An Introduction to Psychological Science, Second Canadian Edition, 2/e by Krause, Mark -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

An Introduction to Psychological Science An Introduction to Psychological Science Brief Contents Contents About the Authors About the Canadian Authors From the Authors What’s New in the Second Canadian Edition? Content and Features For Instructors List of Reviewers Chapter 1 Introducing Psychological Science

Module 1.1 The Science of Psychology

Learning Objectives The Scientific Method

Hypotheses: Making Predictions Theories: Explaining Phenomena The Biopsychosocial Model

Module 1.1a Quiz: The Scientific Method

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Building Scientific Literacy

What do we know about timing and studying? How can science explain the effect of timing on study success? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this finding relevant? Critical Thinking, Curiosity, and a Dose of Healthy Skepticism

Module 1.1b Quiz: Building Scientific Literacy

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Module 1.1 Summary

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Module 1.2 How Psychology Became a Science

Learning Objectives Psychology’s Philosophical and Scientific Origins

Influences from the Ancients: Philosophical Insights into Behaviour Influences from Physics: Experimenting with the Mind Influences from Evolutionary Theory: The Adaptive Functions of Behaviour Influences from Medicine: Diagnoses and Treatments The Influence of Social Sciences: Measuring and Comparing Humans

Module 1.2a Quiz: Psychology’s Philosophical and Scientific Origins

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

The Beginnings of Contemporary Psychology

Structuralism and Functionalism: The Beginnings of Psychology The Rise of Behaviourism Radical Behaviourism Humanistic Psychology Emerges The Brain and Behaviour The Cognitive Revolution Social and Cultural Influences

Module 1.2b Quiz: The Beginnings of Contemporary Psychology

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Emerging Themes in Psychology

Psychology of Women Comparing Cultures The Neuroimaging Explosion The Search for the Positive Psychology in the Real World

Module 1.2c Quiz: Emerging Themes in Psychology

Know . . . Apply . . .

Module 1.2 Summary

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Chapter 2 Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

Module 2.1 Principles of Scientific Research

Learning Objectives Five Characteristics of Quality Scientific Research

Scientific Measurement: Objectivity Scientific Measurement: Reliability, and Validity Generalizability of Results Sources of Bias in Psychological Research

What do we know about how bias affects research participants? How can science test the effects of demand characteristics on behaviour? How can we critically evaluate the issue of bias in research? Why is this relevant?

Techniques That Reduce Bias Sharing The Results Replication

Module 2.1a Quiz: Five Characteristics of Quality Scientific Research

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Five Characteristics of Poor Research

Module 2.1b Quiz: Five Characteristics of Poor Research

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Module 2.1 Summary

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Module 2.2 Scientific Research Designs

Learning Objectives Descriptive Research

Case Studies

What do we know about using case studies as a form of scientific research? How can science test the usefulness of case studies? How can we critically evaluate the role of case studies in research? Why is this relevant?

Naturalistic Observation Surveys and Questionnaires

Module 2.2a Quiz: Descriptive Research

Know . . . Apply . . .

Correlational Research

Module 2.2b Quiz: Correlational Research

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Experimental Research

The Experimental Method The Quasi-Experimental Method Converging Operations

Module 2.2c Quiz: Experimental Research

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Module 2.2 Summary

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Module 2.3 Ethics in Psychological Research

Learning Objectives Promoting the Welfare of Research Participants

Weighing the Risks and Benefits of Research Obtaining Informed Consent The Right to Anonymity and Confidentiality The Welfare of Animals in Research

What do we know about animal models of diseases? How can science test animal models of diseases? How can we critically evaluate these models? Why is this relevant?

Rebs for Animal-Based Research

Module 2.3a Quiz: Promoting the Welfare of Research Participants

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Ethical Collection, Storage, and Reporting of Data

Module 2.3b Quiz: Ethical Collection, Storage, and Reporting of Data

Understand . . . Apply . . .

Module 2.3 Summary

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Module 2.4 A Statistical Primer

Learning Objectives Descriptive Statistics

Frequency Central Tendency Variability

Module 2.4a Quiz: Descriptive Statistics

Know . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Hypothesis Testing: Evaluating the Outcome of a Study

What do we know about statistical significance? What can science tell us about statistical significance? Can we critically evaluate the use of statistical significance testing in research? Why is this relevant? Module 2.4b Quiz: Hypothesis Testing: Evaluating the Outcome of a Study

Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Module 2.4 Summary

Chapter 3 Biological Psychology

Module 3.1 Genetic and Evolutionary Perspectives on Behaviour

Learning Objectives Heredity and Behaviour

The Genetic Code Behavioural Genomics: The Molecular Approach Behavioural Genetics: Twin and Adoption Studies Gene Expression and Behaviour

Module 3.1a Quiz: Heredity and Behaviour

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Evolutionary Insights into Human Behaviour

Evolutionary Psychology

What do we know about the sex differences in spatial memory? How can science test sex differences and spatial memory? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant?

