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Index
Cover
Table of Contents
List of Figures and Tables
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
Preface to the Second Edition
REFERENCES
Preface to the First Edition
REFERENCES
Introduction: The World of World Englishes
Part I: The historical context
Part II: Variational contexts
Part III: Acculturation
Part IV: Crossing borders
Part V: Grammar wars and standards
Part VI: Ideology, identity, and constructs
Part VII: World Englishes and globalization
Part VIII: World Englishes and applied theory
Part IX: Outlook for the future
REFERENCES
Part I: The Historical Context
First Diaspora:
1 Beginnings
1 Beginnings
2 First Steps: Wales and Ireland
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
FURTHER READING
2 English in Scotland
1 Introduction
2 Historical Development of the Scottish Varieties
3 The Present‐Day Scottish‐English Linguistic Continuum
4 Problems of Definition, Terminology, and Status
5 Characteristics of Present‐Day Scottish English Varieties
6 Scottish English – Looking to the Future
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
Second Diaspora:
3 English in the United States
1 Introduction: American English in the context of World Englishes
2 Settlement history and the dialectal diffusion of American English
3 Research history
4 American English and its varieties
5 The growing impact of American English on other world Englishes
6 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
4 English in Canada
1 Introduction
2 Research History
3 Settlement and Development Theories
4 Linguistic Autonomy
5 Linguistic homogeneity and Standard Canadian English
6 Regional Varieties
7 Social Varieties
8 Attitudes and Perception
9 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
5 English in Australia and New Zealand
1 Introduction
2 Development
3 Descriptions
4 Current changes
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
6 Caribbean Englishes
1 Introduction
2 Where Are Restructured Englishes of the Caribbean Spoken?
3 Different Scenarios for the Emergence of Englishes in the Atlantic Region
4 Basic Features of Restructured English in the Caribbean
5 Grammar
6 Lexicon
7 Word Formation
8 Phonology
9 Conclusion
REFERENCES
Third Diaspora:
7 South Asian Englishes
1 Introduction
2 English in South Asia
3 South Asian Englishes (SAEs)
4 Early Contact Varieties in South Asia
5 Main features of South Asian Englishes
6 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
8 English in Southeast Asia
1 Introduction
2 The Historical and Sociopolitical Aspects of English in Southeast Asia
3 Linguistic Features of Outer Circle Englishes in Southeast Asia
4 Linguistic Features of Expanding Circle Englishes in Southeast Asia
5 Conclusion
REFERENCES
9 Southern African Englishes
1 Introduction
2 The Forms of Southern African Englishes
3 The Functions of English in Southern Africa
4 Attitudes toward English in Southern Africa
5 Conclusion
REFERENCES
10 African Englishes and Creative Writing
1 Introduction
2 The Current Study
3 The Context of English in Africa
4 The Form and Functions of African Englishes
5 The Work of Chinua Achebe
6 Ngũgĩ Wa Thiong’o’s, Nwapa’s, and Okara’s Writings
7 Motivations and Justifications for Creating in English
8 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
Fourth Diaspora:
