparing the Locations of Two Samples Nonparametrically
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
9.17. Testing a Correlation for Significance
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
9.18. Testing Groups for Equal Proportions
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
9.19. Performing Pairwise Comparisons Between Group Means
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
9.20. Testing Two Samples for the Same Distribution
Problem Solution Discussion
10. Graphics
Introduction
The Illustrations Notes on Graphics Functions The Generic plot Function Graphics in Other Packages
10.1. Creating a Scatter Plot
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.2. Adding a Title and Labels
Problem Solution Discussion
10.3. Adding a Grid
Problem Solution Discussion
10.4. Creating a Scatter Plot of Multiple Groups
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.5. Adding a Legend
Problem Solution Discussion
10.6. Plotting the Regression Line of a Scatter Plot
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.7. Plotting All Variables Against All Other Variables
Problem Solution Discussion
10.8. Creating One Scatter Plot for Each Factor Level
Problem Solution Discussion
10.9. Creating a Bar Chart
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.10. Adding Confidence Intervals to a Bar Chart
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.11. Coloring a Bar Chart
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.12. Plotting a Line from x and y Points
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.13. Changing the Type, Width, or Color of a Line
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.14. Plotting Multiple Datasets
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.15. Adding Vertical or Horizontal Lines
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.16. Creating a Box Plot
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.17. Creating One Box Plot for Each Factor Level
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.18. Creating a Histogram
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.19. Adding a Density Estimate to a Histogram
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.20. Creating a Discrete Histogram
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.21. Creating a Normal Quantile-Quantile (Q-Q) Plot
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.22. Creating Other Quantile-Quantile Plots
Problem Solution Discussion
10.23. Plotting a Variable in Multiple Colors
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.24. Graphing a Function
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.25. Pausing Between Plots
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.26. Displaying Several Figures on One Page
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.27. Opening Additional Graphics Windows
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.28. Writing Your Plot to a File
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
10.29. Changing Graphical Parameters
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11. Linear Regression and ANOVA
Introduction
ANOVA See Also
11.1. Performing Simple Linear Regression
Problem Solution Discussion
11.2. Performing Multiple Linear Regression
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.3. Getting Regression Statistics
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.4. Understanding the Regression Summary
Problem Discussion See Also
11.5. Performing Linear Regression Without an Intercept
Problem Solution Discussion
11.6. Performing Linear Regression with Interaction Terms
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.7. Selecting the Best Regression Variables
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.8. Regressing on a Subset of Your Data
Problem Solution Discussion
11.9. Using an Expression Inside a Regression Formula
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.10. Regressing on a Polynomial
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.11. Regressing on Transformed Data
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.12. Finding the Best Power Transformation (Box–Cox Procedure)
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.13. Forming Confidence Intervals for Regression Coefficients
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.14. Plotting Regression Residuals
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.15. Diagnosing a Linear Regression
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.16. Identifying Influential Observations
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.17. Testing Residuals for Autocorrelation (Durbin–Watson Test)
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.18. Predicting New Values
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.19. Forming Prediction Intervals
Problem Solution Discussion
11.20. Performing One-Way ANOVA
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.21. Creating an Interaction Plot
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.22. Finding Differences Between Means of Groups
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
11.23. Performing Robust ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis Test)
Problem Solution Discussion
11.24. Comparing Models by Using ANOVA
Problem Solution Discussion
12. Useful Tricks
Introduction 12.1. Peeking at Your Data
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
12.2. Widen Your Output
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
12.3. Printing the Result of an Assignment
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
12.4. Summing Rows and Columns
Problem Solution Discussion
12.5. Printing Data in Columns
Problem Solution Discussion
12.6. Binning Your Data
Problem Solution Discussion
12.7. Finding the Position of a Particular Value
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
12.8. Selecting Every nth Element of a Vector
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
12.9. Finding Pairwise Minimums or Maximums
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
12.10. Generating All Combinations of Several Factors
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
12.11. Flatten a Data Frame
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
12.12. Sorting a Data Frame
Problem Solution Discussion
12.13. Sorting by Two Columns
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
12.14. Stripping Attributes from a Variable
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
12.15. Revealing the Structure of an Object
Problem Solution Discussion
12.16. Timing Your Code
Problem Solution Discussion
12.17. Suppressing Warnings and Error Messages
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
12.18. Taking Function Arguments from a List
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
12.19. Defining Your Own Binary Operators
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
13. Beyond Basic Numerics and Statistics
Introduction 13.1. Minimizing or Maximizing a Single-Parameter Function
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
13.2. Minimizing or Maximizing a Multiparameter Function
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
13.3. Calculating Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Problem Solution Discussion
13.4. Performing Principal Component Analysis
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
13.5. Performing Simple Orthogonal Regression
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
13.6. Finding Clusters in Your Data
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
13.7. Predicting a Binary-Valued Variable (Logistic Regression)
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
13.8. Bootstrapping a Statistic
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
13.9. Factor Analysis
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
14. Time Series Analysis
Introduction
Date Versus Datetime See Also
14.1. Representing Time Series Data
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
14.2. Plotting Time Series Data
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
14.3. Extracting the Oldest or Newest Observations
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
14.4. Subsetting a Time Series
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
14.5. Merging Several Time Series
Problem Solution Discussion
14.6. Filling or Padding a Time Series
Problem Solution Discussion
14.7. Lagging a Time Series
Problem Solution Discussion
14.8. Computing Successive Differences
Problem Solution Discussion
14.9. Performing Calculations on Time Series
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
14.10. Computing a Moving Average
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
14.11. Applying a Function by Calendar Period
Problem Solution Discussion
14.12. Applying a Rolling Function
Problem Solution Discussion
14.13. Plotting the Autocorrelation Function
Problem Solution Discussion
14.14. Testing a Time Series for Autocorrelation
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
14.15. Plotting the Partial Autocorrelation Function
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
14.16. Finding Lagged Correlations Between Two Time Series
Problem Solution Discussion
14.17. Detrending a Time Series
Problem Solution Discussion
14.18. Fitting an ARIMA Model
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
14.19. Removing Insignificant ARIMA Coefficients
Problem Solution Discussion
14.20. Running Diagnostics on an ARIMA Model
Problem Solution Discussion
14.21. Making Forecasts from an ARIMA Model
Problem Solution Discussion
14.22. Testing for Mean Reversion
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
14.23. Smoothing a Time Series
Problem Solution Discussion See Also
Index About the Author Colophon
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