Sexual Selection and Evolution

Module 3.1b Quiz: Evolutionary Insights into Human Behaviour

Know . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Module 3.1 Summary

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Module 3.2 How the Nervous System Works: Cells and Neurotransmitters

Learning Objectives Neural Communication

The Neuron Glial Cells The Neuron’s Electrical System: Resting and Action Potentials

Module 3.2a Quiz: Neural Communication

Know . . . Understand . . .

The Chemical Messengers: Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Types of Neurotransmitters Drug Effects on Neurotransmission Hormones and the Endocrine System

What do we know about testosterone and aggression? How can science explain the relationship between testosterone and aggression? Can we critically evaluate this research? Why is this relevant?

Neurons in Context

Module 3.2b Quiz: The Chemical Messengers: Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Module 3.2 Summary

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Module 3.3 Structure and Organization of the Nervous System

Learning Objectives Divisions of the Nervous System

The Central Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System

Module 3.3a Quiz: Divisions of the Nervous System

Know . . . Understand . . .

The Brain and Its Structures

The Hindbrain: Sustaining the Body The Midbrain: Sensation and Action The Forebrain: Emotion, Memory, and Thought The Cerebral Cortex The Four Lobes Left Brain, Right Brain: Hemispheric Specialization The Changing Brain: Neuroplasticity

What do we know about neuroplasticity? How can science explain how neuroplasticity contributes to recovery from brain damage? Can we critically evaluate this research? Why is this relevant? Module 3.3b Quiz: The Brain and Its Structures

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Module 3.3 Summary

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Module 3.4 Windows to the Brain: Measuring and Observing Brain Activity

Learning Objectives Insights from Brain Damage

Lesioning and Brain Stimulation

Module 3.4a Quiz: Insights from Brain Damage

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Structural and Functional Neuroimaging

Structural Neuroimaging Functional Neuroimaging

What do we know about fMRI and Behaviour? How can science explain how fMRI is used to examine behaviour? Can we critically evaluate this research? Why is this relevant? Module 3.4b Quiz: Structural and Functional Neuroimaging

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Module 3.4 Summary

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Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception

Module 4.1 Sensation and Perception at a Glance

Learning Objectives Sensing the World Around Us

Stimulus Thresholds Signal Detection Priming and Subliminal Perception

Module 4.1a Quiz: Sensing the World Around Us

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Perceiving the World Around Us

Gestalt Principles of Perception

What do we know about backward messages in music? How can science explain backward messages? Can we critically evaluate this research? Why is this relevant?

Attention and Perception

Module 4.1b Quiz: Perceiving the World Around Us

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Module 4.1 Summary

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Module 4.2 The Visual System

Learning Objectives The Human Eye

How the Eye Gathers Light The Structure of the Eye

The Retina: From Light to Nerve Impulse The Retina and the Perception of Colours

Common Visual Disorders

Module 4.2a Quiz: The Human Eye

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Visual Perception and the Brain

The Ventral Stream

What do we know about face perception? How can science explain how we perceive faces? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant?

The Dorsal Stream Depth Perception

Module 4.2b Quiz: Visual Perception and the Brain

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Module 4.2 Summary

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Module 4.3 The Auditory and Vestibular Systems

Learning Objectives Sound and the Structures of the Ear

Sound The Human Ear

Module 4.3a Quiz: Sound and the Structures of the Ear

Know . . . Understand . . .

The Perception of Sound

Sound Localization: Finding the Source Theories of Pitch Perception Auditory Perception and the Brain The Perception of Music

What do we know about the perception of musical beats? How can science explain the perception of musical beats? Can we critically evaluate this information? Why is this relevant? Module 4.3b Quiz: The Perception of Sound

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

The Vestibular System

Sensation and the Vestibular System The Vestibular System and the Brain

Module 4.3c Quiz: The Vestibular System

Know . . . Apply . . .

Module 4.3 Summary

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Module 4.4 Touch and the Chemical Senses

Learning Objectives The Sense of Touch

Feeling Pain

What do we know about empathy and pain? How does science explain the influence of empathy on pain perception? Can we critically evaluate the research? Why is this relevant?

Phantom Limb Pain

Module 4.4a Quiz: The Sense of Touch

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell

The Gustatory System: Taste The Olfactory System: Smell

Module 4.4b Quiz: The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell

Know . . . Apply . . .

Multimodal Integration

What Is Multimodal Integration? Synesthesia

Module 4.4c Quiz: Multimodal Integration

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Module 4.4 Summary

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Chapter 5 Consciousness

Module 5.1 Biological Rhythms of Consciousness: Wakefulness and Sleep

Learning Objectives What Is Sleep?

Biological Rhythms The Stages of Sleep

Module 5.1a Quiz: What Is Sleep?

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Why Do We Need Sleep?

Theories of Sleep Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Displacement

Module 5.1b Quiz: Why Do We Need Sleep?