11 South American Englishes and Englishes in South America
1 Introduction
2 The Ubiquitous Language School
3 The Historical Antecedent
4 The Uses of English
5 The Varieties
6 The Domains of Use and Functions of English
7 Creativity
8 The Englishization of Names
9 Uses in Advertising
10 Legal Domains
11 Needs of Higher Education
12 English and the Internet
13 The Other South America
14 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
12 Euro‐Englishes
1 Introduction
2 Europe and Kachru’s World Englishes Paradigm
3 History of English in Europe
4 The Coining of “Euro‐English”
5 English Use on the Supranational Level
6 English Use on the National Level
7 Directions for Future Research
REFERENCES
13 Russian Englishes
1 Introduction
2Russian English as a multicultural term
3Russian English as a Continuum Term
4 Russian English and Its Standards
5 Features of Russian English
6 Functions of Russian English
7 Englishization of Russian and Indigenous Languages
8 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
14 East Asian Englishes
1 Introduction
2 China
3 Japan
4 Korea (Republic of Korea)
5 Taiwan (Republic of China)
6 Conclusion
REFERENCES
15 English in the People’s Republic of China
1 Introduction
2 The status and functions of English in mainland China
3 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
Part II: Variational Contexts
16 Contact Linguistics and World Englishes
1 Introduction
2 Early Contact History
3 Sailors
4 Settlers and Traders
5 Missionaries
6 Soldiers
7 Teachers
8 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
17 Pidgins and Creoles
1 Introduction
2 What Are Creoles and Pidgins?
3 The Development of Creoles
4 Creolistics and General Linguistics
5 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
18 African‐American English
1 Introduction
2 The Descriptive Base of AAE
3 The Origin and Early Development of AAE
4 The Development of Contemporary AAE
5 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
Part III: Acculturation
19 Written Language, Standard Language, Global Language
1 Introduction
2 Standard Variety of a Language
3 Sociolinguistic Context and Language
4 Standard vs. Global Language
5 Strategies for Making Meaning
6 Innovations in Meaning Potential
7 Translation as a Process of Metaphor
8 English as Global and International Language
9 Conclusion
REFERENCES
20 Speaking and Writing in World Englishes
1 Introduction
2 Speech Acts
3 Rhetorical Strategies in Writing
4 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
21 Genres and Styles in World Englishes
1 Introduction
2 Genre
3 Style
4 World Englishes
5 Liberal vs. Conservative Genres
6 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
Part IV: Crossing Borders
22 The Literary Dimension of World Englishes
1 Introduction
2 The Spread of English
3 Broadening Perspectives
4 The Response to English
5 Impulses behind the New English Writing
6 The Writer and the Milieu
7 Multilingual Context and Linguistic Innovations
8 New Contexts for English
9 Models for the Spread of English
10 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
23 Bilingual Language Play and World Englishes
1 Introduction
2 Creativity, Bilingual Creativity, and Language Play
3 Formal Aspect: Techniques of Bilingual Language Play
4 The Semantics of Bilingual Language Play
5 Bilingual Language Play and the Status of English
6 Future Directions for Research
7 Conclusion
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
24 World Englishes and Issues of Intelligibility
1 Introduction
2 Defining Intelligibility
3 A Study of the Three Components
4 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
APPENDIX
25 World Englishes and Culture Wars
1 Introduction
2 Cassandras of English
3 Medium (Mādhyama) vs. Message (Mantra)
4 Exponents of Multiple Canonicity
5 Toward a Historiography of Canonicity
6 Approaches for Redefining Identities
7 The Outward Signs of Inward Fires
8 The War of Cultures and Canons
9 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
Part V: Grammar Wars and Standards
26 Grammar Wars
1 Introduction
2 The Status of English vis‐à‐vis Latin
3 “Good Writing”’ versus “Good Grammar”
4 The Battle for a “Universal Grammar”
5 Grammarians and Marginal Groups
6 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
27 Grammar Wars
1 Introduction
2 Grammar Wars over Theory
3 Grammar Wars over Usage
4 Conclusion
REFERENCES
28 World Englishes and Descriptive Grammars
1 Introduction
2 Descriptive Grammar in Prescriptive and Historical Linguistic Traditions
3 World Englishes in Late Twentieth Century Descriptive Grammars
4 Theoretical Problems Inherited from Structuralism
5 Variationist Treatments of Grammar
6 Recent Developments in the Grammatical Description of World Englishes
7 Potential for the Grammatical Description of World Englishes
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
29 World Englishes and Corpora Studies
1 Introduction
2 Electronic Corpora