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Theories of Dreaming

The Psychoanalytic Approach The Activation–Synthesis Hypothesis

What do we know about dreams, REM sleep, and learning? How can science explain the effects of dreams and REM sleep on learning? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant? Module 5.1c Quiz: Theories of Dreaming

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Disorders and Problems with Sleep

Insomnia Nightmares and Night Terrors Movement Disturbances Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy Overcoming Sleep Problems

Module 5.1d Quiz: Disorders and Problems with Sleep

Know . . . Apply . . .

Module 5.1 Summary

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Module 5.2 Altered States of Consciousness: Hypnosis, Mind-Wandering, and Disorders of Consciousness

Learning Objectives Hypnosis

Theories of Hypnosis Applications of Hypnosis

Module 5.2a Quiz: Hypnosis

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Mind-Wandering

What is Mind-Wandering? Mind-Wandering and the Brain The Benefits of Mind-Wandering

Module 5.2b Quiz: Mind-Wandering

Know . . . Analyze . . .

Disorders of Consciousness

What do we know about the assessment of consciousness in vegetative patients? How can science explain consciousness in vegetative patients? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant? Module 5.2c Quiz: Disorders of Consciousness

Know . . . Understand . . .

Module 5.2 Summary

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Module 5.3 Drugs and Conscious Experience

Learning Objectives Physical and Psychological Effects of Drugs

Short-Term Effects Long-Term Effects

Module 5.3a Quiz: Physical and Psychological Effects of Drugs

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Commonly Abused “Recreational” Drugs

Stimulants Hallucinogens Marijuana

What do we know about the effects of marijuana on memory and cognition? How can science explain these effects? Can we critically evaluate this information? Why is this relevant? Marijuana and the Teenage Brain

Opiates

Module 5.3b Quiz: Commonly Abused “Recreational” Drugs

Know . . . Apply . . .

Legal Drugs and Their Effects on Consciousness

Sedatives Prescription Drug Abuse Alcohol Why are Some Drugs Legal and Others Illegal?

Module 5.3c Quiz: Legal Drugs and Their Effects on Consciousness

Know . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Module 5.3 Summary

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Chapter 6 Learning

Module 6.1 Classical Conditioning: Learning by Association

Learning Objectives Pavlov’s Dogs: Classical Conditioning of Salivation

Evolutionary Function of the CR Classical Conditioning and the Brain

Module 6.1a Quiz: Pavlov’s Dogs: Classical Conditioning of Salivation

Know . . . Apply . . .

Processes of Classical Conditioning

Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination

Module 6.1b Quiz: Processes of Classical Conditioning

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Applications of Classical Conditioning

Conditioned Emotional Responses Evolutionary Role for Fear Conditioning Conditioned Taste Aversions

What do we know about classical conditioning in negative political advertising? How can science help explain the role of classical conditioning in negative political advertising? Can we critically evaluate this information? Why is this relevant?

Drug Tolerance and Conditioning

Module 6.1c Quiz: Applications of Classical Conditioning

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Module 6.1 Summary

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Module 6.2 Operant Conditioning: Learning through Consequences

Learning Objectives Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement and Punishment Positive and Negative Reinforcement and Punishment Shaping Applying Operant Conditioning

Module 6.2a Quiz: Principles of Operant Conditioning

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Processes of Operant Conditioning

Primary and Secondary Reinforcers Discrimination and Generalization Delayed Reinforcement and Extinction Reward Devaluation

Module 6.2b Quiz: Processes of Operant Conditioning

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Reinforcement Schedules and Operant Conditioning

Schedules of Reinforcement

What do we know about superstition and reinforcement? How can science explain superstition? Can we critically evaluate these findings? Why is this relevant?

Applying Punishment Are Classical and Operant Learning Distinct Events?

Module 6.2c Quiz: Reinforcement Schedules and Operant Conditioning

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Module 6.2 Summary

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Module 6.3 Cognitive and Observational Learning

Learning Objectives Cognitive Perspectives on Learning

Latent Learning S-O-R Theory of Learning

Module 6.3a Quiz: Cognitive Perspectives on Learning

Know . . . Understand . . .

Observational Learning

Processes Supporting Observational Learning Imitation and Mirror Neurons

What do we know about media effects on behaviour? How can science explain the effect of media exposure on children’s behaviour? Can we critically evaluate this research? Why is this relevant? Module 6.3b Quiz: Observational Learning

Know . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Module 6.3 Summary

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Chapter 7 Memory

Module 7.1 Memory Systems

Learning Objectives The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory and the Magical Number 7 Long-Term Memory

What do we know about short-term and long-term memory stores? How can science explain the difference between STM and LTM stores? Can we critically evaluate the distinction between STM and LTM? Why is this relevant? Module 7.1a Quiz: The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Know . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

The Working Memory Model: An Active STM System

The Phonological Loop The Visuospatial Sketchpad The Episodic Buffer The Central Executive Working Memory: Putting the Pieces Together

Module 7.1b Quiz: The Working Memory Model: An Active STM System

Know . . . Apply . . .

Long-Term Memory Systems: Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories

Declarative Memory Nondeclarative Memory

Module 7.1c Quiz: Long-Term Memory Systems: Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories

Know . . . Apply . . .

The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory

Memory At the Cellular Level Memory, the Brain, and Amnesia Stored Memories and the Brain

Module 7.1d Quiz: The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Module 7.1 Summary

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Module 7.2 Encoding and Retrieving Memories

Learning Objectives Encoding and Retrieval

Rehearsal: The Basics of Encoding Levels of Processing Retrieval

What do we know about context-dependent memory? How can science explain context-dependent memory? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant?

State-Dependent Memory Mood-Dependent Memory

Module 7.2a Quiz: Encoding and Retrieval

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Emotional Memories

Flashbulb Memories

Module 7.2b Quiz: Emotional Memories

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Forgetting and Remembering

The Forgetting Curve: How Soon We Forget . . . Mnemonics: Improving Your Memory Skills

Module 7.2c Quiz: Forgetting and Remembering

Know . . . Apply . . .

Module 7.2 Summary

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Module 7.3 Constructing and Reconstructing Memories

Learning Objectives How Memories Are Organized and Constructed

The Schema: An Active Organization Process

What do we know about schemas? How can science explain schemas? Can we critically evaluate the concept of a schema? Why is this relevant? Module 7.3a Quiz: How Memories Are Organized and Constructed

Know . . . Understand . . .

Memory Reconstruction

The Perils of Eyewitness Testimony Imagination and False Memories Creating False Memories in the Laboratory The Danger of False Remembering

Module 7.3b Quiz: Memory Reconstruction

Know . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Module 7.3 Summary

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Chapter 8 Thought and Language

Module 8.1 The Organization of Knowledge

Learning Objectives Concepts and Categories

Classical Categories: Definitions and Rules Prototypes: Categorization by Comparison Networks and Hierarchies

What do we know about semantic networks? How can science explain priming effects? Can we critically evaluate this information? Why is this relevant? Module 8.1a Quiz: Concepts and Categories

Know . . . Understand . . .

Memory, Culture, and Categories

Categorization and Experience Categories, Memory, and the Brain Categories and Culture

Module 8.1b Quiz: Memory, Culture, and Categories

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Module 8.1 Summary

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Module 8.2 Problem Solving, Judgment, and Decision Making

Learning Objectives Defining and Solving Problems

Problem-Solving Strategies and Techniques Cognitive Obstacles

Module 8.2a Quiz: Defining and Solving Problems

Know . . . Understand . . .

Judgment and Decision Making

Conjunction Fallacies and Representativeness The Availability Heuristic Anchoring and Framing Effects Belief Perseverance and Confirmation Bias

What do we know about maximizing and satisficing? How can science explain maximizing and satisficing? Can we critically evaluate this information? Why is this relevant? Module 8.2b Quiz: Judgment and Decision Making

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Module 8.2 Summary

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Module 8.3 Language and Communication

Learning Objectives What Is Language?

Early Studies of Language Properties of Language Phonemes and Morphemes: The Basic Ingredients of Language Syntax: The Language Recipe Pragmatics: The Finishing Touches

Module 8.3a Quiz: What Is Language?

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

The Development of Language

Infants, Sound Perception, and Language Acquisition Producing Spoken Language Sensitive Periods for Language The Bilingual Brain

Module 8.3b Quiz: The Development of Language

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Genes, Evolution, and Language

What do we know about genes and language? How can science explain a genetic basis of language?

Can we critically evaluate this evidence?

Why is this relevant? Can Animals Use Language?

Module 8.3c Quiz: Genes, Evolution, and Language

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Module 8.3 Summary

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Chapter 9 Intelligence Testing

Module 9.1 Measuring Intelligence

Learning Objectives Different Approaches to Intelligence Testing

Intelligence and Perception: Galton’s Anthropometric Approach Intelligence and Thinking: The Stanford–Binet Test The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Raven’s Progressive Matrices

Module 9.1a Quiz: Different Approaches to Intelligence Testing

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

The Checkered Past of Intelligence Testing

IQ Testing and the Eugenics Movement The Race and IQ Controversy Problems with the Racial Superiority Interpretation

What do we know about the kinds of beliefs that may affect test scores? How can science test whether beliefs affect performance? Can we critically evaluate this research? Why is this relevant? Module 9.1b Quiz: The Checkered Past of Intelligence Testing

Know . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Module 9.1 Summary

Module 9.2 Understanding Intelligence

Learning Objectives Intelligence as a Single, General Ability

Spearman’s General Intelligence Does g Tell us the Whole Story?

Module 9.2a Quiz: Intelligence as a Single, General Ability

Know . . . Understand . . .

Intelligence as Multiple, Specific Abilities

The Hierarchical Model of Intelligence

Testing for Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence What do we know about fluid and crystallized intelligence? How can science help distinguish between fluid and crystallized intelligence? Can we critically evaluate crystallized and fluid intelligence? Why is this relevant?