3 The International Corpus of English
4 Corpus‐based Studies of World Englishes
5 Corpora and the Internet
6 The International Corpus of Learner English
7 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
Part VI: Ideology, Identity, and Constructs
30 Colonial/Postcolonial Critique
1 Introduction
2 Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Critique
3 Orientalism and World Englishes
4 A Return to Liberal Humanism
5 Cultural and Linguistic Complexity
6 The Challenge from World Englishes
7 World Englishes Against Relativism
8 Beyond Orientalism
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
31 Postcolonial Theory and World Englishes
1 Introduction
2 Conceptualizing Postcolonialism
3 Relation of Postcolonial Studies to World Englishes
4 The Concept of the Public Sphere
5 Metaphoric Selves and Postcolonial Studies
6 Hybridity
7 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
32 Creative Acts of Gender in World Englishes
1 Introduction
2 The Sociolinguistic Creativity of English and Gender
3 Relevance of English, Gender, and Power
4 The Power of English in Practice
5 Constructing Gender Identity in Spoken and Written Discourse
6 Bilingual Women’s Literary Creative Acts
7 Contextualizing Gender in Multimediums
8 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
Part VII: World Englishes and Globalization
33 World Englishes in the Media
1 Introduction
2 Approaches to Media Communication Analysis
3 Power and Ideology
4 Linguistic and Cultural Identities
5 Language Attitudes
6 Intelligibility and Linguistic Innovation
7 Electronic Media
8 Popular Music
9 Legislation
10 Directions for Future Research
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
34 World Englishes and Global Advertising
1 Introduction
2 English Users and Advertising
3 Key Issues
4 Approaches
5 Multiple Mixing and World Englishes
6 Laws and Regulations
7 World Englishes in Roman Scripts (Monoscripting) and Language Attitudes
8 Determinants and Functions of World Englishes
9 Globalization: Resolving the Global vs. Local Paradox
10 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
35 World Englishes and Global Commerce
1 Introduction
2 English and Professional Discourse in the Outer and Expanding Circles
3 Culture, Business Culture, and Englishes
4 Genre Analysis and Business Letter Writing
5 Talking Business: Meeting and Negotiating
6 World Englishes, Commerce, and Standards
7 Ethics and Teaching for Specific Purposes
8 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
Part VIII: World Englishes and Applied Theory
36 A Recurring Decimal: English in Language Policy and Planning
1 Introduction
2 Recurrence of English in Language Policy Discourse
3 Choice and the Hegemony of English
4 Effect of the Hegemony of English
5 Broader Issues in the Context of English Hegemony
6 Implications for Language Policy and Planning
7 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
37 World Englishes and Communicative Competence
1 Introduction
2 Communicative Competence: Sources
3 Communicative Competence and the World Englishes Paradigm
4 Communicative Competence Applied: Controversies
5 Communicative Competence Applied: Explorations
6 Communicative Competence and Pedagogical Theory
7 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
38 World Englishes and Pedagogy
1 Introduction
2 WE‐informed ELT
3 Courses about World Englishes
4 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
39 World Englishes and International Standardized English Proficiency Tests
1 Introduction
2 How Do the TOEFL iBT, TOEIC, and IELTS Present Themselves?
3 What Is English Language Proficiency?
4 Why are Persons Important in Testing ELP?
5 How Can We Move Forward in Changing the ISELPTs?
6 What Are Some Alternative Approaches to ELP?
7 Top‐Down, Language‐Focused Approaches
8 Bottom‐Up, Person‐Focused Approaches
9 How Can Alternative ELP Approaches be Assessed?
10 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
40 World Englishes and Lexicography
1 Introduction
2 Legitimacy and the Dictionary
3 Standards and the Dictionary
4 The Idea of a Dictionary
5 The Concept “Englishes”
6 Prescriptivism vs. Descriptivism
7 Standards and Norms
8 Toward a Theoretical Model
9 The Dictionary Tradition of English
10 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
Part IX: Outlook for the Future
41 World Englishes
1 Introduction
2 The Scope of World Englishes Studies
3 World Englishes as a Discipline
4 Disciplinary Debates
5 Future Directions for World Englishes
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
42 The Karmic Cycle of World Englishes
1 Introduction
2 Spread of English
3 Impact of Transplanted Englishes
4 Acculturation and Nativization
5 Implications for Linguistic Theory
6 Is There a World (Global, Lingua Franca) English?
7 The Future of Englishes
8 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
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