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Module 9.2b Quiz: Intelligence as Multiple, Specific Abilities

Know . . . Analyze . . .

The Battle of the Sexes

Do Males and Females have Unique Cognitive Skills?

Module 9.2c Quiz: The Battle of the Sexes

Know . . . Analyze . . .

Module 9.2 Summary

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Module 9.3 Biological, Environmental, and Behavioural Influences on Intelligence

Learning Objectives Biological Influences on Intelligence

The Genetics of Intelligence: Twin and Adoption Studies The Heritability of Intelligence Behavioural Genomics

What do we know about brain size and intelligence? How can science explain the relationship between brain size and intelligence? Can we critically evaluate this issue? Why is this relevant? Module 9.3a Quiz: Biological Influences on Intelligence

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Birth Order Socioeconomic Status Nutrition Stress Education The Flynn Effect: IS Everyone Getting Smarter?

Module 9.3b Quiz: Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Behavioural Influences on Intelligence

Brain Training Programs Nootropic Drugs

Module 9.3c Quiz: Behavioural Influences on Intelligence

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Module 9.3 Summary

Chapter 10 Lifespan Development

Module 10.1 Physical Development from Conception through Infancy

Learning Objectives Methods for Measuring Developmental Trends

Patterns of Development: Stages and Continuity

Module 10.1a Quiz: Methods for Measuring Developmental Trends

Know . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Zygotes to Infants: From One Cell to Billions

Fertilization and Gestation Fetal Brain Development Nutrition, Teratogens, and Fetal Development

What do we know about premature birth? How can science be used to help preterm infants? Can we critically evaluate this research? Why is this relevant? Module 10.1b Quiz: Zygotes to Infants: From One Cell to Billions

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Sensory and Motor Development in Infancy

Motor Development in The First Year

Module 10.1c Quiz: Sensory and Motor Development in Infancy

Know . . . Understand . . .

Module 10.1 Summary

Module 10.2 Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive and Emotional Development

Learning Objectives Cognitive Changes: Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory

The Sensorimotor Stage: Living in The Material World The Preoperational Stage: Quantity and Numbers The Concrete Operational Stage: Using Logical Thought The Formal Operational Stage: Abstract and Hypothetical Thought

What do we know about cognitive abilities in infants? How can science help explain infant cognitive abilities? Can we critically evaluate this research? Why is this relevant?

Complementary Approaches to Piaget

Module 10.2a Quiz: Cognitive Changes: Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory

Know . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Social Development, Attachment, and Self-Awareness

What is Attachment? Types of Attachment Development of Attachment Self Awareness

Module 10.2b Quiz: Social Development, Attachment, and Self-Awareness

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Psychosocial Development

Development Across The Lifespan Parenting and Prosocial Behaviour Parenting and Attachment

Module 10.2c Quiz: Psychosocial Development

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Module 10.2 Summary

Module 10.3 Adolescence

Learning Objectives Physical Changes in Adolescence

Module 10.3a Quiz: Physical Changes Challenges in Adolescence

Know . . . Understand . . .

Emotional Challenges in Adolescence

Emotional Regulation During Adolescence

What do we know about adolescence and risky decision making? How can science test the link between brain function and decision making in adolescents? Can we critically evaluate this explanation for risky decision making? Why is this relevant Module 10.3b Quiz: Emotional Challenges in Adolescence

Understand . . . Apply . . .

Cognitive Development: Moral Reasoning vs. Emotions

Kohlberg’s Moral Development: Learning Right From Wrong

Module 10.3c Quiz: Cognitive Development: Moral Reasoning vs. Emotions

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Social Development: Identity and Relationships

Who am I? Identity Formation During Adolescence Peer Groups Romantic Relationships

Module 10.3d Quiz: Social Development: Identity and Relationships

Know . . . Understand . . .

Module 10.3 Summary

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Module 10.4 Adulthood and Aging

Learning Objectives From Adolescence through Middle Age

Emerging Adults Early and Middle Adulthood Love and Marriage Parenting

Module 10.4a Quiz: From Adolescence through Middle Age

Know . . .

Late Adulthood

Happiness and Relationships The Eventual Decline of Aging

What do we know about different cognitive abilities? How can science explain age-related differences in cognitive abilities? Can we critically evaluate our assumptions about age-related cognitive changes? Why is this relevant? Module 10.4b Quiz: Late Adulthood

Understand . . . Apply . . .

Module 10.4 Summary

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Chapter 11 Motivation and Emotion

Module 11.1 Hunger and Eating

Learning Objectives Physiological Aspects of Hunger

Food and Reward

Module 11.1a Quiz: Physiological Aspects of Hunger

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Psychological Aspects of Hunger

Attention and Eating Eating and Semantic Networks Eating and the Social Context

Module 11.1b Quiz: Psychological Aspects of Hunger

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Disorders of Eating

Anorexia and Bulimia

What do we know about the effect of media depictions of beauty on body image? How can science explain the effect of the media on people’s body image? Can we critically evaluate this research? Why is this relevant? Module 11.1c Quiz: Disorders of Eating

Know . . . Apply . . .

Module 11.1 Summary

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Module 11.2 Sex

Learning Objectives Human Sexual Behaviour: Psychological Influences

Psychological Measures of Sexual Motivation

Module 11.2a Quiz: Human Sexual Behaviour: Psychological Influences

Know . . .

Human Sexual Behaviour: Physiological Influences

Physiological Measures of Sex Sexual Orientation: Biology and Environment Transgender and Transsexual Individuals

Module 11.2b Quiz: Human Sexual Behaviour: Physiological Influences

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Human Sexual Behaviour: Cultural Influences

Sex and Technology

What do we know about sex and advertising? How can scientists explain the effect of sexual imagery on advertising success? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant? Module 11.2c Quiz: Human Sexual Behaviour: Cultural Influences

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Module 11.2 Summary

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Module 11.3 Social and Achievement Motivation

Learning Objectives Belonging and Love Needs

Belonging is a Need, Not a Want Love Belonging, Self-Esteem, and Our Worldview

What do we know about terror management theory? How can scientists study terror management theory and the need to belong? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant? Module 11.3a Quiz: Belonging and Love Needs

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Achievement Motivation

Self-Determination Theory Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation A Continuum of Motivation Cultural Differences in Motivation

Module 11.3b Quiz: Achievement Motivation

Know . . . Apply . . .

Module 11.3 Summary

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Module 11.4 Emotion

Learning Objectives Physiology of Emotion

The Initial Response The Autonomic Response: Fight or Flight? The Emotional Response: Movement Emotional Regulation

Module 11.4a Quiz: Physiology of Emotion

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Experiencing Emotions

What do we know about the two-factor theory of emotions? How can science explain the two-factor theory? Can we critically evaluate these findings? Why is this relevant? Module 11.4b Quiz: Experiencing Emotions

Understand . . . Apply . . .

Expressing Emotions

Emotional Faces and Bodies Culture, Emotion, and Display Rules Culture, Context, and Emotion

Module 11.4c Quiz: Expressing Emotions

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Module 11.4 Summary

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Chapter 12 Personality

Module 12.1 Contemporary Approaches to Personality

Learning Objectives The Trait Perspective

Early Trait Research The Five Factor Model

Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

Module 12.1a Quiz: The Trait Perspective

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Beyond the Big Five: The Personality of Evil? Honesty–Humility The Dark Triad Right-Wing Authoritarianism

What do we know about RWA? How can science determine how RWA affects groups? Can we critically evaluate this research? Why is this relevant? Module 12.1b Quiz: Beyond the Big Five: The Personality of Evil?

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Personality Traits over the Lifespan Temperaments Is Personality Stable Over Time? Personality Traits and States

Module 12.1c Quiz: Personality Traits over the Lifespan

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Behaviourist and Social-Cognitive Perspectives

The Behaviourist Perspective The Social-Cognitive Perspective

Module 12.1d Quiz: Behaviourist and Social-Cognitive Perspectives

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Module 12.1 Summary

Apply Activity

Module 12.2 Cultural and Biological Approaches to Personality

Learning Objectives Culture and Personality

Universals and Differences Across Cultures: The Big Five Personality Structures in Different Cultures Comparing Personality Traits Between Nations

Module 12.2a Quiz: Culture and Personality

Know . . . Analyze . . .

How Genes Affect Personality

Twin Studies

What do we know about specific genes and personality? How do scientists study genes and personality? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant? Module 12.2b Quiz: How Genes Affect Personality

Know . . . Understand . . .

The Role of Evolution in Personality

Animal Behaviour: The Evolutionary Roots of Personality Why There are So Many Different Personalities: The Evolutionary Explanation

Module 12.2c Quiz: The Role of Evolution in Personality

Apply . . . Analyze . . .

The Brain and Personality

Extraversion and Arousal Contemporary Research: Images of Personality in the Brain

Extraversion: Neuroticism: Agreeableness: Conscientiousness: Openness to Experience:

Module 12.2d Quiz: The Brain and Personality

Know . . . Apply . . .

Module 12.2 Summary

Module 12.3 Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches to Personality

Learning Objectives The Psychodynamic Perspective

Assumptions of Psychodynamic Theories Unconscious Processes and Psychodynamics The Structure of Personality Defence Mechanisms Personality Development: the Psychosexual Stages

The Oral Stage (0–18 months) The Anal Stage (18 months–3 years) The Phallic Stage (3–6 years) The Latency Stage (6–13 years) The Genital Stage

Exploring the Unconscious with Projective Tests

What do we know about the way people perceive others? How can scientists study how projection relates to personality? Can we critically evaluate this research? Why is this relevant? Module 12.3a Quiz: The Psychodynamic Perspective

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Alternatives to the Psychodynamic Approach

Analytical Psychology The Power of Social Factors Humanistic Perspectives

Module 12.3b Quiz: Alternatives to the Psychodynamic Approach

Know . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Module 12.3 Summary

Apply Activity

Chapter 13 Social Psychology

Module 13.1 The Power of the Situation: Social Influences on Behaviour

Learning Objectives The Person and the Situation

Mimicry and Social Norms Group Dynamics: Social Loafing and Social Facilitation Groupthink

Module 13.1a Quiz: The Person and the Situation

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

The Asch Experiments: Conformity

What do we know about measuring choosing vs. perceiving? How can science study people’s reasons for conforming, when they may be unaware of the reasons themselves? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant? Module 13.1b Quiz: The Asch Experiments: Conformity

Know . . . Apply . . .

The Bystander Effect: Situational Influences on Helping Behaviour

Module 13.1c Quiz: The Bystander Effect

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Social Roles and Obedience

The Stanford Prison Study Obedience to Authority: The Milgram Experiment

Module 13.1d Quiz: Social Roles and Obedience

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Module 13.1 Summary

Module 13.2 Social Cognition

Learning Objectives Person Perception

Thin Slices of Behaviour Self-Fulfilling Prophecies and Other Consequences of First Impressions

Module 13.2a Quiz: Person Perception

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

The Self in the Social World

Projecting the Self Onto Others: False Consensus and Naive Realism Self-Serving Biases and Attributions Ingroups and Outgroups

Module 13.2b Quiz: The Self in the Social World

Know . . . Apply . . .

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Prejudice in a Politically Correct World

What do we know about measuring prejudice? How can science study implicit prejudice? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant?

Improving Intergroup Relations

Module 13.2c Quiz: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Module 13.2 Summary

Module 13.3 Attitudes, Behaviour, and Effective Communication

Learning Objectives Changing People’s Behaviour

Persuasion: Changing Attitudes Through Communication

Module 13.3a Quiz: Changing People’s Behaviour

Understand . . . Apply . . .

Using the Central Route Effectively

Make It Personal

What do we know about communicating about tragedy? How can science explain the identifiable victim effect? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant?

Value Appeals Preaching or Flip-Flopping? One-Sided vs. Two-Sided Messages Emotions in the Central Route

Module 13.3b Quiz: Using the Central Route Effectively

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Using the Peripheral Route Effectively

Authority Liking Social Validation Reciprocity Consistency

Module 13.3c Quiz: Using the Peripheral Route Effectively

Understand . . . Apply . . .

The Attitude–Behaviour Feedback Loop

Cognitive Dissonance Attitudes and Actions

Module 13.3d Quiz: The Attitude–Behaviour Feedback Loop

Understand . . . Apply . . .

Module 13.3 Summary

Chapter 14 Health, Stress, and Coping

Module 14.1 Behaviour and Health

Learning Objectives Smoking

What do we know about media influences on smoking? How can science help us analyze the effects of smoking in the movies? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant? Efforts to Prevent Smoking

Module 14.1a Quiz: Smoking

Know . . . Analyze . . .

Obesity

Defining Healthy Weights and Obesity Genetics and Body Weight The Sedentary Lifestyle Social Factors Psychology and Weight Loss

Module 14.1b Quiz: Obesity

Know . . . Understand. . . . Apply. . . .

Psychosocial Influences on Health

Poverty and Discrimination Family and Social Environment Social Contagion

Module 14.1c Quiz: Psychosocial Influences on Health

Know . . . Understand. . . .

Module 14.1 Summary

Apply Activity

Module 14.2 Stress and Illness

Learning Objectives What Causes Stress?

Stress and Performance

Module 14.2a Quiz: What Causes Stress?

Understand. . . . Apply. . . .

Physiology of Stress

The Stress Pathways Oxytocin: To Tend and Befriend

What do we know about hormones, relationships, and health? How can science explain connections between hormones, relationships, and health? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant? Module 14.2b Quiz: Physiology of Stress

Know . . . Understand. . . .

Stress, Immunity, and Illness

Stress, Personality, and Heart Disease Stress, Food, and Drugs Stress, The Brain, and Disease

Module 14.2c Quiz: Stress, Immunity, and Illness

Know . . . Understand. . . . Analyze . . .

Module 14.2 Summary

Apply Activity

Module 14.3 Coping and Well-Being

Learning Objectives Coping

Positive Coping Strategies Optimism and Pessimism Resilience Biofeedback Meditation and Relaxation Exercise

Module 14.3a Quiz: Coping

Know . . . Understand. . . . Apply. . . . Analyze . . .

Perceived Control

What do we know about how people cope with seemingly random events? How can science explain compensatory control? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant? Module 14.3b Quiz: Perceived Control

Know . . . Understand . . .

Module 14.3 Summary

Apply Activity

Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders

Module 15.1 Defining and Classifying Psychological Disorders

Learning Objectives Defining Abnormal Behaviour

What is “Normal” Behaviour? Psychology’s Puzzle: How to Diagnose Psychological Disorders Critiquing the DSM The Power of a Diagnosis

What do we know about how labels affect people? How can science explain how labels may affect perceptions of another person’s behaviour? Can we critically evaluate this information? Why is this relevant? Module 15.1a Quiz: Defining Abnormal Behaviour

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Applications of Psychological Diagnoses

The Mental Disorder Defence (AKA the Insanity Defence)

Module 15.1b Quiz: Applications of Psychological Diagnoses

Know . . . Understand . . .

Module 15.1 Summary

Apply Activity

Module 15.2 Personality and Dissociative Disorders

Learning Objectives Defining and Classifying Personality Disorders

Borderline Personality Narcissistic Personality Histrionic Personality

What do we know about antisocial personality disorder? How can science explain antisocial personality disorder? Can we critically evaluate this information? Why is this relevant? Module 15.2a Quiz: Defining and Classifying Personality Disorders

Know . . . Understand . . .

The Biopsychosocial Approach to Personality Disorders

Psychological Factors Sociocultural Factors Biological Factors

Module 15.2b Quiz: The Biopsychosocial Approach to Personality Disorders

Know . . . Apply . . .

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Types of Dissociative Disorders Is Dissociative Identity Disorder “Real?”

Module 15.2c Quiz: Dissociative Identity Disorder

Know . . . Understand . . .

Module 15.2 Summary

Apply Activity

Module 15.3 Anxiety, Obsessive–Compulsive, and Depressive Disorders

Learning Objectives Anxiety Disorders

Varieties of Anxiety Disorders

What do we know about phobias? How can science explain why some people are more likely than others to develop specific phobias? Can we critically evaluate this information? Why is this relevant?

The Vicious Cycle of Anxiety Disorders Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Module 15.3a Quiz: Anxiety Disorders

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Mood Disorders

Types of Mood Disorders Cognitive Aspects of Depression Biological Aspects of Depression Sociocultural and Environmental Influences on Mood Disorders Suicide

Module 15.3b Quiz: Mood Disorders

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Module 15.3 Summary

Apply Activity

Module 15.4 Schizophrenia

Learning Objectives Symptoms and Types of Schizophrenia

Stages of Schizophrenia Symptoms of Schizophrenia Common Sub-Types of Schizophrenia

Module 15.4a Quiz: Symptoms and Types of Schizophrenia

Know . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Explaining Schizophrenia

Genetics Schizophrenia and the Nervous System

What do we know about the neurodevelopmental hypothesis? How can science test the neurodevelopmental hypothesis? Can we critically evaluate this information? Why is this relevant?

Environmental and Social Influences on Schizophrenia Culture and Schizophrenia

Module 15.4b Quiz: Explaining Schizophrenia

Know . . . Understand . . .

Module 15.4 Summary

Apply Activity

Chapter 16 Therapies

Module 16.1 Treating Psychological Disorders

Learning Objectives Barriers to Psychological Treatment

Stigma About Mental Illness Gender Roles Logistical Barriers: Expense and Availability Involuntary Treatment

Module 16.1a Quiz: Barriers to Psychological Treatment

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . .

Mental Health Providers and Settings

Mental Health Providers Inpatient Treatment and Deinstitutionalization The Importance of Community Psychology

Module 16.1b Quiz: Mental Health Providers and Settings

Know . . .

Evaluating Treatments

Empirically Supported Treatments

What do we know about the availability of self-help treatments? How can science test the effectiveness of self-help treatments? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant? Module 16.1c Quiz: Evaluating Treatments

Know . . . Understand . . .

Module 16.1 Summary

Module 16.2 Psychological Therapies

Learning Objectives Insight Therapies

Psychoanalysis: Exploring The Unconscious Modern Psychodynamic Therapies Humanistic–Existential Psychotherapy Evaluating Insight Therapies

Module 16.2a Quiz: Insight Therapies

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Behavioural, Cognitive, and Group Therapies

Systematic Desensitization

What do we know about virtual reality exposure? How can scientists study virtual reality exposure? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant?

Aversive Conditioning Cognitive–Behavioural Therapies Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Group and Family Therapies Evaluating Cognitive–Behavioural Therapies

Module 16.2b Quiz: Behavioural, Cognitive, and Group Therapies

Know . . . Understand . . . Apply . . . Analyze . . .

Module 16.2 Summary

Apply Activity

Module 16.3 Biomedical Therapies

Learning Objectives Drug Treatments

Antidepressants

What do we know about St. John’s wort? What have scientific studies found about St. John’s wort and depression? Can we critically evaluate this evidence? Why is this relevant?

Mood Stabilizers Antianxiety Drugs Antipsychotic Drugs Evaluating Drug Therapies

Module 16.3a Quiz: Drug Treatments

Know . . . Understand . . . Analyze . . .

Technological and Surgical Methods

Focal Lesions Electroconvulsive Therapy Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Deep Brain Stimulation

Module 16.3b Quiz: Technological and Surgical Methods

Understand . . . Apply . . .

Module 16.3 Summary

Apply Activity

Glossary References Name Index

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Subject Index

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

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